“Chamgreen” was a domestically developed rye (Secale cereal L.) cultivar in South Korea, known for its quick heading, cold resistance, and abundant yield of forage. The heading date of cv. 'Chamgreen' averaged April 17th, which was 4 days earlier than the standard cv. 'Gogu'. In the early harvesting stage, the plant height reached an average of 119 cm, 7 cm taller than the standard cv. 'Gogu', and the number of spikes per ㎡ was 865, slightly less than cv. 'Gogu's 897. Resistance to cold and powdery mildow remained consistent across four regions nationwide over three years, with an average rating of 0, matching cv. 'Gogu'. Lodging resistance was also rated at 2, equivalent to cv. 'Gogu'. The dry matter yield of cv. 'Chamgreen' was 9.1 tons per hectare, 15% higher than cv. 'Gogu's 7.9 tons. Although the protein content in cv. 'Chamgreen' was 13.5%, 1.6% lower than cv. 'Gogu', the total digestible nutrients (TDN) content was 5.81 tons per hectare, 20% higher than cv. 'Gogu'. Due to its strong cold resistance, cv. 'Chamgreen' allows for winter cultivation through double cropping and rotation systems in various regions across the country.

The present study estimated rumen fermentation characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions of different forages. Alfalfa, timothy, tall fescue, Italian ryegrass, and rice straw as the main forage sources for Hanwoo were used in the present study. Crude protein was highest in alfalfa but lowest in rice straw (p<0.05). Ether extract was higher in alfalfa and Italian ryegrass than in the other forages (p<0.05). Crude ash was highest in rice straw but lowest in tall fescue (p<0.05). Neutral detergent fiber was highest in tall fescue but lowest in alfalfa (p<0.05). Acid detergent fiber was highest in Italian ryegrass and rice straw but lowest in alfalfa (p<0.05). In vitro digestibilities of dry matter (DMD) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFD) were highest in timothy but lowest in rice straw (p<0.05). Rumen pH was highest (p<0.05) in alfalfa, while ammonia-N was higher (p<0.05) in alfalfa and Italian ryegrass than in the other forages. Total volatile fatty acid was highest (p<0.05) in timothy, while acetate and propionate were highest (p<0.05) in alfalfa and rice straw, respectively. Acetate to propionate ratio was higher (p<0.05) in alfalfa, timothy, and Italian ryegrass than in rice straw. Rice straw had lowest total gas (mL) (p<0.05) but highest its per DMD and NDFD. Rice straw had higher (p<0.05) CO2 (per DMD and NDFD) compared to alfalfa (per DMD and NDFD), timothy (per DMD and NDFD), tall fescue (per NDFD), and Italian ryegrass (per DMD). Again, rice straw had higher (p<0.05) CH4 (per DMD and NDFD) compared to timothy (per DMD and NDFD) and tall fescue (per NDFD). Therefore, this study indicates that timothy has a higher nutrient digestibility and volatile fatty acid in the rumen leading to a reduction of greenhouse gas emission.

This study was to evaluate the values of Korean native sweet sorghum as a new feed crop for ruminants. Sweet sorghum was the Muan native species (Bioenergy Crop Research Center, National Institute of Crop Science), and cultivated from May to October 2021 at Sangji University (Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Korea). There were a non-treated group (Con), a recommended amount treatment (RD) and a treatment with double the recommended amount (Double RD) by an oil cake fertilizer. Plant height was measured at weekly intervals for 12 weeks after planting sweet sorghum seedlings, and was a significant difference in the order of Double RD, followed by RD and Con in 7 weeks (p<0.05). Feed values and sugar contents were measured in 7, 9, and 11 weeks. Crude protein of Double RD was higher than that of the other treatments in 7 and 9 weeks (p<0.05). Crude fat was higher at Double RD than the other one in 9 weeks (p<0.05). ADF and NDF of Double RD were higher than the other one (p<0.05). When it was compared to corn and sudangrass hybrids grown on farms, Crude protein was lower in sweet sorghum than other crops (p<0.05), and crude fat was higher in sweet sorghum than corn (p<0.05). Crude fiber, ADF and NDF were higher in sweet sorghum compared to corn and sudangrass (p<0.05). The sugar contents of sweet sorghum were 4.07 ± 0.12∼7.63 ± 0.21 brix, and showed higher than corn and sudangrass hybrid (p<0.05). The rumen in situ digestibility of sweet sorghum was 30.73∼38.13% at the 9th and 11th weeks, and showed higher than that of corn and sudangrass hybrids (p<0.05). Therefore, it is considered that Korean native sweet sorghum has sufficient value as a new forage crop for ruminants, and good value as yield, nutrients and digestibility, when the grass height is 273.33~332.50 cm.

