본 연구는 ‘청도반시’ 감을 열대지역으로 수출하는 상황을 모의하여 실시하였다. 수송 중이나 수송 후 유통과정에서 홍시를 만들기 위한 적절한 수송 온도(0℃, 5℃, 10℃)와 에틸렌 발생제 투입시기(수송 전, 수송 후)를 구명하고자 하였다. 15일간 모의 수송 후와 이후 30℃에서 5일간 모의 유통 후에 과실의 숙성과율과 품질을 조사하였다. 에틸렌 발생제를 처리하여 15일간 모의 수송한 후의 숙성과율은 10℃에서는 모두 홍시가 되었으나 0℃와 5℃에서는 홍시가 되지 않았고, 수송 전에 에틸렌 발생제를 처리하지 않은 과실은 모든 온도에서 홍시가 되지 않았다. 이후 30℃에서 5일간 모의 유통한 과실은 수송 전 에틸렌 발생제를 투입한 처리는 5℃와 10℃에서 모두 홍시가 되었으나 0℃에서는 38.5%만 홍시가 되었다. 수송 후 에틸렌 발생제를 투입한 처리는 모두 홍시가 된 처리구가 없었으며, 0℃와 5℃에서는 각각 63.5%와 59.6%로 비슷했으나 10℃에서는 19.2%로 오히려 낮았다. 결론적으로 수송 직후 바로 출하하기 위해서는 수송 전에 에틸렌 발생제를 투입하고 10℃에서 수송하는 것이, 그리고 5일간의 현지 유통 중에 숙성을 유도하기 위해서는 수송 전에 에틸렌 발생제를 투입하여 5℃에서 수송하는 것이 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다. 수송 후 에틸렌 발생제를 투입해서 유통 중 숙성을 유도하여 홍시를 제조하는 방식은 수송 온도에 따른 차이는 있으나 10℃ 이하에서 15일간 수송한 감에서는 홍시가 잘 되지 않으므로 앞으로 그 원인과 적절한 수송온도에 대한 연구가 더 필요하다.

