This study aimed to explore nursing students' experience of learning cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in a web-based virtual simulation (vSim) through analysis of the reflection journals. Method: From June to July 2020, data were collected from 48 fourth-year nursing students who performed the simulation by reviewing prompt feedback on their CPR performance. The contents of the reflection journals were analyzed using NVivo qualitative data analysis software. Results: Nursing students experienced unfamiliarity with the English-based virtual environment as well as psychological pressure and anxiety about emergencies. Incorrect interventions were identified in the following order of frequency: violation of defibrillator guidelines, missing fundamental nursing care, error in applying an electrocardiogram monitor, inadequate initial response to cardiac arrest, insufficient chest compression, and inadequate ventilation. Lastly, the participants learned the importance of embodied knowledge, for knowing and acting accurately and reacting immediately, and their attitudes as nurses, such as responsibility, calmness, and attentiveness. Learning strategies included memory retention through repetition, real-time feedback analysis, pre-learning, and imagining action sequences in advance. The level of achievement, time required, CPR quality, and confidence improved with behavior-modification strategies developed through self-reflection. Conclusion: Educational interventions that are based on understanding accurate algorithms can strengthen selfawareness of mistakes to improve efficient imparting of CPR education.

Background: In modern society, the use of computers accounts for a large proportion of our daily lives. Although substantial research is being actively conducted on musculoskeletal diseases resulting from computer use, there has been a recent surge in interest in improving the working environment for prevention. Objects: This study aimed to examine the effects of posture correction feedback (PCF) on changes in neck posture and muscle activation during computer typing. Methods: The participants performed a computer typing task in two sessions, each lasting 16 minutes. The participant’s dominant side was photographed and analyzed using ImageJ software to verify neck posture. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to confirm the participant’s cervical erector spinae (CES) and upper trapezius muscle activities. The EMG signal was analyzed using the percentage of reference voluntary contraction and amplitude probability distribution function (APDF). In the second session, visual and auditory feedback for posture correction was provided if the neck was flexed by more than 15° in the initial position during computer typing. A 20-minute rest period was provided between the two sessions. Results: The neck angle (p = 0.014), CES muscle activity (p = 0.008), and APDF (p = 0.015) showed significant differences depending on the presence of the PCF. Furthermore, significant differences were observed regarding the CES muscle activity (p = 0.001) and APDF (p = 0.002) over time. Conclusion: Our study showed that the feedback system can correct poor posture and reduces unnecessary muscle activation during computer work. The improved neck posture and reduced CES muscle activity observed in this study suggest that neck pain can be prevented. Based on these results, we suggest that the PCF system can be used to prevent neck pain.

본 연구는 자녀와의 상호작용에서 나타나는 부모의 피드백 특성을 에니어그 램 성격유형에 기반하여 살펴보고, 부모 스스로 자신의 피드백 특성을 파악하 고, 바람직한 피드백을 실행할 수 있도록 돕는 자료를 제공할 수 있는 척도를 개발하고 타당화하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 문헌조사 및 워크숍을 실시하여 에니어그램 성격유형별 부모의 피 드백 특성을 추출하고, 전문가 내용타당도 및 문항 분석을 통해 최종 107문항을 선정하였다. 선정된 문항의 신뢰도는 문항 내적 합치도를 통해 산출하였으며, 전체 Cronbach ɑ 계수는 .93, 각 유형별 .56∼.84로 나타났다. 또한, 개발된 척도 의 타당화는 비전에니어그램 성인용 척도(VETI-A)와의 공인타당도를 실행하 였으며, 집단별 교차타당도를 실행하여 검증하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 에니어그램 성격유형에 기반한 부모의 피드백 척도는 부 모와 자녀의 상호작용에 있어 부모 자신의 피드백 특성을 파악하고, 심층적인 이해를 도모함으로써 긍정적이고 발전적인 피드백을 할 수 있도록 돕는 실질적 인 도구를 개발하고, 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하였다는 점에서 의미가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between students’ cognitive engagement with written corrective feedback (WCF) and their revision behavior. Based on the assumption that different levels of cognitive involvement are linked to learners’ use of the feedback, we investigated how different post-feedback activities (i.e., reading, copying, and explaining the feedback) would affect second language writers’ behavioral engagement with WCF during the revision phase. Ninety-eight students were divided into three experimental groups and one control group. Experimental groups performed one of the three post-feedback activities before revising their original writing. The participants’ revision behavior was examined by their uptake of WCF. Additionally, the change in writing quality between the first and the revised drafts was investigated. Results showed that activities that promote deeper cognitive processing generally led to higher uptake of WCF in revision. The effects of post-feedback activities, however, varied for error types. All the post-feedback activities were effective in improving the quality of writing.