Since maize (Zea mays L.) originated in central and south America, it requires warm climate conditions throughout its growing season. Growth halts when night-time temperatures drop below 10℃, and the plant may die if temperature reach -1.7℃. Thus, temperature should be maintained between 10 and 30℃ from seeding to maturity. The germination temperature for maize should be at least 8-11℃, whit an optimal range 32-34℃. Since temperature significantly affects the germination rate and period, it plays a crucial role in maize growth. In this study, we evaluated the quantity and feed value of 11 major varieties to determine those best suited for maize cultivation as feed in higher latitude, specifically in Democratic People’s of Republic of Korea, below 38 degrees north. A cultivation test was also conducted in Suwon in Republic of Korea, to assess adaptability in areas south of Mt. Suyang. Among the varieties tested, Shinhwangok2 reached silking the fastest, in 65 days, while Gwangpyeongok took the longest at 75 days. The stem length of all varieties exceeded 230 cm. Gwangpyeongok had the tallest stems, while Daanok and Shinhwangok2ho displayed the highest ear ratios. Dacheongok presented the highest values in both dry matter and TDN quantity, with 31,420 kg/ha and 21,66 kg/ha respectively. Pyeonggangok had the highest crude protein content at 8.0%. TDN (%) ranged from 57-68%, with Hwangdaok reaching up to 68%. Based on these findings, Dacheongok and Pyeonggangok appear to be the most suitable varieties for cultivation in terms of both quantity and feed value.

본 연구는 우리나라에서 수수-수단그라스 교잡종 (sorghum bicolor L.: SSH)에 대해 극단기상과 정상기상 간 생산량을 비교할 목적으로 수행하였다. SSH 데이터 (n=1,025)는 농촌진흥청의 신품종 적응성 실험보고서(1979 ―2019)로부터 수집하였다. 기상자료는 기상청으로부터 평균기온, 최저기온, 최고기온, 최대 강수량, 누적 강수량, 최대풍속, 평균풍속 및 일조시간을 10일 기준으로 계산하 여 수집하였다. 극단기상과 정상기상 간 구별을 위해 상 자 그림을 이용하여 탐색하였다. 극단기상과 정상기상 간 생산량 차이는 5% 유의수준 하에서 t-검정 및 ANOVA를 통해 확인하였다. 그 결과, 극단기상은 극단적으로 강한 바람을 동반한 봄 가뭄, 극단적으로 높은 강우량을 기록 하는 여름장마와 가을장마가 두드러졌다. 예측 생산량 피 해(kg/ha)는 각각 1,961―6,541, 2,161―4,526 및 508― 5,582로 나타났다. 본 연구는 우리나라의 SSH에 대한 취 약성 및 피해 산정에 도움이 되는 기초자료로서 극단기상 과 정상기상 사이의 생산량 차이를 확인하는 데 의의가 있다.

The present study investigated the effects of forage cutting and baler mixing on the chemical compositions, fermentation indices, and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) haylage. The WCR (“Youngwoo”) was harvested at 48.4% dry matter and ensiled into a 300 kg bale silo with forage cutting (whole crop without cutting vs. 5 cm of cutting length). The WCR forages were ensiled without baler mixing process (CON) or with (MIX). The concentrations of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of whole crop rice before ensiling were 48.4, 9.70, 2.57, 6.11, 41.2, and 23.5%, respectively. The forage cutting did not affect the chemical compositions, fermentation indices, microbes, and aerobic stability of WCR haylage (p>0.05). The CON haylages tend to be higher in NDF content (p<0.10). The MIX haylages had lower in lactate (p=0.019), and lactate:acetate ratio (p<0.001). The MIX haylages had higher in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (p=0.010). Therefore, this study concluded that the fermentation quality of WCR haylage improved by baler mixing, but had no effects by forage cutting.

