Inhibitory effect of colchicine on growth and gravitropic responses in Arabidopsis root was explored to find whether there was an involvement of ethylene production. It has been known that cytoskeleton components are implicated in sedimentation of statoliths to respond to gravitropism and growth. The root growth was inhibited by 25% and 40% over control for 8 hr treatment of colchicine at a concentration of 10-5 M and 10-7 M, respectively. The roots treated with colchicine at the concentration of 10-7 M showed the same pattern as control in 3 hr, however, gravitropic response was decreased in the next 5 hr. The colchicine treatment at the concentration of 10-5 M inhibited the gravitropic response resulting in 60° of curvature. In order to better understand the role of colchicine, the production of ethylene was measured with and without the treatment of colchicine. Colchicine increased the ethylene production by 20% when compared to control via the activation of ACC oxidase and ACC synthase activity. These results suggest that the inhibition of the growth and gravitropic responses of Arabidopsis roots by the treatment of colchicine could be attributed to the rearrangement of microtubule, and increase of ethylene production.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and ethylene-absorbent on the qualities of Prunus mume fruit. Prunus mume fruits were stored without film packaging (Cont), packed in LDPE film (Cont-P), and packed with ethylene-absorbent (Cont-PE). Fruits were treated with 1-MCP (1 ppm) for 24 hr at 1℃. After treatment, fruits were packed in LDPE film (MCP-P) and with ethylene-absorbent (MCP-PE) and then stored at 1℃ for 8 weeks. Total soluble solids increased during storage but decreased after 6 weeks while total acidity decreased during storage. Cont was almost completely decayed after 8 weeks of storage while Cont-P, Cont-PE, MCP-PE, and MCP-P were 46, 69, 83, and 5% decayed, respectively. L value decreased but a value increased during storage in all samples. Firmness of peel and flesh of samples decreased gradually for 8 weeks. Respiration rate did not show any significant difference among samples. Ethylene production of Cont showed 0.05 μL/kg/h but immediately after 1-MCP treatment, it showed 0.02 μL/kg/h. Oxalic and malic acids decreased while citric acid increased during storage; fructose and glucose substantially decreased after 8 weeks whereas sorbitol and sucrose increased upto 4 weeks and then decreased thereafter. Based on these results, packing the fruits treated with 1-MCP could extend the freshness of Prunus mume fruit.

본 연구는 에테폰과 부형제를 혼합하여 에틸렌 발생 타 블렛을 제조하였고, 에틸렌 가스 활성조건을 구명한 결과 는 다음과 같다. 온도조건별 타블렛의 에틸렌 발생량은 온 도가 높을수록 많은 발생을 보였다. Activator pH 조건별 에틸렌 발생량은 pH 7.0 및 9.0 조건에서는 발생량이 약 2 ppm으로 미미하였으나, pH 13.0에서 타블렛의 에틸렌 발생량은 Prosolv 부형제 94.05 ppm, HPMC 부형제 126.28 ppm, Crosscamellose 부형제 100.11 ppm으로 각각 나타났 다. 제조된 타블렛의 마손도는 Prosolv 부형제 0.1%, HPMC 부형제 0.3%, Crosscamellose 부형제 54.1%로 나타나 Crosscamellose 타블렛은 부적합하다고 판단되었다. 붕해 도의 경우 각각의 부형제에 따라 큰 차이를 보였으며, Prosolv 부형제 1분, HPMC 부형제 7분 이상, Crosscamellose 부형제 5분으로 각각 나타났다. 최종 선정된 부형제인 Prosolv 타블렛의 시간대별 에틸렌 발생 측정결과 가스포집 20시간 까지 에틸렌 발생량은 꾸준히 증가하였지만 20시 이후의 발생은 미미하였고 지속적인 가스 발생은 처리 후 20시간으로 나타났다.

Regulation of fruit ripening may help extend fruit shelf life and prevent losses due to spoilage. Here, we investigated whether sound treatment could delay tomato fruit ripening. We treated harvested tomato fruits with low-frequency sound waves (1 kHz) for 6 h, and then monitored various characteristics of the fruits over 14-day period at 23±1°C. Seven days after the treatment, 85% of the treated fruits were green, versus fewer than 50% of the non-treated fruits. Most of the tomato fruits had switched to the red ripening stage by 14 days after treatment. Ethylene production and respiration rate were lower in the treated than non-treated tomatoes. Furthermore, changes in surface color and flesh firmness were delayed in the treated fruits. To investigate how sound wave treatment affects fruit ripening, we analyzed the expression of ethylene-related genes by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. We found that the expression level of several ethylene biosynthetic and ethylene signaling pathway-related genes was influenced by sound wave treatment. These results demonstrate that sound wave treatment delays tomato fruit ripening by altering the expression of important genes in the ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signaling pathways.

