A combination using phosphine (PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) was performed to compensate for the disadventages (long exposure time and phytotoxicity) of a single substance. P. longisipinus was more susceptible to mixed phosphine and ethyl formate than P. orchidicola in 12 L dessicator. Mortality of mixed treatment was higher than aggregated mortalities that treated individually, so it indicated to have a synergic effect on each other. Ethyl formate was showed higher adsorption rate than phosphine on imported nursery plants and showed differences depending on the plant. P. longispinus and P. orchidicola was showed 100% mortality when phosphine and ethyl formate was treated as 1 g/m3 and 30 g/m3 for 4 hour in 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber and in 10 m3 container. Phytotoxicity was evaluated to mixture of phosphine and ethyl formate at 1 month after treatment.

박물관, 기록원 등의 주요 소독약제인 메틸브로마이드(MB)와 Ethylene Oxide(EO)는 오존층 파괴 물질 및 1급 발암물질로 규제가 되고 있어 대체 훈증제 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서, 친환경 약제인 검역훈증제 에틸포메이트 (베이퍼메이트®)의 적용가능성을 확인하고자 주요 해충인 독일바퀴(Blatella germanica) 및 흰개미(Reticulitermes speratus)를 대상으로 Dose response 실험을 실시하였다. 공시충은 팜한농 작물보호연구센터 곤충사육실에서 누대사육중인 개체를 사용하였으며, 데시게이터(6.9L)에 농도별로 24시간동안 밀폐 훈증처리하여 약효를 조사하였다. 통계분석은 Probit analysis 통해 L(Ct) (Lethal Concentration x Time, gꞏhꞏm3)값을 산출하였다. 시험결과 L(Ct)50 및 L(Ct)99 값은 독일바퀴(혼합태)의 경우 48.38 및 346.34 gꞏhꞏm3 흰개미(성충)은 14.91및 660.94 gꞏhꞏm3로 나타났다. 모두 방제가 가능한 L(Ct)99 값은 660.94 gꞏhꞏm3으로 이는 에틸포메이 트 28.2 g/m3(베이퍼메이트® 170 g/m3)를 24시간 처리시 완전 방제가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The current protocols of methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation on imported nursery plants, which are seriously infested with quarantine mealy bugs and scales, could be reevaluated because there were no limited uses of loading ratio, packing types etc. Another emerging issues is that the workplace health issues on MeBr fumigation are related with poor ventilation etc as well as well-known phytotoxic damages on them. In previous report, we have evaluated the efficacies of ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine (PH3) on different types of mealybugs. Herein, the phytotoxic damages of EF and PH3 on Alocasia, Sansevieria, Cactaceae and Croton genera were evaluated in terms of chlorophyll contents, color changes etc. This study showed that EF and PH3 fumigation on imported plants could be applicable to replacement of MeBr with further confirmation trials.

Methyl bromide (MeBr) is well-known as a hazardous chemical to exposed fumigators and related workers as well as a ozone depletion chemical. According to recent report in USA and Korea, when MeBr fumigated on orange and grape at low temperature (<10℃), absorbed MeBr on fruits was slowly released to workplace. To replace MeBr practices urgently, ethyl formate (EF) fumigation is considered safer to worker (TLV of EF = 100 ppm compared to MeBr's = 1 ppm) and free from residual problem. We reports confirmative liquid EF (FumateTM) with N2 trials, which is cost-effective and non-CO2 gas emitted, on imported grapes. The 4hr-fumigation of 70 gm-3of EF (CTP > 114 gh-3) in scale-up chamber (10m3) fumigation (20% l.r.), showed efficacies to many kinds of insect pests, non-phytotoxic damage, providing safer guideline at workplace.

