본 연구는 『엠마』에 등장하는 네 명의 여성인물을 중심으로 제인 오스 틴이 ‘돌봄’이라는 이름으로 여성이 수행하는 감정 노동과 사랑 노동을 어떻게 그려냈는지 살펴본 것이다. 오스틴이 살던 시대에 ‘돌봄’은 명백 히 눈으로 볼 수 있는 노동이 아니었다. 엄격한 성역할 분리로 인해 ‘돌 봄’은 주로 사적인 공간―집안―에서 이루어졌기에, ‘집안일’이었고 ‘여성 의 일’이었기 때문이다. 즉, 18세기 경제학자들은 돌봄을 좁은 의미의 노 동으로 인식하지 않았다는 의미이다. 또한 당시의 여성은 가부장적 사회 이념으로 인하여 교육받을 권리에서 차별받았고, 그 차별은 여성의 직업 선택의 범위를 제한하였다. 결과적으로, 여성이 할 수 있는 주된 역할은 공적 영역과 사적 영역 모두에서 정당한 인정과 보상을 받지 못한 채 누 군가를 돌보는 일뿐이었다. 오스틴은 『엠마』에서 보이지 않는 감정노동 과 사랑노동을 기꺼이 수행하는 여성인물들을 그려내고, 당대사회에서 인정받지 못하는 돌봄 노동에 대해 그녀만의 방식으로 보상함으로써, 돌 봄이 여성의 일이 아니라 ‘인간의 보편적 의무’임을 부각시켜 여성의 인 권을 옹호한다.

The growth characteristics according to temperature conditions were investigated in the breeding room of the Sericulture & Entomology Experiment Station for Oriental garden crickets(Teleogryllus emma Ohmachi et Matsuura) and Modeagali-crickests(Loxoblemmus doenitzi Stein) collected from the lawns of Byeonsan-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do. The temperature conditions were 6 treatments from 15°C to 40°C at 5°C intervals using a multi-incubator, and the development period and mortality rate by age were compared using the 28°C breeding room conditions as a control. For T. emma, the higher the temperature, the shorter the total development period was, and the same trend was observed for the growth period by age stage. However, at low temperatures of 15°C and 20°C, all died after the third instar, and at high temperatures above 35°C, all died during development. At 25°C and 30°C, they developed normally, and the mortality rate was about 25%. The L. doenizi had the same tendency as the T. emma, with the higher the temperature, the shorter the development period. The total development period was 57.7 days at 25°C, which was similar to the T. emma's 55.9 days, and the mortality rate was the lowest at 44% at 25°C.

Male crickets (Order Orthoptera), producing sound for courting females and threatening other males, were chosen to perform researches for the better understanding of the microstructures of sound producing organs. It is known that cricket only makes sound for mating-related events. In this research, two patterns out chirping patterns were observed and analyzed. Each chirp was made of several nodes of waves, each node indicates a movement of wings – friction caused by file and plectrum located on wings. Although both wings possess file and plectrum, only the file on right wing and plectrum on left wing are used to produce sound. Each file consists of 126 teeth, where plectrum gets hooked. The teeth located on file have consistent gap between each other, proportional to the wave nodes acquired – except that the gap in the second region among equally divided six regions were shorter. In case of the usage of file, a cricket mostly uses second region to fifth region, since the teeth in first and sixth region are smaller. Since most of the researches made are mainly focused on the correlation between sound production and behavioral pattern, the current research project aims to reveal and provide thorough understanding on the sound producing organs of cricket, to suggest possible biomimetic applications in our daily lives.

본 연구는 외래종 쌍별귀뚜라미 (Gryllus bimaculatus, GB)의 도입에 따른 토착종 왕귀뚜라미 (Teleogryllus emma, TE)의 개체군 크기 감소 위협이 예상됨에 따라, 왕귀뚜라미 (TE)와 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)의 체장과 개체수 비율에 따른 생존 경쟁을 조사한 실험이다. 실험에 사용된 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)와 왕귀뚜라미 (TE) 공시충은 경북대학교 농업생명과학대학 곤충생태학연구 실 내의 온실에서 대량 사육한 개체들을 사용하였다. 사육온도는 28􀆆C~30􀆆C이며, 장일 조건 (16L : 8D), 상 대습도는 50%~60%로 유지하였다. 매일 두 종의 개체수 를 계측하여 개체수 변화를 조사하였다. 본 실험에서는 더듬이를 제외한 체장 0.5 cm, 1 cm의 왕귀뚜라미 (TE)와 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)를 이용하여 왕귀 뚜라미 (TE) : 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)의 개체수 비율을 1 : 2, 1 : 1, 2 : 1로 나눈 총 3가지의 조건으로 실험하였다. 그 결 과, 개체가 작을 때에는 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)의 세력이 약 하고, 시간이 지날수록 쌍별귀뚜라미(GB)의 세력이 왕귀 뚜라미(TE)보다 강해지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 최종 생존 종은 대부분 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)였으며, 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)의 노화가 예상됨에도 불구하고 생존력이 강한 경향 을 보였다. 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)의 생존율은 큰 차이를 보 이지 않았던 반면, 왕귀뚜라미 (TE)의 생존율이 큰 폭으 로 감소하는 현상이 나타났다.