This experiment was carried out to examine double cropping system using Italian ryegrass (IRG) 'Kowinearly', whole crop rice 'Yeongwoo' and barnyard millet 'Jeju native' during the Oct. 2020 to Oct. 2022. Three kinds of forage crops were cultivated at paddy field in Livestock Institute, Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jeollanamdo, South Korea. Whole crop rice (WCR) was sown in late May and barnyard millet (BM) sown early June each year after harvesting IRG. We examined dry matter yield and feed value of forage crops depending on harvest time of forage crops during the experimental period. The plant height in heading stage of IRG ranged from 108 to 112cm and dry matter yield ranged from 6,783 to 11,530 kg ha-1. The crude protein (CP) of IRG ranged from 6.0 to 8.44%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) ranged from 55.6 to 60.2% and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ranged from 32.58 to 36.7%, The dry matter yield of WCR increased as the harvest stage was delayed (14,310 kg ha-1 in milk, 16,167 kg ha-1 in yellow ripen, and 18,891 kg ha-1 in mature). Similar to results of dry matter yield of WCR, dry matter yield of BM increased as the harvest stage was delayed (11,194 kg ha-1 in late heading. and 14,308 kg ha-1 in mature), However nutrient content of WCR and BM showed a decreasing trend. As shown in above results, the productivity of WCR after harvesting IRG was shown to be high at paddy field in the southern region. However, BM also was appeared to have potential as summer forage crops.

This experiment was carried out to determine effects of seed rate of native grasses, called native summer forage crops (NSFC), on their growth characteristics and yields in no-tillage paddy fields in central provinces. NSFC cultivation was performed according to the agricultural guidelines of the Rural Development Administration (RDA) during 2020 to 2022. Echinochloa crusgalli ‘Jeju native’, Setaria viridis ‘Korean native type’, Digitaria sanguinalis ‘Korean native type’) were sown by various seed rate in the experimental field (3m × 4m plot) of Department of Animal Resources Development, Seonghwan–eup, Cheonan, Korea in late-May or early-June for 3 years and harvested in middle-September. Dry matter yields (DMY) in Echinochloa crusgalli and Setaria viridis increased as increasing seed rate. DMY in 40 kg ha-1 of Echinochloa crusgalli was the highest and DMY in 60 kg ha-1 of Setaria viridis was the highest. However, All treatments of Digitaria sanguinalis showed similar DMY. Yields of NSFC were the order of Echinochloa crusgalli (9,681~11,092 kg ha-1) > Digitaria sanguinalis (8,311~9,023 kg ha-1) >etaria viridis (3,145~4,749 kg ha-1). The contents of crude protein in NSFC were the order of Digitaria sanguinalis > Echinochloa crusgalli > Setaria viridis. The contents of ADF and NDF in NSFC were the order of Echinochloa crusgalli > Digitaria sanguinalis > Setaria viridis. As shown in above results, we suggest that introduction of NSFC is one of the most important skills in order to stably increase yields of forage crops for utilization of the double cropping system in no-tillage paddy fields.

‘조그린’은 숙기가 빠르면서 추위에 강해 수량이 많은 호밀 품 종을 육성하기 위해 육성한 품종이다. ‘조그린’의 출수기는 평균 4월 15일로 표준품종인 ‘곡우’보다 5일 빠른 조생종이다. 수확시 기의 초장은 117 cm로서 표준품종 ‘곡우’에 비해 6 ㎝가 컸고, ㎡당 경수는 983개로 ‘곡우’의 979개 보다 많은 편이었다. 내한성 및 흰가루병 등에 대한 내병성은 전국 4개 지역에서 3년간의 평 균이 0으로서 ‘곡우’와 같았으며, 내도복성도 3으로 같았다. ‘조 그린’의 건물수량은 ha당 8.1톤으로 ‘곡우’에 비해 4% 많았다. ‘조그린’의 조단백질 함량은 11.9%로 ‘곡우’ 보다 0.8% 낮았으 며, ADF와 NDF 함량은 각각 36.9%와 64.5%로 ‘곡우’보다 높았 다. 또한 TDN 함량은 낮았으나 TDN 수량은 ha당 5.09톤으로‘곡우’ 보다 많았다. ‘조그린’의 종실수량은 평균이 ha당 3.1톤으 로 ‘곡우’와 대등하였다. ‘조그린’은 내한성이 강하기 때문에 전 국의 답리작 및 전작지대에서 추파에 의한 월동재배가 가능하다. 그러나 비료를 많이 주고 밀식을 하면 도복이 발생하여 수확작업 을 어렵게 하고 조사료 품질을 떨어뜨리므로 적정 파종량과 표준 시비량을 준수하는 것이 좋다.

