동계의 노지 및 무가온 하우스 재배시에 통기성 간이 피복재의 효과적인 보온방법과 GA3 처리로 일상추의 생육 촉진효과를 구명하기 위하여 공시재료를 청치마상추와 적치마상추로 하였다. 농PO계 필름하우스 내에서 ‘파스라이도’ 피복재를 이용하여 10월 26일부터 처리한 직접피복(1), 11월 5일부터 처리한 직접피복(2) 및 터널피복 후, 수확 일주일 전에 GA3를 식물체에 엽면살포하여 그 효과를 조사하였다. 평균기온과 상대습도는 대체로 직접＋터널피복, 직접피복 및 대조구의 순으로 높았다. 청치마상추와 적치마상추의 생육은 대체로 직접＋터널피복, 직접피복(1), 직접피복(2), 터널피복, 대조구의 순이었고, 또 GA3처리는 생육을 촉진시켰다. 엽록소 함량은 대조구, 터널피복, 직접피복(2), 직접피복(1), 직접＋터널피복의 순으로 높았다 GA3천리에 의해서 엽록소의 함량은 반대로 저하하였다. 청치마상추와 적치마상추의 생체중은 직접＋터널피복, 직접피복(1). 직접피복(2), 터널피복, 대조구의 순이었고 건물중도 같은 경향이었다. GA3처리는 생체중과 건물중을 약간 증가시켰다. 그러나 대조 구간에 비교한 결과 적치마상추의 생체중과 건물중이 청치마상추보다 낮았다

강원지방에 자생하는 야생의 초본식물 6종에 대한 실생번식법을 밝히고자, 1954년 봄과 가을에 종자를 채취하여 Gibberelin(GA3) 25 및 50ppm 수용액에 24시간 침지하였으며, 대조구로는 지하수에 24시간 침지시켰다. 처리된 종자를 1995년 4월 23일에 혼합토양(모래：peat moss： perlite： vermiculite, 1：1：1：1, v/v)을 채운 플라스틱 화분(직경 12,높이 11cm)에 40립씩 3반복으로 파종하여 2일에 1회씩 관수하면서 발아된 개체수를 조사하였다. 1995년 5월 13일에 채취된 할미꽃 종자는 1995년 5월 31일에 처리하고 6월 1일에 묘포에 파종하였다. 향유, 금낭화 및 배초향의 종자발아는 처리간 고도의 통계적 유의차가 인정되었으나 가는 쑥부쟁이, 거북꼬리 할미꽃 등의 종들에서는 처리간 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 금낭화와 배초향에서는 25ppm, 향유에서는 50ppm 처리구에서 발아촉진 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 각 야생초류의 자원화 가능성을 검토하였다.

원주지방 근처에 자생하는 Viola속 5종에 대한 실생번식법을 밝히고자, 1994년 봄에 종자를 채취하여 Gibberelin(GA3) 5, 25 및 50ppm 수용액에 24시간 침지하였으며, 대조구로는 지하수에 24시간 침지시켰다. 처리된 종자를 1994년 5월 25일에 혼합토양(모래：peat moss ：perlite： vermiculite, 1.1：1：1, v/v)을 채운 Jiffy strips에 10립씩 3반복으로 파종하여 2일에 1회씩 관수하면서 발아된 개체수를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 흰털제비꽃의 종자발아는 처리간 고도의 통계적 유의차가 인정되었으나 다른 종들에서는 처리간 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 그러나 대조구와 GA3처리구로 나누어 볼 때 Viola속 5종의 종자발아에 대한 GA3처리 효과는 대체로 인정되었으며, 25~50ppm 농도가 효과적이었다.

Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Smith is used as a medicinal plant and cosmetic material in China and Southeast Asia. To mass-produce Kadsura coccinea seedlings, the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and cold stratification treatments on seed germination were investigated. Seed germination rate with GA3 treatment was most effective at concentrations of 250 or 500 mg/L. With respect to mean germination time (MGT), mean daily germination, and T50 (days to reach 50% seed germination), the germination-promoting effect was improved as the concentration of GA3 increased. Stem growth of seedlings was the highest following GA3 treatments of 250 and 500 mg/L, and the growth promoting effect gradually decreased as the concentration of GA3 decreased. Root growth was stimulated at GA3 concentrations of 250–1,000 mg/L. Examination of the effect of stratification treatment for 15, 30 and 60 days at temperatures of 0, 5 and 10℃ on the germination rate revealed that the most stratification treatment temperature was 10℃, and the results improved with longer treatment periods. Altogether, GA3 and stratification treatments improved the seed germination rate, shortened the MGT, improved germination uniformity, and produced healthy seedlings.