본 연구는 국내 수출중소기업의 시장지향성, 브랜딩역량, 신제품개발역량 및 경쟁우위 간의 관계를 살펴보고 이들의 관계가 수출하는 제품유형에 따라 상이하게 나타나는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대한상공회의소의 DB를 바탕으로 수출중소기업을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 총 407부가 실증분석에 이용되었다. 경로분 석을 실시한 결과, 시장지향성은 신제품개발역량 및 수출경쟁우위를 제고하였으며, 신제품개발역량은 경쟁우위에 긍정적인 영향력을 미쳤으나 브랜딩역량은 유의한 영향력을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 제품유형에 따른 변수 간 관계의 차이를 검증하기 위해 다중집단 경로분석을 실시한 결과, 신제품개발역량, 브랜딩역량 그리고 경쟁우 위에 대한 시장지향성의 긍정적 영향력은 산업재 수출기업보다 소비재 수출기업에 대해 더 높은 것으로 나타났으 나, 경쟁우위에 대한 브랜딩역량의 영향력은 소비재 보다 산업재 수출중소기업에게 더 높은 것으로 드러났다. 또 한 산업재와 소비재 기업 모두에 신제품개발역량은 수출경쟁우위를 차지하기 위한 중요 요인으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구결과는 수출중소기업의 해외시장 경쟁력 제고를 위한 시사점을 제언한다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study employs the resource-based view to understand how product strategy influence export performance. According to the organizational learning perspective, moreover, the ability to manage existing assets and capabilities and the development of new capabilities are arguably among the most relevant innovation success factors. Based on these theoretical backgrounds, a model is proposed to analyze the effects of cost leadership and differentiation strategy on export performance, as well as the moderating effects of exploitative and exploratory innovation capability. Using survey data from Korean exporters, the findings indicate that the cost leadership and differentiation strategy enhance export performance. While exploitative innovation capability strengthens the relationship between cost leadership strategy and export performance, exploratory innovation capability enhances the link between differentiation strategy and export performance. Introduction The trade-off between cost leadership strategy and differentiation strategy is of importance and presents a key challenge to exporters because it is intrinsically related to innovation (Gebauer, 2008; O’Cass et al., 2014). Nevertheless, resources are limited, and firms must make choices in their allocation and determine the extent to which they will emphasize one strategy over another (Danneels, 2007; Lant, Milliken, & Batra, 1992). Although the individual roles of product strategies or innovation capabilities on export performance have attracted considerable attention (e.g., Hortinha, Lages, & Lages, 2011; Lages, Silva, & Styles, 2009; Molina-Castillo, Jimenez-Jimenez, & Munuera-Aleman, 2011), few studies have assessed their integrating impact - that is, the difference in the strengths of the relationships between cost leadership or differentiation strategy and innovation. Drawing on resource based view, we examine how innovation capabilities related with the relationship between cost leadership and differentiation strategies and exporters’ performance. Thus, we consider the moderating role of two distinct capabilities - exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation - on the relationships between product strategies and export performance. Exploratory innovation includes activities aimed to enter new product-market domains, while exploitative innovation activities improve existing product-market domains (He &Wong, 2004). The objectives of this study are to explore (1) impacts of cost leadership strategy and differentiation strategy on export performance, (2) moderating effects of exploitative and exploratory innovation capability on the relationship between product strategy and export performance, and (3) these relationships in the context of Korean exporters. The Korean exporting firms are more concentrated on international markets because of limited size of domestic market (Nugent & Yhee, 2002). These characteristics of Korean exporters are more useful to examine the effect of product strategy and product innovation capability of firms on export performance in international markets. Conceptual Background Product Strategy and Competitive Advantage Porter (1980) argues that a firm can achieve a higher level of performance over a rival in one of two ways: either it can supply an identical product or service at a lower cost, or it can supply a product or service that is differentiated in such a way that the customer is willing to pay a price premium that exceeds the additional cost of the differentiation. A cost leadership strategy is designed to produce goods or services more cheaply than competitors by stressing efficient scale of operation. When a firm designs, produces, and sells a comparable product more efficiently than its competitors as well as its market scope is industry-wide, it means that the firm is carrying out the cost leadership strategy successfully (Campbell-Hunt, 2000). Thus, the primary thing for a firm seeking competitively valuable way by reducing cost is to concentrate on maintaining efficiency through all activities in order to effectively control every expense and find new sources of potential cost reduction (Dess & Davis, 1984). The differentiation strategy provides value to customers with the unique attributes or perceptions of uniqueness, and characteristics of a firm’s product other than cost. The firm pursuing differentiation seeks to be unique in its industry along some dimension that is valued by customers, which means investing in product R&D and marketing (Porter, 1980). Rather than cost reduction, a firm using the differentiation needs to concentrate on investing in and developing such things that are distinguishable and customers will perceive (Gebauer, 2008). Overall, the essential success factor of differentiation in terms of strategy implementation is to develop and maintain innovativeness, creativeness, and organizational learning within a firm (Dess & Davis, 1984; O’Cass et al., 2014; Porter, 1985). Innovation Capability in International Markets A firm’s ability to compete in the long term may lie in its ability to integrate product strategy and its existing capabilities, while at the same time developing fundamentally new ones (Lavie & Rosenkopf, 2006). Simultaneous investments in the exploitation of existing product innovation capabilities and the exploration of new ones may help create a competitive advantage (Soosay & Hyland, 2008). Organizational learning represents the development of knowledge that influences behavioral changes and leads to enhanced performance (Crossan, Lane, & White, 1999; Fiol & Lyles, 1985). Product innovation is a tool for organizational learning and, thus, a primary means of achieving its strategic renewal (Danneels, 2002; Dougherty, 1992; O’Cass et al., 2014). Exploration pertains more to new knowledge - such as the search for new products, ideas, markets, or relationships; experimentation; risk taking; and discovery - while exploitation pertains more to using the existing knowledge and refining what already exists; it includes adaptation, efficiency, and execution (March, 1991). Exploration and exploitation compete for the same resources and efforts in the firm. With a focus on exploring potentially valuable future opportunities, the firm decreases activities linked to improving existing competences (Levinthal & March, 1993; March, 1991). In contrast, with a focus on exploiting existing products and processes, the firm reduces development of new opportunities. However, firms must develop both exploratory and exploitative capabilities because returns from exploration are uncertain, often negative, and attained over the long run, while exploitation generates more positive, proximate, and predictable returns (Levinthal & March, 1993; March, 1991; Özsomer & Gençtürk, 2003). Researchers have shown that both types of learning are essential to enhancing firm performance (Leonard-Barton, 1992; March, 1991). In this study, we use exploration and exploitation to describe two innovation-related capabilities that are critical elements on the relationship between product strategies and export performance. International markets are turbulent and diverse with respect to customer needs, cultures, and competitiveness; therefore, innovation assumes a primary role (Kleinschmidt, De Brentani, & Salomo, 2007). Firms can leverage their innovations by securing business opportunities in those markets and thus increase their innovative capabilities (Knight & Cavusgil, 2004). Through exploratory innovation, firms develop new competences and thus enhance superior export performance by product strategies (Teece, Pisano, & Shuen, 1997). Exploitation activities are also important to exporters because they facilitate the lower-risk extension of export operations. By searching for solutions in the existent competence base, exploitative innovation increases efficiency and productivity. Accordingly, this study based on organizational learning perspective to support the idea that innovation capabilities are a vehicle for a product strategy, and achieving superior export performance. We advance the literature by allowing for a role of product strategies while