This study was conducted to investigate the forage characteristics of very early-maturing Italian ryegrass (IRG) three cultivars within September, 2021 to July, 2022 in Cheonan, Korea. We used three different cultivars of Italian ryegrass in this study “Greenfarm” “Greenfarm2ho” and “Greenfarm3ho” The results of heading date in this study, “Greenfarm” was recorded 3 days earlier than the other two cultivars, and its lodge tolerance score was the highest among the three. However, in case of plant length, there was no significantly difference in whole cultivars, in addition disease resistance, insect resistance and cold tolerance were not significantly different in three cultivars. The forage productivity of “Greenfarm2ho” was recorded the highest, especially the 1st harvesting of “Greenfarm2ho” yielded significantly the highest and superior to other varieties. As a result of feed value analysis, three cultivars were generally superior to overseas varieties and in particular, “Greenfarm2ho” was recorded to have excellent value because of the lowest NDF and ADF content. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in crude protein content among three varieties. In case of the monosaccharides content "Greenfarm3ho” had significantly higher glucose content than other two varieties, therefore the “Greenfarm” has advantage for preparing high quality of silage. In contrast, there was no significant difference among three varieties in fructose content.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth characteristics and productivity of silage corn varieties developed in Korea. Corn cultivation was carried out using the experimental field in the Pyeongchang campus of Seoul National University (550 m above sea level). There have 10 domestic cultivars (Gwangpyeongok, Dacheongok, Yanganok, Jangdaok, Cheongdaok, Daanok, Sinhwangok, Sinhwangok Ⅱ, Pyeonggangok, and Hwangdaok) with one imported cultivar (P1543) which tested as a control, and randomized block design with three replications. Among the 100-grains weight of the seeds, Dacheongok was the heaviest, and the germination rate for each variety was 74.6% on average, while that of Daanok and Sinhwangok were over 90%. Sinhwangok was the fastest in tasseling and silking date. The number of days required to be silking date was as slow as 85 days in Dacheongok, Cheongdaok and Pyeonggangok, and as fast as 80 days or less in Sinhwangok, Sinhwangok Ⅱ and Hwangdaok. The plant height of P1543 was the highest as 344cm, and Hwangdaok and Daanok were short. In terms of the ratio of ears, Daanok had the highest rate of 60.18%, and Jangdaok and Dacheongok had the lowest. There was no significant difference in dry matter content in stover, but P1543 was generally higher in ear and total dry matter content. The dry matter yield was highest in P1543, and the yield of TDN was significantly higher in P1543 and Yanganok. There was a significant difference in the crude protein content of ears and the dry digestibility of stems (p<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the content of each part or element. Combining the above results, Yanganok was the highest in terms of yield, and Dacheongok, Sinhwangok and Pyeonggangok were also recommended for domestically grown corn varieties in the mountainous regions of Gangwon-do.