Regulation of fruit ripening may help extend fruit shelf life and prevent losses due to spoilage. Here, we investigated whether sound treatment could delay tomato fruit ripening. We treated harvested tomato fruits with low-frequency sound waves (1 kHz) for 6 h, and then monitored various characteristics of the fruits over 14-day period at 23±1°C. Seven days after the treatment, 85% of the treated fruits were green, versus fewer than 50% of the non-treated fruits. Most of the tomato fruits had switched to the red ripening stage by 14 days after treatment. Ethylene production and respiration rate were lower in the treated than non-treated tomatoes. Furthermore, changes in surface color and flesh firmness were delayed in the treated fruits. To investigate how sound wave treatment affects fruit ripening, we analyzed the expression of ethylene-related genes by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. We found that the expression level of several ethylene biosynthetic and ethylene signaling pathway-related genes was influenced by sound wave treatment. These results demonstrate that sound wave treatment delays tomato fruit ripening by altering the expression of important genes in the ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signaling pathways.

Currently, a technique to subdivide the process refining is introduced, can be divided into the steel slag. In this study, Free-CaO in the electric arc furnace slag by the ethylene glycol method for the quantitative analysis for the expansion to proceed with construction materials.

식물체에 대한 에틸렌의 다양한 반응에도 불구하고, 감자 가공 산업을 중심으로 에틸렌의 맹아억제제로서의 가능성에 관해서만 주로 검토되어 왔다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 씨감자에 에틸렌을 처 리하여 생리적 서령 조절제로서의 가능성을 확인코자 하였다. 국내 에서 가장 많이 재배되고 있는 ‘수미’ 감자를 대상으로 처리방법, 처리농도 등을 달리하여 저장 중 에틸렌 가스를 처리 한 후 휴면타파 및 맹아의 생장에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 에틸렌이 처리된 감자 괴경은 처리 후 1~2일에 급격히 호흡율이 상승해 감자 괴경의 에틸렌에 대한 민감한 반응을 확인할 수 있었다. 3일간의 단기간 에 틸렌 처리는 감자 괴경의 휴면을 약간 타파시키는 결과를 보였으 나, 2 μL/L 농도의 연속 처리구에서는 오히려 저장 40일까지 전혀 맹아가 되지 않아 뚜렷한 맹아억제 효과를 보였다. 에텔린 농도와 처리기간을 달리한 연속처리 시험에서는 2 또는 4μL/L 농도 처리 구 공히 뚜렷한 맹아억제 효과를 다시 확인할 수 있었고, 짧고 많은 수의 맹아가 발생되는 현상을 발견할 수 있었다. 이렇게 에틸렌이 처리된 씨감자를 온실 내 포트에 파종하여 재배한 결과 출현속도에 서는 큰 차이가 없었으나 에틸렌 처리에 의해 식물체당 줄기수와 복지수가 증가되었다. 수량성에서는 뚜렷한 경향 없이 처리 간 약 간의 차이를 보였으나 식물체당 괴경수는 에틸렌 처리에 의해 현저 히 증가되는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 저장중 씨감자를 대상으로 한 에틸렌 가스 처리, 특히 2~4μL/L 농 도범위에서 씨감자의 생리적 서령을 조절하는 유용한 수단으로 활 용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Blast furnace slag is recycled as high value-added material, while steel slag is difficult to recycle or is recycled as low value-added one relatively due to its expansion collapsability. It's property is caused by the high content of Free-CaO and unstable steel oxides. Currently, a technique to subdivide the process refining is introduced, can be divided into the electric furnace steel slag and reducing steel slag. In this study, Free-CaO in the electric arc furnace slag by the ethylene glycol method for the quantitative evaluation for the expansion to proceed with construction materials, electric arc furnace slag oxidation is to use.

