This study reports an experimental and analytical exploration of concrete columns laterally confined with Fe-based shape-memory alloy (Fe-SMA) spirals. For performing experiments, Fe-SMA rebars with a 4% prestrain and diameter of 10 mm were fabricated and concrete columns with internal Fe-SMA spiral reinforcement were constructed with a diameter of 200 mm and height of 600 mm. An acrylic bar with an attached strain gauge was embedded in the center of the specimen to measure local strains. Experimental variables encompassed the Fe-SMA spiral reinforcement, spacing, and activation temperature. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted after applying active confinement to the concrete columns through electrical-resistance heating. Notably, as the Fe-SMA spiral spacing decreased, the local failure zone length and compressive fracture energy of the prepared specimens increased. Additionally, a model incorporating compressive fracture energy was proposed to predict the stress–strain behavior of the. This model, accounting for active and passive confinement effects, demonstrated accurate predictions for the experimental results of this study as well as for previously reported results.

This paper developed a wind triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG) using cubic PTFE model. When the wind is injected, the cube PTFE is scattered inside the cylinder TENG structure and energy is harvested. The TENG structure was designed as a cylinder that allows independent dielectric to rotate well inside. In addition, an inlet and an outlet were made to allow good wind flow. Unlike wind harvesters, where one end is mostly fixed and energy is harvested, the dielectric's motion is freed using independent mode. The electrodes and dielectric materials used Aluminum(Al) and Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE). The cube PTFE dielectric contacts/separates the electrode attached to the inner wall of the cylinder along the inner wall of the cylinder. At this time, electricity is generated by the kinetic energy generated by the wind. In this study, the efficiency by the number of Cube PTFE inside the cylinder was compared. The experiment confirmed that as the number of Cube PTFE increases, the power increases, but if the number of Cube PTFE exceeds an appropriate number, the density inside the cylinder increases, interrupting the flow of wind, and thus decreasing the power.

As the environmental impacts of fossil fuel energy sources increase, the South Korean government has tried to change non-environmental- friendly enery sources to environmental-friendly energy sources in order to mitigate environmental effects, which lead to global warming and air pollution. With both a limited budget and limited time, it is essential to accurately evaluate the economic and environmental effects of renewable energy projects for the efficient and effective operation of renewable energy plants. Although the traditional economic evaluation methods are not ideal for evaluating the economic impacts of renewable energy projects, they can still be used for this purpose. Renewable energy projects involve many risks due to various uncertainties. For this reason, this study utilizes a real option method, the Geske compound model, to evaluate the renewable energy projects on Jeju Island in terms of economic and environmental values. This study has developed an economic evaluation model based on the Geske compound model to investigate the influences of flexibility and uncertainty factors on the evaluation process. This study further conducts a sensitivity analysis to examine how two uncertainty factors (namely, investment cost and wind energy production) influence the economic and environmental value of renewable energy projects.

The crisis of climate change aroused international needs to reduce the greenhouse gas emission in energy sector. Government of South Korea formulated an agenda of carbon neutrality through announcing 2050 Net-Zero Carbon Scenario A and B in October 2021. As the power supply from renewable energy increases, it becomes a core element to take into account the daily intermittency of renewable energy in analyzing the upcoming energy plans. However, the existing yearly Load Duration Curve is insufficient for applying day and night power change in daily scale into energy mix analysis, since it derives the energy mix for whole year on the basis of classifying annual base load and peak load. Therefore, a new energy mix simulation model based on the daily power load and supply simulation is needed for the future energy analysis. In this study we developed a new model which simulates the average power supply and demand daily (over a 24 hour period) for each season. The model calculates the excess and shortage power during day and night by integrating each energy’s daily power pattern. The 2050 Net-Zero Carbon Scenario A was used for the model verification, during which the same amounts of power production from each energy source were applied: nuclear, renewable, carbon-free gas turbine, fuel cell and byproduct gas. Total power demand pattern and renewable energy production pattern were drawn from the data of 2017 power production, and Pumped-storage Hydroelectricity and Energy Storage System were used as day-to-night conversion. Detailed assumptions for each energy were based on the Basis of Calculation for Net-Zero Carbon Scenario from Government. The model was verified with three cases which were divided depending on the method of hydrogen production and whether the Curtailment and Conversion Loss (CCL) of renewable energy were considered or not. Case 1 assumed production of hydrogen occurred for 24 hours while not considering CCL, had 0% relative error in comparison of total annual power production, and case 2, considering CCL, had a 1.741% relative error. Case 3 assumed production of hydrogen occurred only during daytime with excess power and CCL consideration, yielded 0.493% relative error in total amount of hydrogen production, confirming that the model sufficiently describes the Government’s Scenario A with the input of total power production. This model is expected to be used for analyzing further energy mix with different ratios of each energy source, with special focus on nuclear and renewable energy sources.