This study was carried out to evaluate the seeding date and performance of early maturing rye cultivars for the Dry matter yield (DMY) and nutritive value during 2016 and 2017 in Yeongseo region of Gangwondo, South Korea. The experimental field was designed as a split-plot arrangement. The treatments were two planting dates on September 25 and October 02 as the main plots, and two cultivars of forage rye including Gogu and Koolgrazer as sub-plots. The cultivars were harvested on April 26 at the heading stage of both years. In this experiment, the sowing dates and cultivars of the forage rye did not effect on DMY. The DMY had no significant differences among the cultivars of forage rye and seeding date of both years. Similarly, no significant difference was observed in the DMY of Gogu and Koolgrazer in both seeding date and years. The CP, NDF, ADF, and RFV had no significant differences among the cultivars of forage rye and seeding date of both years. Considering the DMY and nutritive value of the current experiment, seeding of forage rye cultivars Gogu and Koolgrazer on September 25 and October 2 could be used as an recommended seeding date at northern area. In addition, based on the climate characteristics of the region, both cultivars had relatively similar forage yield and quality that makes them to be recommended for cultivation in the region. This study is meaningful in that DMY was first presented in Yeongseo region where there is no cultivation data for forage rye.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the forage maize varieties and sowing date under wet seasons conditions and determined the effects on yield in Cambodia. In this study, the number of days from sowing to silking was approximately nine longer in May and June than in July, August, and September. The number of days from silking to harvest was seven shorter in May and June than in July, August, and September. The variety with the least decrease in ear height was ‘BT5666’, and the variety with the least decrease in ear height ration was ‘CP888’. On the other hand, in sowing days, ear height ratio decreased in September. The best sowing season in ear length, ear width, number of ears and number of grains per row was in May. In this study, ‘BT5666’ was the variety with significant decrease with a 90% reduction in yield. The results indicate that the yield was high during the sowing period in May and in June because of the appropriate precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation. However, August and September had significantly reduce in yield by high precipitation and low solar radiation.

This study was conducted to evaluate the productivity of whole crop silage wheat utilizing the paddy fields during a couple of years from 2019 to 2021 in Suwon, Korea. This investigation was used the two maturity types of wheat cultivar ‘Cheongwoo’ (early) and ‘Taeu’ (late). The heading date of 2nd year (Oct. 2020 to May. 2021) cultivation was delayed about 11 to 13 days by more than 1st year (Oct. 2019 to May. 2020). The growth characteristics were shown that the plant height was increased in 2nd cultivation, while the number of culms and the panicle part ratio were decreased. Moreover, the nutritive value of ‘Cheongwoo’ and ‘Taeu’ were also decreased in 2nd cultivation. These changes have thought to a difference of the precipitation by cultivation years. Because, the precipitation during the period from the end of winter dormancy to the harvesting stage in 2nd (337 mm) cultivation was more about twice than 1st (169.3 mm) cultivation. However, the dry matter yield of ‘Cheongwoo’ was not shown a statistical difference by cultivation years, while ‘Taeu’ was shown to decrease tendency. The total dry matter yield regardless of the cultivation years were higher in ‘Cheongwoo’ than ’Taeu’, and especially ’Cheongwoo’ was more 3 tons per hectare (15.3 t/ha) than ‘Taeu’ (12.6 t/ha) at 2nd cultivation (p<0.01). The trend of dry weight in ‘Cheongwoo’, early mature type, showed a relatively high ratio of dry matter (p<0.05) was considered that due to a high panicle ratio by a fast heading and an adequate weight of panicles by a sufficient maturing. In conclusion, selecting the early maturity cultivars could achieve a higher and more stable total dry matter yield considering the cropping system in the central region. Furthermore, it also has the advantage of being able to double-cropping system with forage rice, which has considered the maximum whole-crop forage production year-round. These results suggest that the ‘Cheongwoo’ be optimum cultivar to produce the year-round forage on paddy fields in the central region.

The Saemangeum has a dry surface characteristic with a low moisture content ratio due to the saline and silt soil, so the vegetation cover is low compared to other areas. In areas with low vegetation cover, wind erosion has a high probability of scattering dust. If the vegetation cover is increased by cultivating crops that can withstand the Saemangeum reclaimed environment, scattering dust can be reduced by reducing the flow rate at the bottom. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of suppressing the generation of fine dust and scattering dust by cultivating winter forage crops on the Saemangeum reclaimed land. While growing 0.5 ha of barley and 0.5 ha of triticale in Saemangeum reclaimed land, the concentration of fine dust was monitored according to agricultural work and growth stage. Changes in the concentrations of PM-10, PM-2.5, and PM-1.0 were monitored on the leeward, the windward and centering on the crop field. As a result of monitoring, PM-1.0 had little effect on crop cultivation. the concentration of PM-10 and PM-2.5 increased according to tillage and harvesting, and tillage had a higher increasing the concentration of PM-10 and PM-2.5 than that of harvesting. According to the growth stage of crops, the effect of suppressing scattering dust was shown, and the effect of suppressing scattering dust was higher in the heading stage than in the seedling stage. So, it was found that there was an effect of suppressing scattering dust other than the effect of land covering. Through this study, it was possible to know about the generation and suppression effect of scattering dust according to crop cultivation.