also considering moderating effects of innovation capabilities. Moreover, we provide insights into how choices about emphasizing one product strategy over another relates the balance between exploration and exploitation. Hypotheses Product Strategy and Export Performance Porter’s cost leadership and differentiation strategies have been linked to the achievement of superior performance by many studies (Campbell-Hunt, 2000; Dess & Davis, 1984). A firm that successfully pursues a cost leadership strategy emphasizes “aggressive construction of efficient-scale facilities, vigorous pursuit of cost reductions from experience, tight cost and overhead control, avoidance of marginal customer accounts, and cost minimization in areas like R&D, service, sales force, advertising, and so on” (Porter, 1980: 35). A firm can, therefore, gain a competitive advantage over its rivals by having significantly lower cost structures in an industry without ignoring other areas such as product and service quality (Amoako-Gyampah & Acquaah, 2008). Thus, the maintenance of a strong competitive position for an organization pursuing a cost leadership strategy places a premium on efficiency of operations and scale economies that enable them to achieve and sustain their performance for a considerable period of time. In addition, with a cost leadership strategy, firms focus on reducing costs through operational efficiency. For example, they might exploit existing facilities and learn how to reduce costs through automation, modernization, capacity utilization, or economies of scale. Efficiency, control, planning, and variance reduction represent the key elements of a cost leadership strategy, and a typical example of a cost leadership strategy involves the implementation of an experience curve, on which cumulative production determines reductions in unit production costs. Firms engage in economies of scale and/or scope when they apply their knowledge and facilities from existing product lines to product line extensions. The associated positional advantage is a cost advantage pertaining to the firms’ value offering and is based on the product’s price–perceived value proposition in the export market. Hypothesis 1: Cost leadership strategy is positively associated with export performance. A firm that pursues a differentiation strategy may attempt to create a unique image in the minds of customers that its products are superior to those of its competitors (Miller, 1988). A firm creates these perceptions through advertising programs, marketing techniques and methods, and charging premium prices. Moreover, a firm may pursue a differentiation strategy by creating a perception in the minds of customers that its products possess characteristics that are unique from those of its competitors in terms of differences in design, physical attributes/features, and durability (Gebauer, 2008). Differentiation strategy aims to generate more outwardly focused product innovations that offer customers product differences that shape a distinctive value offering that is more responsive to their needs (Hughes, Martin, Morgan, & Robson, 2010; O’Cass et al., 2014). The associated positional advantage is a product or market differentiation advantage pertaining to the superior brand, quality, design, and product features that differentiate the firms’ value proposition from its competitors in the export market. Hypothesis 2: Differentiation strategy is positively associated with export performance. Moderating Effects of Innovation Capability From the generation of new ideas through to the launch of a new product, exploration and exploitation play a vital role in product innovation (Rothaermel & Deeds, 2004). Organizations can decide to use existing organizational competences to realize short-term results, or create new competences that may foster the development of innovations in the longer term (Atuahene-Gima, 2005). Both types of capabilities are considered to be dynamic in nature (Winter, 2003), given that their purpose is to transform existing resources into new functional competences that provide a better match for the firm's environment (Voss, Sirdeshmukh, & Voss, 2008). Although both exploitative and exploratory capabilities related to cost leadership and differentiation strategies, because of those different roles of capabilities in innovation process, the effects of those innovation capabilities on the relationship between product strategy and export performance might be different. In case of cost leadership strategy, firms focus on using and developing existing capabilities, promoting improvements in existing components and building on existing technological elements (Benner & Tushman, 2003; Rust et al., 2002). Similarly, exploitative innovation is aimed at improving existing product-market domains. The cost leadership strategy creates value through existing competences or competences that have been slightly modified (Voss et al., 2008). It promotes a routine-based and repetitive approach to organizational changes (Rust et al., 2002). Because exploitative innovation builds on existing knowledge and extends existing products and services for existing customers (Soosay & Hyland, 2008), exploitative capabilities helps firms pursuing cost leadership strategy to reap the benefits of improvement they make to their products and to continue making incremental improvements (Brucks, Zeithaml, & Naylor, 2000), which are designed to allow the firm to continue its superior performance (Griffin, 1997). Hypothesis 3: Exploitative innovation capability moderates the relationship between cost leadership strategy and export performance positively. Compared to cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy is characterized by radical change, risk and experimentation and that allows for the creation of new methods, relationships, and products. Because exploration focuses mainly on trying to create variety, to adapt and hence exploit ever-decreasing windows of opportunity (Soosay & Hyland, 2008), this capability is more beneficial to the kind of product innovativeness to the firm (Augusto & Coelho, 2009). When exporters pursue differentiation strategy for acquiring new knowledge and developing new products and services, exploratory capability helps to engage new insight into the design of new features and benefits of a given product, that product is guaranteed to contain new ideas (Cho & Pucik, 2005; Yalcinkaya et al., 2007). In contrast with exploitation aimed at improving existing product-market domains, explorative innovation requires fundamental changes in the way an organization operates and represents a clear departure from existing practices (Menguc &Auh, 2006). Hypothesis 4: Exploratory innovation capability moderates the relationship between differentiation strategy and export performance positively. Discussion Focusing on product strategy through the application of the RBV has provided theoretical insights as well as empirical evidence as to which capabilities are required to achieve these critical product strategy outcomes. The support from this study provides further evidence of the usefulness of applying the RBV to the export setting and should encourage researchers to examine the other aspects of export strategy. Based on organizational learning perspective, in addition, this study found that exploratory and exploitative innovation capability are essential to the firm because they act as vehicles for renewing product strategy to achieve superior export performance. By considering product strategy with exploration and exploitation simultaneously, we present a new perspective of the roles of these product strategies in the development of firms’ innovation capabilities. Our results indicate that cost leadership and differentiation strategy are pivotal in ensuring a proper balance between exploratory and exploitative innovations. One of the main implications for managers is that both exploratory and exploitative product competences should consider in parallel when developing product strategy. The findings underscore the need for managers to invest in cost leadership and differentiation strategy to ensure the development of exploration and exploitation. Therefore, resource allocation decisions should, consider the firm's needs for innovation capabilities and, on the other hand, be guided by the firm’s product strategy. Exporters operate in highly complex environments, characterized by high levels of technological and market uncertainties and highly diverse and dispersed customers (Kleinschmidt et al., 2007; Mohr & Sarin, 2009). Therefore, in addition to the product strategy toward the development of innovations using state-of-the-art technologies, managers of these firms need a similarly strong focus on understanding both current and potential exporting markets. By acknowledging the need for product strategy, managers can ensure the balanced innovation capabilities.