This research evaluated the environmental impact of waste film used in the farming industry which is subject to voluntary agreement by Waste Charge System using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). When analyzing the environmental scores applying weighted values, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal had nearly 73%, 15% and 11% of contribution to the environmental impact and also, amongst impact categories, resource depletion and global warming had 63% and 32% of contribution respectively. For resource depletion which had the highest contribution, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal occupied around 86%, 9% and 4% of it, and the impact category of resource depletion that belongs to production of raw materials, accounted for about 54% of the whole environmental score. Here, over 95% of it was caused by crude oil. When investigating the contribution of each phase to global warming that is the key issue of low carbon green growth, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal had respectively, 45%, 28% and 27% of contribution. As the result, production of goods and disposal had higher contributions than resource depletion. The entire contribution of production of goods and disposal to global warming was about 17%, and it is predicted that it would bring a huge impact, considering the possibility of establishing improvement plans. In the production of goods, electricity consumed was the main cause of global warming, and electricity used in the recycling process and incineration occupied approximately 52% and 42% of the disposal stage. In conclusion, we should pay attention to energy used in the production of goods and recycling for improving an environmental competitiveness of goods, and reduction of energy would be able to satisfy economic feasibility and environmental efficiency of the whole process of agricultural PE film.

UV light irradiation is known to give beneficial effects on fresh produce preservation. A container system equipped with UV-LED was fabricated for storing cherry tomatoes under computer-controlled conditions of intermittent on-off cycles (1 hour on/1 hour off). Wavelength (365 and 405 nm) and physical location of the LED (2 and 5 cm above fruit) were studied as variables affecting the respiration, ethylene production and quality preservation of the fruits at 10 and 20℃. 365 nm wavelength gave much higher radiation intensity than 405 nm, and intensity on surface decreased in inverse proportion to square of distance from LED. When compared to non-irradiated control, UV-LED irradiation decreased the respiration by 5-10% at 10℃ while there was no obvious effect at 20℃. Ethylene production was reduced when the fruits were placed at 5 cm distance, while there was no significant difference from control at 2 cm location. The reduction of ethylene production at 5 cm was more pronounced at 20℃. UV-LED irradiation was shown to have delayed increase or lower concentration in carotenoids compared to control treatment. Any negative effect of UV-LED irradiation on ascorbic acid content and firmness was not observed.

절화국화는 수명이 1-2주이며, 최대 3-4주까지 유지되고 수확 후 호흡증대와 노화가 급격하게 진행되지 않는 non-climateric 식물로서 에틸렌에 대한 감수성이 낮은 작목이다. 절화는 주로 잎이 위조, 황화되고 수분의 이동이 방해되어 엽록소가 퇴화되고 잎의 노화가 촉진되어 개화되지 못하므로 품질이 떨어진다. 절화의 수명은 품종, 수확전 재배조건, 수확 후 온도, 습도, 광, 수질 등 외부요인 및 기질의 공급, 체관 및 물관의 흡수력 유지, 에틸렌과 같은 호르몬, 효소활성 변화 등의 내부요인에 의해 좌우된다. 국화 품질지표는 꽃과 줄기가 구부러짐이 없고 절간간격 및 잎 크기의 상하가 일정하며 균형이 잘 잡힌 것이어야 하며, 화형, 화색이 품종 본래의 특성을 갖추고 모두 양호하여야 하며 병해충 피해가 확인되지 않으며, 절화 수확시기가 적기인 것이여야 한다. 스탠다드 국화는 꽃봉오리가 5-6cm일 때 수확하고, 스프레이 국화는 40% 개화상태인 2-4개의 봉오리가 균일하게 개화하면 수확한다. 이 때 토양 기부에서부터 10 cm 위로 잘라 목질화된 줄기를 제거하며 줄기 아래쪽의 잎을 1/3정도 제거하여 수분흡수가 잘 이루어지도록 한다. 수확 후 절화를 등급별로 나누게 되는데 절화의 길이와 무게, 꽃의 개화상태를 기준으로 한다. 스탠다드 국화는 병해충이 없고, 줄기가 구부러짐이 없고, 잎 크기가 균형이 잘 잡히고 절화장이 80 cm, 절화줄기 1개의 무게가 70 g이면 가장 우수한 1등급이며, 스프레이 국화는 절화장과 절화무게가 각각 70 cm, 60 g이고, 개화는 2-4륜이 개화하고, 병해충이 없는 깨끗한 상태인 경우가 1등급이다. 절화수명을 연장하기 위하여 물올림과 동시에 전처리제를 사용하는데, STS, GA, BA, 1-MCP, Chrysal, 살균제, sucrose 등이 이용되고 있다. 절화의 호흡감소, 부패감소, 변색지연, 증산억제를 위해 예냉을 5~7℃에서 4시간 이상 하는 것이 좋다. 절화국화는 PE필름으로 포장해서 상자에 넣으면 2℃에서 2주간 저장이 가능하고, 습식에서는 3주간 저장이 가능하다. 포장이 끝난 국화는 저온차량를 이용하여 수송 상차 및 하역비 절감을 위해 2상자씩 묶어 출하한다. 소비자가 신선한 꽃을 오랫동안 감상하는 위해 HQS, 탄산수, sucrose 등을 이용하여 수확 후 후처리를 한다. 절화 국화의 소비 및 이용을 다변화하기 위해서는 유통 품목과 품종의 다양화, 유통체계의 정비, 산지 생산자-소매자-소비자의 정보교류 등이 필요할 것이다.