This study was conducted at the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) from 2010 to 2017 to develop a late-maturing variety with high productivity for cultivation in the southern region of South Korea. The new variety of Italian ryegrass, ‘IR901’, was a late-maturing variety, and its heading date was 22 May, 17 days later than that of the control variety ‘Kowinearly’. ‘IR901’ had a flag leaf width of 11.2 mm, flag leaf length of 31.8 cm, and plant length of 103 cm on its heading date. The combined average dry matter yield of ‘IR901’ in all three adaptability evaluation regions (Cheonan, Pyeongchang and Haenam) was 7,747 kg/ha, which was similar to that of the ‘Kowinearly’ variety (7,734 kg/ ha). However, the average dry matter yield over three years in Cheonan and Pyeongchang was 82% and 96%, respectively, compared to that of the control, which was most likely because of the poor cold tolerance of ‘IR901’. By contrast, in Haenam, in the southern region, the average dry matter yield of ‘IR901’ was 19% higher than that of the ‘Kowinearly’ variety. The proportions of crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in ‘IR901’ were 8.6%, 59.7%, 36.9%, and 54.8%, respectively; the proportions were 0.2% lower, the same, the same, and 2.5% lower than those in the ‘Kowinearly’ variety. The determined in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of ‘IR901’ was 72.2% higher than that of ‘Kowinearly’ (67.2). In general, of the two varieties, the forage quality of ‘IR901’ was marginally superior to that of ‘Kowinearly’.

This study was performed to select the optimum combinations of a cropping system by using kenaf and four forage crops on the reclaimed land, Saemangum, in Korea. First, kenaf was cultivated for 168 days from May to mid October, and then, four forage crops, such as barley, Italian ryegrass (IRG), rye, and triticale, were cultivated from late October to May next year. The agronomic performances and physiochemical analyses of kenaf and four forage crops were investigated. The kenaf yield on the reclaimed land was 2.4 t/10a compared to the upland field’s yield of 3.25 t/10a. The germination percentage of IRG was the highest in the solution of 0.3% NaCl in comparison with the other forage crops. The agronomic performances of forage crops were estimated twice during the vegetative period. A significant difference in dry weight was observed in barley at 30 days of sowing. On second investigation at 160 days of sowing, the highest plant height was found in rye and the dry weight of IRG was the lowest. At harvest time, rye showed a significant difference in the plant height of 159.8 cm and fresh weight was the highest in IRG. At this time, there was a big difference in the dry weight of rye and IRG compared to barley and triticale. With respect to the K+/Na+ ratio, rye showed the highest increase in the K+/Na+ ratio over the other crops when cultivated on the reclaimed land. With respect to the effect of the kenaf extract on the four winter crops, the extract from kenaf reduced the germination of IRG by 81.7%. With respect to the silage quality estimation, there was no increase in barley in terms of total digestible nutrient (TDN). Taken together, IRG would be useful for the silage and rye would be useful for green manure on the reclaimed land after cultivating kenaf.