From 2010 to 2012, this study conducted to survey occurrence of quarantine diseases occurrence on cultivation, harvest period of grapevine, and sorting places for export grapevine in export complex areas(domestic vs. export; Hwaseong in Gyeonggii, Sangju and Yeongcheon in Kyeongbuk, Namwon in Jeonbuk and Yeongdong in Chungbuk). Diagnosed diseases in this study were gray mold by Botrytis cinerea, blact rot by Botryosphaeria dothidea, anthracnose by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, bird,s eye rot by Elsinoe ampelina, Phomopsis cane by Phomopsis viticola, downy mildew by Plasmopara viticol, leaf blight by Pseudocercospora vitis, and powdery mildew by Uncinula necator. The leaf blight disease incidence and severity showed the highest infection rate in all surveyed fields. Occurrence rate of investigated all diseases was different depending on individual farmer and occurrence rate of disease was lower in export farms than that of domestic sale farms. Disease infested grapes were eliminated during selection process and ratio of removed the infection fruit is relatively well-performed in export facilities than domestic packing facilities.

In this study, three greenhouse farms in Wonju (northern), Seosan (central), and Jeju (southern), which are main producing regions of lilies, were selected, and the impact of regional cultivation environmental factors on the quality of lilies were investigated with cut flowers of Oriental Lily ‘Siberia’. Greenhouse environments such as temperature, humidity, and integrated light have been analyzed since January 2016. The correlations between climate factors and cut flower qualities were determined. As a result, the vase life had a highly positive correlation with dew point (r = 0.73***). The temperature had a negative correlation with flower stalk length (r = -0.80***), while a positive correlation with flower bud size (r = 0.67**). Effect of Integral light intensity on the cut quality and vase life was not much higher than temperature. These results confirmed the importance of greenhouse environmental control to produce lily cut flowers qualified for export.

본 연구는 수출 딸기 중 병원성 E. coli와 Salmonella spp.를 제어하기 위하여 이산화염소 가스 농도, 상대습도, 시간에 따른 이산화염소 가스의 미생물 저감효과를 조사하였다. 병원성 E. coli, salmonella spp.를 접종한 딸기에 이산화염소 가스 농도(10, 20, 30, 40, 50 ppmv), 상대습도(50, 70, 90%), 처리시간(0, 5, 10, 20, 30분)에 대한 삼요인 실험을 하였다. 그 결과, 각 처리 조건 간의 상호작용이 나타났으며 미생물 저감효과는 상대습도가 가장 높은 조건인 90%에서 이산화염소 가스 농도와 처리시간의 값이 증가할수록 높아지는 경향이 있었다. 상대습도 90%, 이산화염소 가스 농도 50 ppmv에서 처리시간에 따른 미생물 저감화 효과는 5분 동안 처리하였을 때 병원성 E. coli와 Salmonella spp.이 각각 0.5, 0.7 log CFU/g 정도 감소하였으나 20분간 처리하였을 때는 각각 2.07과 2.28 log CFU/g 정도 감소하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 수출 딸기 중병원성 E. coli와 Salmonella spp.를 제어하기 위한 최적의 이산화염소가스 처리 조건을 확립한 결과로서 수출 딸기의 미생물 안전성 향상에 기여할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