The ripening behavior of three apple cultivars, ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’ was distinctive and the involvement of POLYGALACTURONASE(PG) in the fruit softening process was confirmed to be ethylene dependent. Fruit softening is genetically coordinated by the action of several cell wall enzymes, including PG which depolymerizes cell wall pectin. Also, loss of firmness is associated with increasing of the ripening hormone, ethylene. In this work, climacteric ripening of three apple cultivars, Tsugaru, Hongro and Fuji, producing different ethylene levels and ripening responses, was examined. Correspondingly in Fuji, a linear and basal ethylene level was observed over the entire period of measurements, and Tsugaru and Hongro displayed a typical climacteric rise in ethylene production. Transcript accumulation of genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis (MdACS3 and MdACO1) and MdPG1 was studied in Tsugaru, Hongro and Fuji cultivars. Expression of MdACO1 transcripts was shown in all three ripened apple fruits. However, the MdACS3 and MdPG1 were transcribed differently in these cultivars. Comparing the MdPG1 of ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’, structural difference was discovered by genomic Southern analysis. Overall results pointed out that MdACS3 and MdPG1 play an important role in regulation of fruit ripening in apple cultivar.

We carried out the effect of Si levels (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) on ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) of hydroponically grown rice plants, after 6h, 12h and 24h of Si application. All samples were analyzed after applying wound stress for 30 minutes. In 6 h treatments, 0.5 and 1.0 mM of Si decreased ethylene production by 7% and 9.9% respectively, while elevated level of Si (2 mM) insignificantly affected ethylene production under same conditions. However 0.5 and 1 mM of Si enhanced endogenous SA contents by 2.6% and 17.3% respectively, while 2 mM of Si decreased SA contents by 3% as compared to control. Samples analyzed after 12h of 0.5, 1 mM and 2 mM Si application showed reduction of 11%, 4% and 1.7% respectively, while SA contents increased by 4% and 9.5% in 0.5 and 1 mM Si treatments. Samples analyzed after 24 h of Si treatment showed that 0.5 and 1.0 mM of Si inhibited ethylene production by 12.6% and 18.2% respectively, while 2 mM Si increased ethylene production by 11.9% as compared to control. It was observed that the SA content of rice was almost similar to control in 0.5 mM Si applied treatments, while 1 mM and 2 mM of Si increased SA contents by 6.5% and 6.9% as compared to control. It was concluded that Si alleviates the effect of wounding stress in rice by regulating ethylene and SA production.

The study was carried out to establish an improved protocol for shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf explant cultures of Scrophularia buergeriana M. with the treatment of ethylene inhibitors [silver nitrate (AgNO3), aminoethox-yvinylglycine (AVG), Cobalt chloride (CoCl2)]. The regenerated shoots obtained from leaf explant cultures on MS medium containing 2 mg/l BAP, The additions of AgNO3. AVG and CoC12 substantially improved the shoot regeneration frequency, at the optimal concentration of 7 mg/L, 7 mg/L, and 3 mg/L respectively, The regenerated shoots could be easily rooted with 0.1 mg/L IBA treatment. The noted plants were hardened and transferred to vermiculite with a 85% survival rate where they grew normally.