본 연구는 급속하게 성장하는 시설농업과 동시에 증가하는 에너지 사용량 및 탄소배출량을 저감하기 위해, 온실의 에너 지 부하를 동적으로 분석하기 위한 작물에너지의 다중 회귀 모델 개발을 수행하였다. 온실은 연중 안정적인 대량 생산을 위한 적절한 환경을 조성하기 위해 에너지 투입이 필요하다. 도시농업의 일종인 옥상온실 플랫폼을 통해 건물에서 버려지 거나 활용되지 않는 에너지를 옥상온실에서 사용할 수 있다. 옥상온실의 효율적인 운영을 위해서는 다양한 환경 조건에 대 한 동적 에너지 분석이 선행되어야 하며, 온실에 도입되는 태 양 에너지의 40－75%가 작물을 위한 에너지 교환이므로 필수적으로 고려되어야 한다. 한국기계연구원 내 옥상온실에서 여름철에 청경채를 재배하며 생장단계에 따른 에너지 교환을 분석하였다. 작물을 중심으로 미기상 및 양액 환경 분석과 생 장 특성 조사를 수행하였다. 정식일수에 따른 엽면적지수를 추정하였으며, 개발된 수식은 결정계수 0.99로 분석되었다. 또한 작물에너지 흐름에 지배적인 잎 표면온도로부터의 현열 부하와 증발산에 의한 잠열부하로 나누어 모델을 개발하였다. 엽온과 증발산량을 각각 다중 회귀모델을 이용하여 추정하고 실측한 값을 비교해 보았을 때, 평균 결정계수 0.95, 0.71로 분 석되었으며, 이 모델을 이용하여 옥상온실의 에너지 부하를 동적으로 산정하기 위한 모델에 입력값으로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The extended slip-weakening model was investigated by using a compiled set of source-spectrum-related parameters, i.e. seismic moment Mo, S-wave velocity Vs, corner-frequency fc, and source-controlled high-cut frequency fmax, for 113 shallow crustal earthquakes (focal depth less than 25 km, MW 3.0~7.5) that occurred in Japan from 1987 to 2016. The investigation was focused on the characteristics of stress drop, radiation energy-to-seismic moment ratio, radiation efficiency, and fracture energy release rate, Gc. The scaling relationships of those source parameters were also investigated and compared with those in previous studies, which were based on generally used singular models with the dimensionless numbers corresponding to fc given by Brune and Madariaga. The results showed that the stress drop from the singular model with Madariaga’s dimensionless number was equivalent to the breakdown stress drop, as well as Brune’s effective stress, rather than to static stress drop as has been usually assumed. The scale dependence of stress drop showed a different tendency in accordance with the size category of the earthquakes, which may be divided into small-moderate earthquakes and moderate-large earthquakes by comparing to Mo = 1017~1018 Nm. The scale dependence was quite similar to that shown by Kanamori and Rivera. The scale dependence was not because of a poor dynamic range of recorded signals or missing data as asserted by Ide and Beroza, but rather it was because of the scale dependent Vr-induced local similarity of spectrum as shown in a previous study by the authors. The energy release rate Gc with respect to breakdown distance Dc from the extended slip-weakening model coincided with that given by Ellsworth and Beroza in a study on the rupture nucleation phase; and the empirical relationship given by Abercrombie and Rice can represent the results from the extended slip-weakening model, the results from laboratory stick-slip experiments by Ohnaka, and the results given by Ellsworth and Beroza simultaneously. Also the energy flux into the breakdown zone was well correlated with the breakdown stress drop,   and peak slip velocity of the fault faces. Consequently, the investigation results indicate the appropriateness of the extended slip-weakening model.