Domestic cut roses tend to be poor in quality especially during summer. This seasonal drop in quality of cut flowers has caused serious export disruption such as inadequate volume or price decline. We investigated the relationship between environmental factors and vase life (VL) of cut roses. Six cut rose varieties, ‘Antique Curl’, ‘Beast’, ‘Iguana’, ‘Legato’, ‘Pink Heart’, and ‘Red Pocket’, were investigated from three commercial farm greenhouses (Farms A, B, a nd C ). The VL of cut flowers ranged f rom 5.8 to 18.2 days depending on the variety. Considering 16 days as the minimum VL required for exportation during the summer season, only two varieties ‘Antique Curl’ and ‘Beast’ would qualify for exportation. VL was significantly negatively correlated to only relative humidity (RH) (r = - 0.69*) among various environmental factors and only to peduncle length (r = - 0.60*) among plant morphological items. Thus, controlling RH is key to improve the vase life of cut roses during the summer production for export.

본 연구는 기업이 보유한 브랜드 강화역량, 최고경영자 역량, 글로벌 학습역량이 수출규모에 어떤 영향을 미치 는지를 한국패션의류기업들을 대상으로 분석하고 있다. 2007년부터 2014년까지 한국 패션기업들의 기업-연도 패널 데이터를 대상으로 연구한 결과, 브랜드 강화 역량 측면에서 디자인특허 역량이 높고 해외 제품상 수상 경 험이 있으면 기업의 수출규모가 높게 나타났다. 또한 최고경영자 역량 측면에서 최고경영자가 패션관련 전공자이 거나, 해외경험이 있는 경우 수출규모가 높게 나타났고, 글로벌 학습역량 측면에서 해외 제휴 수가 많은 경우 수 출규모가 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 패션의류산업의 산업적 특성을 고려하여 성공적인 수출규모증대 전략을 도출 하기 위해 필요한 기업 내부역량을 중점으로 의미 있는 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 제시하고 있다.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN) has been the most essential organization in Asia. In spite of the world economic crisis, Southeast Asian countries have shown fast economic growth since 2000, and they have been actively expanding investments and trades especially with major countries. Research on competitiveness in ASEAN market has spawned an increasingly large literature, but empirical research on the determinants of Korea’s export to ASEAN is limited. The purpose of this study is to draw out the determinant of Korean fisheries export to ASEAN by carrying out a panel analysis. For achieving such a purpose, pooled OLS, Hausman Test, Fixed Effect, Random Effect are performed. The last 20 years’data over the period of 1995 to 2014 concentrated on the ASEAN 6 countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam is used in this study. Amount of aquatic products export to ASEAN is used as the dependent variable; real exchange rate, real GDP, relative price level and GDP per capita are used as the explanatory variables and FTA as dummy variable. Empirical results show that fixed-effect analysis is the best model among all the models. As the fixed effect model shows, real exchange rate, real GDP, GDP per capita and dummy variable(FTA) play positive and statistically significant roles in fisheries export to ASEAN, while price variable plays a negative and statistically significant role to the dependent variable.

Exportation of sweet persimmon has been grown up recently, but the growth was accumulated because of quarantine and shelf life issues. Herein, we've investigated the concurrent processing of ethyl formate (EtF), a MeBr alternative quarantine fumigant, and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an anti-ethylene compound, on sweet persimmon and suggested proper fumigation methods. An important quarantine pest, Tetranychus urticae, was inoculated on sweet persimmon, and then 70 g m-3 of ethyl formate has been fumigated for 6 h before and after 1 ppm of 1-MCP treatment for 24 h at 5°C condition. These concurrent processing showed the promise that efficacy of EtF was enough to meet quarantine guideline and shelf life of fruits was extended in terms of the hardness, surface color and sugar contents when treated fruits were stored for four weeks at 5°C.