Since methyl bromide(MB) has been designated as ozone deplete substance(ODS) by Montreal protocol (1989), many MBalternative fumigants like ethyl formate and phosphine gas were developed and commercialized. Ethyl formate(EF) is an effectiveMB alternative fumigant to control insect pests on imported fresh commodities. It is important to develop a proper evaporationmethod to apply EF on large scale fumigation because EF has a high boiling point(54℃). Recently, concurrent treatment ofethyl formate and nitrogen(EF+N2 treatment) has been newly developed. At preliminary test, EF+N2 treatment showed goodevaporation rate and showed high efficacy on quarantine pests without phytotoxicity on fresh commodities. In this trial, we’veapplied the EF+N2 treatment on imported orange and lemon at pilot scale (0.5m3, 10m3) containers and commercial scale containerto validate efficacy and phytotoxicity. 70g/m3 of EF liquid was applied on orange and lemon by EF+N2 treatment method,and showed 100% mortality on tested insect pest(Tetranychus urticae) without phytotoxicity at 0.5m3 and 10m3 scale fumigationtrials, respectively. At commercial scale trial, EF+N2 treatment also showed 100% efficacy on T. urticae and there was nophytotoxic symptoms on imported orange and lemon fruit. These results indicate that the newly developed EF+N2 treatmenthas a potential as a MB alternative, and can be applied on imported fresh commodities for quarantine and pre-shipment purpose.

국내 정부양곡 보관창고에서는 알루미늄포스파이드 정제를 사용하여 쌀 해충 방제를 실시하고 있다. 이 약제는훈증시간이 4~7일로 장시간 소요되며, 제형 특성상 분말(잔사물)제거가 필요하고, 훈증완료 후에도 3~5%의 미반응물질이 남아있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 신속하고 안전한 새로운 훈증기술개발이 필요한 실정이며, Methylbromide(MB) 대체훈증제인 Ethyl formate(EF)와 Phosphine(PH3)의 병행처리를 통해 국내 주요 저곡해충인 가루좀벌레(장두)에 대한 약효를 조사하였다.가루좀벌레 성충을 대상으로 데시케이터 실험을 통해 도출된 100% 방제 가능 조건인 EF+PH3(16.6 + 1g/m3),24시간을 금속훈증상(1m3)에서 처리한 결과 가루좀벌레에 대해 100% 방제효과를 확인하였다. 본 연구는 양곡보관창고 훈증처리시 알루미늄포스파이드 대체제로서 EF+PH3의 사용 가능성을 제시하였다.

Ethyl formate has been used for the control of insect pests by fumigation. However, there were not many reports toshow its target site of fumigant toxicity on insect pests since its first use in the agricultural industry. In the present study,we showed the presumable target sites of ethyl formate fumigation in insect pests using Myzus persicae nymphs. Afterethyl formate fumigation, the nymphs of this species were collected and the changes at the biochemical and molecularlevel were determined. The activity of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) was approximately two-fold higher after ethyl formatefumigation. In addition, the expression levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) decreased gradually with increasing ethylformate concentration. These two findings suggested that COX and AChE might be the major target sites of ethyl formatefumigation. In addition to these results, the analysis of lipid content using MALDI-TOF MS/MS identified 9 phospholipidsdifferently generated 2-fold higher in the ethyl formate-treated nymphs than that in the control nymphs, thereby leadingto changes in cell membrane composition in M. persicae nymphs. Therefore, the ethyl formate fumigation caused lethaleffects on M. persicae nymphs by changing COX activity, AChE gene expression, and phospholipid production.

The spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, is classified exotic quarantine pest in Australia and EU, soSWD-free must be supported by evidence of surveys and phytosanitary measures in exported host agricultural commoditiesin Korea. From a quarantine control point of view, SWD is importantly considered as model insect pest for exotic fruitflies (Bactrocera dorsalis) in Korea as well because of similarity in ecological cycles. In evaluations of ethyl formate(EF) only and combined cold treatment to kill eggs and larvae of SWD, the combined EF fumigation applied at LCt50%(50% killed lethal concentration X time) and cold treatement (5℃) for > 5 days showed the promise to new conceptfor eradicating quarantine pest and these could be helpful to pre-develop exotic fruit fly management in Korea.