On the basis of the protection motivation theory (PMT) research model, this study employed perceived moral obligation as a determinant to improve predictions of people’s intention to engage in energy savings and carbon reduction behavior aimed at mitigating the threat of environmental climate change through their protection motivation. The sample comprised 930 participants who completed self-reported questionnaire surveys in Taiwan. The empirical results of structural equation modeling indicated that the extended PMT model was more explanatorily powerful than the original model. The results not only confirmed that people’s perceived moral obligation plays a crucial antecedent role in predicting their intention to engage in energy savings and carbon reduction behavior but also verified the mediation effects of protection motivation in the extended PMT model.

PURPOSES : A geo-grid pavement, e.g., a stress-absorbing membrane interlayer (SAMI), can be applied to an asphalt-overlay method on the existing surface-pavement layer for pavement maintenance related to reflection cracking. Reflection cracking can occur when a crack in the existing surface layer influences the overlay pavement. It can reduce the pavement life cycle and adversely affect traffic safety. Moreover, a failed overlay can reduce the economic value. In this regard, the objective of this study is to evaluate the bonding properties between the rigid pavement and a SAMI by using the direct shear test and the pull-off test. The predicted fractural energy functions with the shear stress were determined from a numerical analysis of the moving average method and the polynomial regression method. METHODS : In this research, the shear and pull-off tests were performed to evaluate the properties of mixtures constructed using no interlayer, a tack-coat, and SAMI with fabric and without fabric. The lower mixture parts (describing the existing pavement) were mixed using the 25-40-8 joint cement-concrete standard. The overlay layer was constructed especially using polymer-modified stone mastic asphalt (SMA) pavement. It was composed of an SMA aggregate gradation and applied as the modified agent. The sixth polynomial regression equation and the general moving average method were utilized to estimate the interlayer shear strength. These numerical analysis methods were also used to determine the predictive models for estimating the fracture energy. RESULTS: From the direct shear test and the pull-off test results, the mixture bonded using the tack-coat (applied as the interlayer between the overlay layer and the jointed cement concrete) had the strongest shear resistance and bonding strength. In contrast, the SAMI pavement without fiber has a strong need for fractural energy at failure. CONCLUSIONS : The effects of site-reflection cracking can be determined using the same tests on cored specimens. Further, an empiricalmechanical pavement-design analysis using the finite-element method (FEM) must be done to understand the appropriate SAMI application. In this regard, the FEM application analysis and bonding property tests using cored specimens from public roads will be conducted in further research.

본 연구에서는 BES 기법을 활용하여 온실을 대상으로 실시간 에너지교환 시뮬레이션 모델 개발 및 검증을 수행하고 냉·난방부하 산정 및 경향성을 분석하였다. 우선 BES 기법과 현장실험을 기반으로 온실의 실시간 에너지 교환 모델을 개발하였다. 광흡수율, 엽면적지수, 잎 특성 길이 등 대상작물인 애플망고의 특성 값들과 온실 내부 이산화탄소 농도, 광량, 온도 등 실시간 입력 자료를 고려하여 작물 및 토양의 에너지교환을 구현하였다. 모델의 검증은 온실 내부 기온으로 수행하였으며 실측 내부 기온과 연산된 내부 기온 간의 결정계수, 일치도로 평가 하였다. 내부 기온 비교는 결정계수 0.89, 일치도 0.93으로 높은 유사성을 확인하였으며 모델의 유의성을 판단하였다. 개발한 모델과 2005년부터 2014년까지의 기상자료, 대상작물의 생육단계별 적정생육온도를 이용하여 대상온실의 냉·난방부하 산정하였다. 연도별 냉·난방부하산정 및 경향성을 파악하였으며 최대 냉·난방부하 산정을 통하여 대상온실의 냉·난방장치 용량설계의 기초자료를 확보하였다. 최근 10년 치 기상자료를 통하여 평균 최대 난방부하 525,473 kJ·hr-1, 평균 최대냉방부하 630,870 kJ·hr-1가 산정되었으며 대상 온실에 지열, 온배수, 태양열 등 신재생에너지를 활용할 경우 유용하게 활용될 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구를 통하여 온실 내 각 구성요소 간의 실시간 에너지교환을 모의할 수 있었으며 추후 온배수 활용을 위한 저류조, 히트펌프, 축열조 등의 설비를 구현함에 따라 전반적인 냉·난방 시스템의 구현 가능성을 확인하였다. 또한 동적 해석방법을 통하여 재배작물, 생육단계 및 토양을 고려하였으며 온실 에너지교환 모델에 다양한 형태로 적용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