In Brazil, agricultural sector accounts for 15 percent of total employment and agricultural export takes 36 percent of the national merchandise exports. Particularly agricultural export has played an important role in Brazilian economic growth and stabilization. Brazil is a substantial agricultural exporter which obtains huge trade surplus in agricultural trade amounting USD 73,300 million. Major agricultural exports are grain and grain-processed products such as soybean, soybean cake, corn and soybean oil. Particularly soybean is the top exporting commodity in Brazil. Our Study overviews the situation of Brazilian agriculture and analyzes the export competitiveness of Brazilian soybean in the World and Korean markets. We employ several indexes such as price competitiveness, Market Share (MS), Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA), and Comparative Advantage by countries (CAC) to analyze international competitiveness of Brazilian soybean. The main results of our study are as follows : First, U.S. Argentina, Paraguay and Canada are rivals with Brazil in the global soybean market. Second, Brazilian soybean has the 3rd highest price competitiveness following Paraguay and Argentina. Third, Brazilian soybean is second highest following Paraguay in a sense of export competitiveness through RCA and CAC index. Brazilian soybean has competitiveness in respect of comparative advantage not only in Korean market but also in global market. Especially CAC index of Brazilian soybean in the Korean market is higher than those of USA and China which have larger Korean market share than Brazil. However, the competition seems to be even more intensifying because Korea has already agreed on FTA with USA and China, and also Paraguay expands soybean export to Korea recently.

In this study, refer to cases of domestic flower exporters, important factors for flower export logistics were categorized and analyzed and efficient logistics processes were suggested. According to export profitability and product quality, important factors were categorized as quarantine, costs, lead time. By applying important factors, commonly using route- SHIMONOSEKI, reverse distribution prevented route-HAKATA, Excellent market access routes-OSAKA were analyzed and efficient logistics processes were suggested.

The global diffusions of free trade agreements have encouraged an increasing number of companies to participate in foreign markets. However, export firms fall behind big data-based customers in international export markets. The gap between the needs of export markets and the capabilities of export companies is broadening. Marketing capabilities are export firms’ ability to understand what target customers want and develop tactical marketing actions and allocate available resources, and achieve export performance (Day 1994; Vorhies and Morgan, 2003). Export firms have to enhance marketing capabilities to narrow the gap (Day, 2011). This study investigates marketing capabilities, export marketing strategies, and their relationships with export performance of the export companies in an industrial complex in South Korea. This study tries to find how marketing variables impact the performance of export firms through the relationships among them. Marketing literature examined that the suitability between marketing capabilities and export marketing strategy is important because of its impact on export performance. Export marketing literature reviewed that export firms’ characteristics such as international experience, firm size, firm age, and export intensity, firm level of market orientation are considered positively related to export performance. Especially for inexperienced and small and medium-sized firms, which have limited marketing resources to achieve successful export performance, the right choice of export marketing, export marketing strategy, and export performance is indispensable. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the moderating effects of export firms’ characteristics on the interactive linkages within marketing capability, export marketing strategy, and export performance. Our first focus in this study is the relationships between marketing capabilities and export strategies and both export marketing strategy and export performance. We discuss their relationships with each other and with export firms’ performance. We develop testable hypotheses as shown in Fig.1. The final samples we used are 104 manufactured export firms in S. Korea. Next, as a result of testing, based on the relationships of having positive effects, we identify the moderating effects of export firms’ characteristics. Our research model proposes that marketing capabilities affect export marketing strategies and ‘specialized marketing capabilities’. These affect the overall export performance. We therefore hypothesize that H1: Marketing organizational capability is positively related to (a) export marketing strategy and (b) specialized export marketing capability. H2: Marketing human resource capability is positively related to (a) export marketing strategy and (b) specialized export marketing capability. H3: Marketing financial capability is positively related to (a) export marketing strategy and (b) specialized export marketing capability. H4: Marketing infrastructure is positively related to (a) export marketing strategy and (b) specialized export marketing capability. H5: Export marketing strategy is positively related to (a) specialized export marketing capability and (b) export performance. H6: Specialized export marketing capability is positively related to export performance. The results of our PLS-SEM analyses are as follows. Our results support H1b, linking marketing organizational capability and specialized export marketing capability. Marketing infrastructure was found to be positively related to both export marketing strategy and specialized export marketing capability, supporting H4a and H4b, respectively. We also observed that export marketing strategy a positive link with specialized export marketing capability and export performance, supporting H5a and H5b, respectively. However, no support is found for H2, H3, and H6. Moderating Effects of Export firms’ Characteristic Factors We tested how export firms’ characteristics moderate the relationships described in our research model (Hypotheses1-6) We used the moderate factors such as export product (final product vs. parts), customer (domestic vs. overseas, company (manufacturer vs. vendor), employment size (less than 100 person, 100 to300, more than 300), sales(less than $46 million, $46 million to $182 million, more than $182 million), export intensity (less than 50% vs. more than 50%) The moderating effects of export firms’ characteristics on the relationships within our research model are discussed (see Figure 1). Four of 30 moderating hypotheses for export firms’ characteristics were supported. The more number of employees and Greater sales volume strengthened the relationships between marketing infrastructures and export marketing strategies. Higher foreign customer strengthened the relationships between marketing infrastructure and specialized export marketing capability. Greater final products strengthened the relationships between export marketing strategies and export performance. However, the relationships between marketing organizational capability and specialized export marketing capability and between export marketing strategy and specialized export marketing capability were not significantly changed with export firms’ characteristic factors. There are no moderating effects on the types of firm and the types of export intensity. The results of this research suggest that the export companies should consider the choice of export marketing strategies the most important factor to achieve high export performance. This study indicates that policy makers for export companies in S. Korea should develop export assistant programs based on export firms’ characteristic factors such as the number of employee, sales volume, the type of customer, and the type of export product. Following limitations of this research should be noted. First, in addition to the manufacturing industry, more researches should be done in other industries. The findings of this study will ensure more validation. Second, to assess the export performance of export firms, this study uses the subjective opinion of respondent about the degree of export performance because of the difficulties of obtaining financial data. The objective financial data should be used to ensure more objectiveness for this research. Third, this study relies on survey data related to the export companies within an industrial complex area in S. Korea. It should be extended to other regions.