옥수수의 종자발육에 ethylene이 미치는 영향을 알기 위하여 마치종, 단옥수수, 초당옥수의 배와 배유의 발육과 ethylene 발생을 조사하였다. 그리고 초당옥수수에 ethylene 발생과 작용을 조절하는 aminoethoxyvinyl glycine(AVG), silver thiosulfate(STS), ethephon(2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, CEPA)를 출사 후 9 및 21일에 전 식물체와 포엽에 처리하여 ethylene 발생양상과 배와 배유의 발육을 조사하여 채종 시 종자발달을 촉진할 수 있는 방법을 찾고자 하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 마치종은 배와 배유 모두 출사 후 56일까지 건물중이 증가하였다. 그러나 단옥수수와 초당옥수수의 배는 출사 후 각각 56일 및 49일까지, 배유는 출사 후 35일 및 28일까지 증가하였다. 2. 종자의 ethylene 발생량은 초당옥수수가 단옥수수나 마치종보다 많았다. 3. 배유조직의 변화는 출사 후 21일부터 배의 끝 부분에서 동공이 생기기 시작하여 마치종은 동공이 유지되나 단옥수수는 출수 후 42일에는 동공이 붕괴되었고, 초당옥수수는 배 위쪽 및 옆쪽까지 동공이 생겼다가 수축되었다. 4. 초당옥수수 품종 Xtrasweet 82에서 AVG와 STS는 ethylene 발생량을 감소시키고 100립중을 다소 증가시켰으나, CEPA는 ethylene 발생량을 증가시키고 100립중을 감소 시키는 경향이었다. 5. CEPA 처리는 배유에 동공이 발생하는 시기가 다소 빨랐으나 AVG와 STS 처리는 큰 효과가 없었다.

쓰가루 사과 과실과 백향 복숭아 과실에서 1-MCP 처리에 대한 반응의 차이를 조사하였다. 쓰가루 사과는 수확 직후 1회의 1 또는 5 ppm의 1-MCP처리에 의하여 2주간의 저장 기간 중 품질의 지표인 과육의 경도와 적정 산도의 저하가 크게 억제되었다. 또한 1-MCP의 처리는 지속적으로 과실의 호흡을 억제하였으며 에틸렌 생성의 개시 시점을 늦추는 효과를 나타내었다. 그러나 백향 복숭아에서는 수확 후 반복적인 1-MCP의 처리에 의해서만 약간

The deep irrigation of rice plants brings about some beneficial effects such as reduced tiller production which results in the formation of bigger panicles, prevention of chilling injury, reduced weed growth, etc. The present study was carried out to examine the involvement of ethylene in the suppression of tiller production due to deep water irrigation in rice (cv. Dongjinbyeo). The ethylene production was induced in leaf sheath within 24 hours after the deep water irrigation and has increased even until 30 days after the treatment, recording 4.5-fold increase as compared to the shallow-irrigated rice plants. In the deep water irrigated rice plants, ethylene was accumulated to a high concentration in the air space of submerged leaf sheath as the irrigated water deterred the diffusion of ethylene out of the leaf sheath and ethylene biosynthesis was accelerated by the deep irrigation as well. The ethylene concentration recorded 35-fold increase in the deep-irrigated rice plants for 35 days. The tiller production was reduced significantly by the deep irrigation with water, the tiller bud, especially tertiary tiller bud differentiation being suppressed by the deepwater irrigation treatment, whereas the rice plants deep-irrigated with solutions containing 10-5 M or 10-6 M silver thiosulfate (STS), an action inhibitor of ethylene, showed the same or even higher production of tillers than those irrigated shallowly with water. This implies that the ethylene is closely linked with the suppression of tiller production due to deep water irrigation. In conclusion, ethylene, which was induced by hypoxic stress and accumulated in the leaf sheath due to submergence, played a key role in suppressing the tiller production of the deepwater irrigated rice

Gibberellic acid did not affect ethylene production, whereas gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors triggered ethylene production in dormant tubers. Gibberellic acid did not induce sprouting of dormant tubers, however, treatment of gibberellin biosynthesis retardants enhanced sprouting rates. Sprouting rate in ancymidol-treated tubers was highest among gibberellin biosynthesis retardants. Sprouting rate of tubers treated with ancymidol increased to 91.4~% . Batatasin-III content in GA3 treated tuber was increased in the highest concentration (30~mug~;I-1) . Tubers treated with mepiquat chloride, Batatasin-I was increased steadily, but contents of Batatasin-III and V showed dramatic decrease at the 1,000~mug~;I-1) concentration. This infers that gibberellin biosynthesis retardants play key roles in promoting breaking dormancy on dormant tubers of Chinese yam.