Importance of alternative energy has been increasing due to environmental issues and lack of fossil fuels. In addition, heating cost that occupies from 30 to 40 % of the total production cost in Korean protected cultivation needs to be reduced for profitability and global competition. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop energy model and regional resource for recycling of resource in greenhouse. Based on the results of the theoretical and statistical investigations, energy model of regional resource was developed. This results was shown with a new standard 2,000 heads of pigs. Livestock manure was originated 8.6 kg/day/one head, and the average biogas yield was 1.23 Nm3/day occurred. The biogas reactor and engine showed that scale of 300 m3 was 25kW respectively. Agricultural and Forest Residual-products Biomass quantity in heating road of 200,000kcal/h were 1,224 kg, 912 kg respectively.

The annual energy demand of the standard rural house models Nongrim-10-26 -ga was analyzed using the DesignBuilder. Size of window and type of window were selected as simulation parameters. As a result, heating energy demand was 8.3 times higher than cooling energy demand and reducing heating energy demand is important factor in reducing total building energy. When increasing window glazing size, internal heat gain and loss was changed depending on the outdoor weather conditions. Cooling energy demand increases in summer and heating energy demand increases in winter. When the type of window was changed, cooling energy demand was decreased as the SHGC value was decreased. However, heating energy demand was changed depending on both of the SHGC value and U-value of the selected window type.

A new model and resultant equation for the coagulation of acrylonitrile monomers in precipitation polymerization are suggested in consideration of the surface tension (γ) and cohesive energy density (ECED). The equation was proven to be quite favorable by considering figure fittings from known surface tensions and cohesive energy densities of certain organic solvents. The relationship between scale value of surface tension (γ/M) and cohesive energy density of monomers can be obtained by changing the coagulation bath component for effective precipitation polymerization of acrylonitrile in wet spinning.

Ecopath 모델을 이용하여 남양호와 낙동강 하류 생태계의 영양구조와 에너지 흐름을 정량적으로 파악하고, 그 결과를 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2007년 갈수기(5월)와 풍수기(8월)에 남양호와 낙동강 하류 수계의 각 6개 지점에서 조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과, 남양호는 무생물인 유기쇄설물과 식물플랑크톤, 대형 수생식물 등이 생산자로, 동물플랑크톤과 저서동물, 떡붕어, 붕어, 기타 어류 등은 1차 소비자로, 잉어와 동자개는 2차 소비자로 조사되었으며, 낙동강 하류는 무생물인 유기쇄설물과 식물플랑크톤, 대형 수생식물 등은 생산자로, 동물플랑크톤과 저서동물, 기타 어류, 잉어, 누치 등은 1차 소비자로, 배스는 2차 소비자로 나타났다. 영양구조는 남양호가 1.0~3.3의 범위를, 낙동강 하류는 1.0~3.7의 범위로 낙동강 하류가 남양호보다 더 긴 먹이사슬을 가지는 것으로 추정되었다. 영양단계별 먹이자원에 대한 경쟁은 남양호가 0.100~0.900로 나타나 0.018~0.845 범위의 낙동강 하류보다 먹이자원에 대해 높은 경쟁을 가지는 것으로 확인되었다. 총에너지량은 남양호가 14.1 kg m-2, 낙동강 하류는 2.7 kg m-2이었으며, 이 중 남양호 수계는 39%(5440.919 g m-2)는 섭식으로, 21%(3107.271 g m-2)은 이출, 12%(1708.362 g m-2)는 호흡, 28%(4018.551 g m-2)은 유기쇄설물로 전환되는 것으로 나타났으며, 낙동강 수계는 52.0%(1433.998 g m-2)은 섭식으로, 9.1%(252.101 g m-2)은 이출, 18.0%(498.150 g m-2)은 호흡, 20.9%(575.984 g m-2)는 유기쇄설물로 전환되는 것으로 추정되었다.