Baswflow is defined as short term discharge through groundwater caused by rainfall events. Impacts of baseflow is significant on water quality especially where pervious agricultural watershed as groundwater is more vulnerable to the contamination. In this study, the Cheongmicheon watershed was subjected to study to assess the impacts of baseflow on surface water quality, where more than 90% of pollutant load is originated from the livestock raising area, and very high probability of surface water contamination due to the baseflow. To estimate nutrient loading cased by baseflow, NI (Numerical Integration) model and LOADEST (LOADing ESTimation) model were used.

With the increasing improvement of living standard, people pay more attention to the quality and security of their food. There is an increase in the consumption of aquatic products and a vast prospect of its trade. Fisheries as a major one of the traditional industries in China have significant price advantages and natural resources. However, marine pollution in China is more and more serious and the expecting of aquatic products has been seriously influenced by green barriers in the recent years. This paper tries to examine the effect of Chinese marine pollution on export of aquatic products in China. This paper utilizes cointegration test to estimate long-run equilibrium between marine pollution and fisheries products export. The results indicate that real exchange rate and income variable have positive effects and fish price has negative effect on China’s fisheries export to Korea. However, marine pollution variable has no statistically significant effect on dependant variable. And according to the result of China’s fisheries export to Japan, exchange rate has positive effect and both fish price and marine pollution variable have negative effects on export. Lastly, marine pollution and income level have effects on dependant variable in the case of Hong Kong, but exchange rate and price variable have no significant effect on aquatic products export from China to Hong Kong. In a word, marine pollution of China is a serious problem and it has negative effect on Chinese export of aquatic products.

This study was carried out to investigate the present status of Korean rice export, and the feasibility of increasing exports as a countermeasure for rice surpluses. The medium to long term outlook for rice supply and demand in Korea is for an ongoing rice surplus, as a result of a decline in annual rice consumption per capita and continuing rice imports to satisfy MMA requirements. To investigate the present status of rice exports, information was collected from Korea Agro-Fisheries & Food Trade Corporation, trading companies and a number of Korean domestic Rice Processing Complexes(RPC). Further data were obtained from consumers, buyers, and sellers in various countries including Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Netherlands, and Hong-Kong. Through the investigation, key problems of rice exports turn out to be the lack of price competitiveness, quality deterioration during the relatively long periods of handling, transportation and selling, lack of public perception of Korean rice, and the relatively small scale of export enterprises, distribution networks and sellers. On the positive side, Korean rice exports have significant advantages in safety and quality, and future price competitiveness will increase as the international rice price rises, in particular with a degree of government support for distribution costs. The development of new markets will further improve the prospects for Korean rice exports. We suggest the development of a technical center for the promotion and expansion of Korean rice exports, helping to formulate mid-long term government policy support, providing research into minimizing rice quality changes during transit, together with education programs increasing the focus on expanding Korean rice exports. The results of this study will provide valuable information and strategies for increasing rice exports and strengthening the competitiveness of the Korean rice industry.