목적 : 본 연구는 시청각 피드백 기반 시지각 디지털 페그보드 훈련이 좌측 편마비 환자의 시각-운동 통 합 및 인지기능에 미치는 효과에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 좌측 편마비 환자 26명을 대상으로 시청각 피드백 기반 시지각 디지털 페그보드 훈련을 적용한 실험군 13명과 도형에 따라 페그를 꽂는 시지각 과제를 적용한 대조군 13명을 무작위로 나누어 주 3회, 30분씩, 12주간 총 36회에 따라 훈련을 적용하였다. 시각-운동 통합 평가는 Beery 시각- 운동 통합 검사 6판(Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration-Sixth; Beery VMI-6), 인지기능 평가는 신경행동학적 인지상태 검사(Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination; NCSE)를 사용하였으며, 각 훈련 전후에 따른 효과의 변화를 확인하였다. 결과 : 첫째, 시각-운동 통합의 변화에서는 실험군과 대조군 사이에 시각-운동 통합, 시지각, 운동 협응에서 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p < .05). 둘째, 인지기능의 변화에서는 실험군과 대조군 사이에 주의집중력, 구성능력, 기억력, NCSE 전체점수에서 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다(p < .05). 결론 : 본 연구에서는 시청각 피드백 기반 시지각 디지털 페그보드 훈련이 좌측 편마비 환자의 시각-운동 통합 및 전반적인 인지기능에 긍정적인 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었고, 이를 토대로 작업치료 임상 환경에서 뇌졸중 환자에게 해당 훈련을 적용한다면 시각-운동 통합 및 인지기능 개선에 긍정적인 효과가 있을 것이다.

Non-verbal communication is important in human interaction. It provides a layer of information that complements the message being transmitted. This type of information is not limited to human speakers. In human– robot communication, increasing the animacy of the robotic agent—by using non-verbal cues—can aid the expression of abstract concepts such as emotions. Considering the physical limitations of artificial agents, robots can use light and movement to express equivalent emotional feedback. This study analyzes the effects of LED and motion animation of a spherical robot on the emotion being expressed by the robot. A within-subjects experiment was conducted at the University of Tsukuba where participants were asked to rate 28 video samples of a robot interacting with a person. The robot displayed different motions with and without light animations. The results indicated that adding LED animations changes the emotional impression of the robot for valence, arousal, and dominance dimensions. Furthermore, people associated various situations according to the robot’s behavior. These stimuli can be used to modulate the intensity of the emotion being expressed and enhance the interaction experience. This paper facilitates the possibility of designing more affective robots in the future, using simple feedback.

본 연구의 목적은 코칭리더십이 행복에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 학습목표지 향성과 피드백추구행동의 매개효과를 실증적으로 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위한 설문을 전국의 직장인 331명을 대상으로 실시한 후 SPSS 26.0으로 신뢰도를 확보하고, AMOS 26.0으로 확인적 요인분석을 실시하여 타당도를 확인한 후, SPSS Process Macro 3.5로 부트스트랩 방식을 사용하여 가설을 검증하였다. 연구결과, 코칭리더십은 구성원의 학습목표지향성, 피드백추구행동, 행복에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 조직구성원의 학습목표지향성은 그들의 피드백추구행동, 행복에 긍정적인 영향을 주었고, 조직구성원의 피드백추구행동이 그들의 행복에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 조직구성원의 학습목표지향성과 피드백추구행동은 리더의 코칭리더십과 그들의 행복 간의 관계에서 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과의 시사점을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 코칭리더십과 행복 간의 관계에서 새로운 매개변수로 학습목표지향성과 피드백추구행동이 실증적으로 확인되었다는 것이다. 둘째, 조직구성원의 행복에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 학습목표지향성을 강화시키기 위한 체계적인 코칭 및 교육 프로그램의 도입, 피드백추구행동 향상을 위한 프로그램 실시 등이 필요하다는 것이다.

This study investigated the effect of automated writing evaluation (AWE) feedback on Korean university students’ revision behavior. Specifically, it explored the extent to which the quality of essays differed between first drafts and second drafts. Furthermore, the way individual students dealt with incorrect feedback in revising essays was examined. In this study, ETS’ Criterion program, one of the most popular AWE programs, was employed. In cases where incorrect feedback was detected, the first and second drafts were closely compared to find out how students altered the text in response to the incorrect feedback, and this was classified into one of three categories: successful changes, unsuccessful changes, and text deletion. The results showed that students’ second drafts were rated significantly higher than first drafts by two NS raters, which indicates that many students followed the revision suggestions made by the Criterion program. As students’ Criterion scores increased, their ability to identify and make successful changes in response to incorrect feedback improved. The findings of the study can advance our understanding of AWE use in an EFL context and should contribute to broader examination of how Korean university students engage in revision of their essays.

The study investigates whether differences in metalinguistic information contained in written corrective feedback (CF) mediate its effectiveness for second language (L2) development. To address this, metalinguistic CF was distinguished into three types in terms of how specific its metalinguistic information was. They were then compared among themselves and with non-metalinguistic direct CF in their efficacy for short- and long-term development of explicit and implicit L2 knowledge. The target features for written CF were the English articles, and explicit and implicit knowledge were measured by the error correction test and dictogloss writings by 93 EFL learners respectively. The results suggest that, for both explicit and implicit L2 knowledge, metalinguistic CF was beneficial for short-term development only when it had high levels of specific information while it was effective for long-term development regardless of its type. The findings are discussed from the perspective of SLA theory, and their pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research are put forth.