Ethyl formate (EF) and methyl salicylate (MS) are naturally occurring and generally safe substances for use. Sub-lethaldoses of EF and MS were evaluated to find synergistic fumigation action against azuki bean beetle (ABB), Callosobruchuschinensis (L.). Susceptibility of the ABB to EF was in the order of eggs =adults >larvae >pupae. Adults was most sensitiveto MS, and followed by eggs. Larvae and pupae were highly tolerant to MS. However, in synergistic effects of EF andMS showed that all the stages of ABB were highly sensitive in the order of adults >eggs >larvae >pupae. Highest synergisticratio was found against adults when using LC10 of both EF and MS as compared to other stages. Notably, MS synergizedthe EF exposure to all stages of ABB. This finding paves the way to exploiting synergistic activity of MS and EF againstABB for the safeguard of stored azuki bean grains.

Fumigation activity of Frankliniella occidentalis, western flower thrips, and phytotoxicity were evaluated with phosphine(PH3) and ethyl formate (EF) in the asparagus. Fumigation activity of PH3 and EF showed in the order of egg (64.7 mg·h/Land 132.9 mg·h/L), nymph (5.5 mg·h/L and 14.8 mg·h/L), and adult (3.8 mg·h/L and 14.7 mg·h/L) respectively at 5˚C in12 L desiccator. The adsorption of PH3 was 24% at 5˚C. However, the adsorption of EF increased sharply to 98% at 5˚C.PH3 showed 100% control for all development stage of F. occidentalis with 4g/m3 in 0.65m3 at 2˚C for 48h exposure. Thephytotoxicity was not found. The results revealed that the EF is highly absorbable in asparagus, so it is not suitable as afumigant, but PH3 is considered to be suitable as an alternative MB fumigant for control of the F. occidentalis in asparagus.

To replace methyl bromide (MeBr) due to its ozone depletion properties and the life-threatening to related worker as well as fumigators, ethyl formate (EF) fumigation on exported and imported fruits and vegetables has been developed by QIA in Korea since 2005. The benefits of using ethyl formate (EF) fumigant is considered as the safest practice among the commercially available chemical alternatives. The issues was that the cylinderized EF with carbon doxide (CO2) is not enough to extend their applications in terms of fumigation cost. We have developed the cost-effective liquid EF applications with nitrogen gas and demonstrated in quarantine trials (10m3) on imported bananas. We showed the new 35 gm-3 of EF applications with inert gas (nitrogen), were completely control all stage of citrus mealybug (Planoccous citri) for 4hr fumigation at 13°C. These applications meet the quarantine guidelines and protocols in terms of efficacies to target pest and safety concern as well as satisfactions of consumers showing no damages to imported bananas. Extensively, this cost effective EF technology could be acceptable to other fruit and vegetable commodities to reduce the fumigation costs and green house gas (CO2).

The resistance of maize weevil(Sitophilus zeamais), an important agricultural pest of stored grain, on aluminium phosphide fumigant(PH3) has been reported recently in Korea. Many researchers reported that ethyl formate(EF), a potential methyl bromide alternative fumigant, showed good efficacy on several grain pests. In this trial, based on CTP (concentration × time products), we evaluated efficacy of EF on phosphine resistant and susceptible maize weevil. Each of insect strains were collected in grain storehouses and examined the PH3 resistance according to FAO method (Busvine, 1980). L(Ct)90 of PH3 resistant and susceptible strain was 48.3 and 0.3 g h m-3, respectively. When treated with EF, L(Ct)90 of PH3 resistant and susceptible strain was 90.0 and 110.9 g h m-3, respectively. In the case of EF, there was no difference between resistant and sucsecptible strain compare with PH3. These results indicates that EF is a potential alternative for aluminium phosphide resistance management in grain storehouses.

The spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, is a severe pest of berry fruits like strawberry, blueberry, sweet cherry and grape in terms of quarantine. For the disinfestation of SWD, methyl bromide (MeBr) is the only option in quarantine practice. However, MeBr's current use will be phased out due to chronic inhalation toxicity to fumigators and related worker as well as ozone depletion properties. To replace MeBr, we evaluated the efficacy of ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine gas (PH3) to all different developmental stages of SWD at practical fumigation condition (>25 ℃). To achieve complete control of all stages of SWD, PH3 required > 6 hr exposure when applied at > 1.0 g m-3. In case of 4hr EF fumigation, the LCt99 (LCt99, 99% lethal concentration × time) of EF to egg, larvae and pupae of SWD was 198.09, 77.42 and 115.55 g·h m-3, respectively.

The bulb mite (BM), Rhizoglyphus echinopus, is hard to control in the harvested onion and garlic. Methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation is the only option to eradicate BM at present. However, MeBr causes phytotoxic damage (index 3) to onion and garlic and highly toxic to fumigators. To replace MeBr, we evaluated ethyl formate (EF) and phosphine gas (PH3) to BM at 5℃ which is current practical fumigation temperature. The >140 g·h m-3 of EF for 24 h could completely control BM and this CT (concentration × time) product was slightly (index 1) phytotoxic to onion and garlic. Fumigation of 2 g PH3 required >120 h exposure to kill 100% of BM without any pyhtotoxic damage. Further researches are being planned to shorten the exposure time with synergistic effect between EF and PH3.

Ethyl formate (EF), a methyl bromide alternative fumigant which is commercially used for quarantine and pre-shipment(QPS) purpose, has a potential to control various insect pests. Based on CTP (concentration × time products), we've firstly evaluated fumigation trials of EF on cucumber plants to eradicate horticultural insect pests in greenhouse. In the preliminary test, EF achieved 100% control of cotton aphid, western flower thrip and tobacco whitefly when CTP of EF was 4.4, 5.6 and 3.3 g h m-3, respectively. In 1300m3 scale cucumber greenhouse trial, EF was applied with 2g m-3 dosage for 15 hrs, and cotton aphid, western flower thrip and tobacco whitefly were completely controlled without phytotoxic symptom. EF fumigation could be suitable for greenhouse cultivation in terms of good efficacy on horticultural insect pests with labor-saving benefit than current insecticide spraying applications.

메틸브로마이드(MB)가 1989년 제정된 몬트리올 의정서에 의거 오존층 파괴물질로 지정되면서 MB대체제로 에틸포메이트(EF) 훈증법이 대두되고 있다. 기존 에틸포메이트 훈증제의 경우, 고압 이산화탄소를 충전하고 액체 에틸포메이트를 딥튜브를 이용해 분사 후 기화기를 통해 기화시키는 방식으로 이산화탄소의 충전, 이동 및 안전관리 부분에서 고비용이 필요하다. 고비용의 기존 단점을 개선하기 위해 액체 에틸포메이트와 질소 혼합처리법은 고안하였 다. 따라서 본 연구는 액체 에틸포메이트와 질소 혼합처리법을 오렌지에 대한 귤가루깍지벌레 효과 시험을 하였다. 질소가 사충율에 영향을 미치는 정도를 질소 농도 (80, 82, 84, 86%/55L)를 다르게 하고, 액체 에틸포메이트 농도(1mg/L) 혼합 처리 했을 때, 질소 농도에 관계없이 동일한 사충율을 보였다. 질소가 사충율에 영향이 없다는 것을 확인하였다.

Exportation of sweet persimmon has been grown up recently, but the growth was accumulated because of quarantine and shelf life issues. Herein, we've investigated the concurrent processing of ethyl formate (EtF), a MeBr alternative quarantine fumigant, and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an anti-ethylene compound, on sweet persimmon and suggested proper fumigation methods. An important quarantine pest, Tetranychus urticae, was inoculated on sweet persimmon, and then 70 g m-3 of ethyl formate has been fumigated for 6 h before and after 1 ppm of 1-MCP treatment for 24 h at 5°C condition. These concurrent processing showed the promise that efficacy of EtF was enough to meet quarantine guideline and shelf life of fruits was extended in terms of the hardness, surface color and sugar contents when treated fruits were stored for four weeks at 5°C.