한국의 쌀 수급상황을 볼 때 생산은 유지되고 소비는 줄어들며 외국쌀 수입은 늘게 되어 공급과잉이 전망되므로 관세화에 대한 대응책으로 수출시장 개척이 중요한 과제이다. 본 연구는 현재 우리 쌀을 가장 많이 수출하고 있는 호주와 인접한 뉴질랜드 시장의 유통실태를 조사하여, 쌀 수출 확대를 위한 대응방안을 모색코자 하였으며 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 1. 호주의 쌀 생산 및 유통실태를 파악하고, 한국 수출 쌀의 주요 고객인 호주 교민을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 주요 조사항목은 쌀 구입 및 소비행태, 한국 쌀 가격 및 품질 등에 대한 의견, 개선사항 등이었다. 응답자는 324명으로 연령별로는 60대(41.0%), 10년 이상 거주자(58.3%)가 가장 많았다. 2. 호주의 쌀 유통경로는 크게 국내 생산품과 해외 수입품의 2가지로 나뉜다. 호주에서 생산된 쌀은 도매단계에서 80% 이상이 해외로 수출되며, 나머지는 국내 일부 소비층 또는 다른 가공업체에 공급된다. 수입 쌀의 국가별 비중은 태국, 인도, 파키스탄, 미국(8.7%), 베트남, 이탈리아, 한국(0.8%)의 순이다. 3. 호주 교민의 쌀 구매 시 중요시하는 요인은 품질(50.0%)이 가장 많고, 가격(17.0%), 생산지(17.0%), 브랜드(8.3%) 등이었다. 가격은 비싸다(44.1%), 아주 비싸다(9.3%)가 적당하다(42.0%)보다 많았다. 따라서 호주 수출용 쌀은 품질을 우선시하면서 가격대를 낮추는 전략이 중요함을 보여주고 있다. 4. 호주의 인접시장인 뉴질랜드에서는 한국 쌀을 수입 판매한 경험이 있는 업체들과 한인마트의 유통실태를 조사하였다. 자포니카 쌀 시장에서 미국쌀과 경쟁하기 위해서는 가격경쟁력을 높이고 수요가 증가하고 있는 초밥용과 중국계를 겨냥한 마케팅 전략이 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 5. 앞으로 한국 쌀의 수출 확대를 위해서는 최고품질과 안전성으로 승부하는 고가미 시장과 개발도상국을 대상으로 하는 중저가미 시장 등 2 트랙 전략이 필요하다. 품질을 기본으로 하면서 생산비 절감을 통한 가격경쟁력 제고가 시급한 과제이며, 쌀 소비패턴 등 해외시장에 대한 정보축적과 한국 쌀의 인지도를 높이기 위한 홍보강화도 중요하다. 6. 잠재적 수출시장에 한국 쌀의 우수성을 알릴 수 있는 정보도 체계적으로 공급하여야 하며, 인지도를 제고하기 위해 마케팅에 정책적 지원이 요구된다. 수출용 쌀 통합브랜드 개발과 엄격한 품질관리, 장기유통을 위한 포장재 개발, 수출전문생산단지 조성과 전문 업체 육성도 필요하다. 또한 전문성을 갖춘 인력양성이 병행되어야 효율성을 높일 수 있을 것이다.

성공적인 수출입 거래를 위하여 기업들 간 윤리적이고 신뢰 있는 관계 형성이 더욱 중요해지고 있다. 본 연구는 교환관계 이론에 근거하여 수출입 거래 관계에 대한 신뢰(trust)와 윤리지향성(ethics orientation)의 형성 요인으로서 공동목표 추구수준(allocentrism)의 영향을 검증하고자 하였다. 이 연구에서 공동목표 추구수준은 거래 기업들이 상호 공유하고 있는 공동의 목표를 개별 기업 목표에 우선시 하는 정도를 의미한다. 아울러 다문화 관리 관점에 근거하여, 공동목표의 추구수준이 거래 관계의 질에 미치는 영향이 수출입업자들의 가치유사성과 자국중심주의에 따라 조절됨을 검증하고자 하였다. 최근 해외 수출입 경험이 있는 미국 수입업체 구매결정권자 200명의 응답 자료가 데이터로 사용되었다. 데이터 분석 결과 수입기업 구매담당자의 공동목표 추구수준은 파트너사에 대한 윤리지향성과 신뢰에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지각된 가치유사성이 높을수록 그리고 자국중심주의가 낮을수록, 공동목표 추구수준이 윤리지향성을 더욱 강화하는 것으로 검증된 반면, 공동목표 추구가 신뢰에 미치는 영향력은 문화적 요인들의 조절효과 없이 일관되게 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과는 수출입 거래 담당자들의 공동목표 구축 및 그 실현을 위한 노력은 파트너사에 대한 윤리적 태도 및 신뢰형성에 효과적임을 의미한다. 또한 거래 관계에 대한 윤리적 태도는 가치유사성 향상 및 자국중심주의 감소 등 문화차원의 관리적 노력이 동반될 때 더욱 효과적으로 증대됨을 제시한다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 관계패러다임에 근거한 수출입성과 연구 흐름에 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 제공 하였다.