We analyzed the chirp sound and behavior of Teleogryllus emma with observation system, which was consisted of computer, ccd-camera and microphone. Computational methods of wavelet transformation and Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) were utilized to characterized the chirp sound of insect species for automatic counting in this study. Wavelets were initially applied to feature extraction of the chirp sound. Wavelet coefficients were accordingly calculated based on the basis function (e.g., Morlet). The obtained coefficients were subsequently provided to count number of chirps in each song. Sound structure of insect specimens consisted with long chirp and short chirp and the patterns of song were grouped by frequency of long chirp and short chirp. The song patterns of insect specimens were divided by Self-Organizing Map (SOM) that was used number of chirp as input data. Application of computational methods to automatic detection of chirp sound was further discussed for obtaining objective assessment in behavior science.

We describe here the cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding the ferritin heavy chain homologue (TeFerHCH) from the cricket Teleogryllus emma. The TeFerHCH gene spans 1,009 bp and consisted of four introns and five exons coding for 217 amino acids residues. The TeFerHCH subunit contained the conserved motifs for the ferroxidase center typical of vertebrate ferritin heavy chains and the iron-responsive element (IRE) sequence with a predicted stem-loop structure was present in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of TeFerHCH mRNA. TeFerHCH was grouped with the S type (HCH) in a phylogenetic tree. The TeFerHCH cDNA was expressed as approximately 27 kDa polypeptide in baculovirus-infected insect Sf9 cells. Northern blot analysis revealed that TeFerHCH exhibited ubiquitous expression and was upregulated by wounding and iron overload in the fatbody, suggesting a functional role for TeFerHCH in iron metabolism.

Males of many cricket species produce calling songs to attract receptive, conspecific females. Calling songs which affected by calling pattern are critical for male mating success, since male with no or limited calling songs are unable to attract female crickets. Investigating among- and within-individual variation in calling pattern may reveal the presence of alternative mating tactics such as attracting females by producing calling songs or being satellites in which males intercept females who are attracted to calling males. In this study, I investigated patterns of calling song production during the entire adulthood of 32 laboratory-reared and 24 field-captured individuals of Teleogryllu emma. Using recording system which can record acoustic signals from up to 32 individuals simultaneously, I measured daily calling output (DCO) and total calling output (TCO) in addition to acoustic parameters of calling songs and classified T.emma males into consistent and inconsistent singers based on the consistency of singing. Consistent singers lived longer, sang longer both in a day and during the lifetime than the inconsistent singers. These results suggest that the consistent singers in this study may be considered to employ the calling tactic. In lab-reared individuals, there seemed to be a trade-off between increasing pulse duration and length of phrases and ling chirp although older males produced calling songs with longer ling chirps and more multiple phrases.

왕귀뚜라미 대량 사육시 요구되는 실내 채란법 개발을 위하여 인공산란매트 선발과 알 저장조건을 조사하였다. 인공산란매트로서 수분 유지능력이 우수한 원예용 오아시스가 천연의 매트인 흙에 비해 산란선호성이 월등히 우수하였다. 한편 인공산란매트로서 원예용 오아시스는 흙에 비해 총산란수 및 부화율이 다소 저조하였으나 산란이 집중적으로 이루어지는 실용 산란기간(성충화 후 50일이내)의 산란수 및 부화율은 오히려 흙에 비해 우수하였다. 알의 저장조건은 산란 후 14일째, 에 40일간 냉장한 구가 부화율 로 세대단축 등을 고려할 때 단기저장으로 가장 적합한 것으로 판단되었으며, 산란 후 14일째, 에 90일 냉장했을 때 부화율 로 장기저장법으로 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다.