The German cockroach, Blatella germanica, is one of the most important household pest that can cause disease on human. Conventional contact insecticides show less efficacy because it is hard to be contacted or digested by cockroach that lives inside small crevice. Ethyl formate(EF), which is a potential fumigant to control various insect pests such as stored grain insects and quarantine pests, can be penetrated wherever air exist and shows toxicity on respiratory system of insect. In this trials, we've demonstrated practical and commercial scale fumigations of EF on German cockroach. Efficacy of EF was described in terms of concentration × time (CT) product. At practical fumigation, EF gave 100% control of German cockroach nymph and adult when the CT product was 43.2g h m-3. When 600m3 scale warehouse fumigation for 15 hours with 5g m-3 of EF, nymph and adult stage of German cockroach were completely controlled. The ventilation time to reduce EF concentration under TLV(Threshold Limit Value, EF=100ppm) was less than 1 hour. These results show that EF can be applied at warehouse or mill house to control German cockroach effectively.

검역훈증제로 사용되어져온 메틸브로마이드(MB)가 오존층파괴물질로 규제가 예상됨에 따라 대체제로서 에틸포메이트(EF), 포스핀(PH3)등을 이용한 화학적 소독처리기법이 개발 중에 있다. EF는 천연물질유래의 물질로 식품첨가물로 훈증처리시 작업자 안전성이 높은 대체제이며, 현재 일부 수입 과실류의 특정 해충(깍지벌레류)만 소독처리기준을 설정하고 있어 처리기준 이외의 해충 발견시 MB훈증을 하고 있는 실정이다. 다양한 해충별, 태별 온도별에 대한 EF 약제 감수성을 평가하여 소독처리기준에 적용하고자한다. 본 실험에서는 다중 농도의 EF 훈증제(10~60 mg/L)를 사용하여, 각 공시충(담배가루이, 목화진딧물, 복숭아혹진딧물, 귤가루깍지벌레, 점박이응애 등)에 대해 온도별 (5℃, 13℃, 20℃) 약효를 Probit 분석한 결과 5℃ 조건에서는 점박이응애 성충이 감수성 정도(LCT99)가 가장 높았다. 13℃ 조건에서는 점박이응애 성충 및 귤가루깍지벌레 약충이, 20℃ 조건에서 점박이응애 약충 및 귤가루깍지벌레 성충이 각각 높은 감수성을 보였다.

검역훈증제로 사용되어져온 메틸브로마이드(MB)가 오존층파괴물질로 규제가 예상됨에 따라 대체제로서 다양한 물리, 화학 및 융복합기술을 이용한 대체기술이 개발중이다. 기생선충에 감염된 수입 뿌리부추묘의 경우 화학적 MB훈증제 처리 시 부추묘의 발아가 억제되는 약해가 있어, 물리적 소독방법인 온탕처리기법을 적용하여 국내소독처리을 개발하고자 본 연구를 진행하였으며, 처리 온도·시간별 뿌리혹선충(알, 유충) 및 뿌리썩이선충(유충)에 대해 감수성을 평가한 결과 48℃에서 26분 이상 온탕처리방제법을 이용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 한편 MB 대체제로 연구개발중인 포스핀의 경우 진딧물 방제를 위해 충분한 훈증(>24 시간)을 통해 방제가 가능하나 특정 저온 유통 수출입 작물의 경우 현장적용이 어려워 단기간 훈증처리기술이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 단기 훈증처리기술(< 4시간)을 적용해 진딧물과 귤가루깍지벌레를 방제할수 있는 포스핀 및 에틸포메이트와 포스핀의 혼합처리를 개발하였다. 물리적 및 화학적 소독 방법 및 이를 혼합한 MB 대체기술을 통해 지속적으로 MB를 감축하고자 한다.