The planting date of corn for silage has been delayed because of spring drought and double cropping system in Korea. This experiment was conducted to evaluate agronomic characteristics, forage production and feed value of corn at April and May in 2019. Experimental design was a split-plot with three replications. Planting dates (12 April and 10 May) were designated to the main plot, and corn hybrids (‘P0928’, ‘P1543’ and ‘P2088’) to the subplot. The silking days of the early planting date (12 April) was 79 days and that of the late planting date (10 May) was 66 days (p<0.0001), however, there were no significant differences among the corn hybrids. Ear height of the late planting date was higher than that of the early planting (p<0.05), while there were no significant differences in plant height of corn. Insect resistance at the early planting was lower than that of late planting (p<0.05), however, lodging resistance was no significant difference at planting date. The rice black streaked virus (RBSDV) infection of early planting was 3.7% and that of late planting was 0.3% (p<0.001). Dry matter (DM) contents of stover, ear and whole plant had significant difference at planting date (p<0.05). And differences in ear percentages were observed among the corn hybrids (p<0.01). And ear percentages of early maturing corn (‘P0928’) was higher than for other hybrids. Ear percentage at the early planting date was higher than that at the late planting date (p<0.01). DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields had significant difference at planting date, however, there were no significant differences among the corn hybrids. DM and TDN yields at the late planting (21,678 kg/ha and 14,878 kg/ha) were higher than those of the early planting (13,732 kg/ha and 9,830 kg/ha). Crude protein content at the early planting date was higher than that of the late planting. Acid detergent fiber content of the late planting was lower than that of the early planting date (p<0.01), while there were no significant neutral detergent fiber content difference among the corn tested. Calculated net energy for lactation (NEL) and TDN at the early planting were higher than those of at the late planting (p<0.01). Results of this our study indicate that the late planting date (May) is better than early planting date (April) in forage yield and feed value of corn. Therefore, the delay of planting date by May was more suitable for use in cropping system.

This study was carried out to evaluate the growth characteristics and forage yield potential for warm season grass as emergency forages. The experimental design was a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Two barnyard millet (Echinochloa species cv. Shirohie and Jeju native), a pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum cv Feed milk 2) a proso millet (Panicum miliaceum cv Native), a teffgrass (Eragrostis tef cv. Tiffany) and a kleingrass (Panicum coloratum cv. Selection 75) were compared for forage production and quality at the Mid regions of Korea. Warm season forage crops were sown on May 21 and June 23 respectively, and in 2021, it was sown twice on May 21 and June 21 The number of days to seedling emergence for barnyard millet and teffgrass was observed approximately 10 and 3 days after seeding, respectively. The cultivation period from seeding to harvest was within 60 days for all entry spices except for the late-heading type barnyard millet (within 84 days). As for the dry matter yield by seeding date, the dry matter yield of the late-heading type barnyard millet in May seeding was the highest at 23,872 kg/ha, and the kleingrass was the lowest at 3,888 kg/ha. For the June seeding, the dry matter yield of the late-heading type barnyard millet was 17,032 kg/ha, the highest, and the proso millet, teffgrass and kleingrass showed the lowest at 5,468, 5,442, and 5,197 kg/ha, respectively. The crude protein (CP) content was varied by warm season grass species, but the early-heading type barnyard millet, teffgrass, and kleingrass showed the highest tendency, and the late-heading type barnyard millet showed the lowest at 5.7~5.9%. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content did not show a significant difference between the seeding in May, but kleingrass in June sowed lower than the others.

This study was carried out the estimation on consumption patterns and consciousness of domestic forage for improvement of the quality of domestic forage. Although the cultivated area in South Korea of forage has increased significantly compared to the past, the self-sufficiency rate of domestic forage has increased to around 80% since 2010. Also, livestock farmers prefer to use import forage than domestic due to convenience of use. In Korean beef farms, the ratio of import to domestic forage was higher in domestic forage (import forage 3 : domestic forage 7). In the method of securing domestic forage, purchase of forage (55.6%) was higher than self-cultivation of forage (44.4%). The ratio of use by bailing type was shown in the order of rice staw rice straw (50.5%), domestic hay (15%), imported hay (12.5%), and total mixed ratio (10.7%). The preference of forage was in the order of amount of foreign matter, moisture content, price, feed value in Korean native cattle farm. The result of satisfaction with domestic and import forage showed that the satisfaction of domestic forage price was higher than import forage, while the moisture content and foreign matter of forage were lower than import forage. In addition, in the results of the satisfaction and importance of domestic roughage compared to imported roughage, satisfaction with imported roughage was generally high in all items except for price. As a result, in order to improve the satisfaction of domestic forage in Korean native cattle farm, it is necessary to minimize foreign matter in forage and increase hay production for moisture content uniform in forage.