Background : Perilla frutescens L. is a bisexual, annual plant belonging to the Labiatae. Dormancy period of Perilla seed usually ranged from 85-200 days. The germination enhancing effects in a reduced seed vigor during the GA3 treatment has been reported. Objectives of the present study was to evaluate the effect of GA3 on germination rate and the expression of germination-related genes expression by using perilla seeds. Methods and Results : Three different cultivars (Saeyeopsil, Okdong) and accession (line 141) of perilla were used in the experiment and treated with GA3 at different concentration (50, 100, 300, 500 μM) for one day at dark condition. Germination test for perilla seed was carried out by using 100 perilla seeds treated with GA3 at 25℃. Rate of germination were evaluated after 10 days and the experiments were repeated three times in similar condition. Samples were collected from each cultivar and accessions for RNA extraction. After cDNA synthesis quantification, templates were subjected to RT-PCR using actin primers. EST blast performed for sequencing the RT-PCR products. Conclusion : Result showed that 100μM GA3 treated seeds of three perilla cultivars and accessions showed the highest germination rate. However, concentration of GA3 over 100 μM and lower than 100 μM resulted into reduced germination rate. Furthermore, expression of germination-related genes from 100 μM treated GA3 was higher compared to untreated sample by using 100 μM GA3 treated sample by using pC12, pJ14 primers.

Background: Developing new ginseng cultivars is a significant time-consuming process owing to the three years of growth required for ginseng to flower. To shorten the ginseng breeding process, it is necessary to establish rapid progression through each generation. In this study, we examined it was possible to rapidly break ginseng seed dormancy using gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment and alternating temperature. Methods and Results: Seeds were obtained from local variety. Seeds were treated with either GA3 at a concentration of 100 ㎎/ℓ, constant temperature (−2℃ and 2℃), alternating temperature (2℃ followed by −2℃, followed by 2℃) or a combination GA3 and temperature treatment. Following experimental treatment, seeds were sown into trays and placed in a greenhouse. Low germination rates were observed in seeds that did not receive GA3 treatment, which were similar following 2℃ and −2℃ constant temperature treatment. Germination rates increased in proportion to GA3 and more so when combined with alternating temperature treatment. In additon, stem and leaf lengths of the resulting ginseng plants were increased following GA3 treatment, although no synergistic effect was observed with alternating temperature treatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that a combination GA3 and alternating temperature treatment enhances ginseng seed germination, which can contribute to shortening the time required to progress through a single ginseng generation for breeding.

Background : When ginseng seeds were gathered, the seeds were unripe. To grow immature embryo definitely, special treatment called dehiscence must be performed. Even though dehiscence is completed, most ginseng seeds are on enforced dormancy. The breaking seed dormancy is generally achieved using cold treatment. Also it is reported that gibberellin treatment can replace the treatment. It is very time consuming process in order to develop new ginseng cultivar because ginseng flowers after 3 years of growth. To shorten the ginseng breeding period, it is necessary to establish fast generation progress. Therefore, this study examined the possibility of breaking seed dormancy of ginseng using GA3 treatment and alternating temperature. Methods and Results : Seeds were obtained from local variety fruit which is not inbred. Gibberellin of 100 ppm was treated at seeds for 24 hours. Fixed cold condition was treated on both –2℃ and 2℃. Alternating cold condition was treated on 2℃ and then –2℃, finally 2℃. Fixed and alternating temperature was continued for 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 days that 15 days of alternating temperature is first 2℃ for 5days and then -2℃ for 5days, finally 2℃ for 5days. The other treatment periods such as 30, 45, 60, 90 days mean 10, 15, 20, 30 days respectively. Each of 48 seeds were sowed on tray in greenhouse at 3 replication. Experimental plot was completely randomized. Conclusion : Seeds untreated with GA3 were germinated little and there is no difference between 2℃ and –2℃. Alternating temperature until 60days made no difference with fixed temperature but germination rate increased up to 70.8% when seeds were treated for 90days. Germination of seeds treated with GA3 is much higher than untreated seeds especially combined with alternating temperature.

Background : Considerable time and effort is required to develop new Panax ginseng varieties. Ginseng breeders have been developing techniques to shorten the breeding cycle to resolve this problem. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding GA3 and alternating temperature (AT, 2℃→ −2℃ → 2℃) on breaking bud dormancy in the varieties (Chungsun and Sunun) of ginseng root. Methods and Results : The GA3 soaking treatment and AT were applied to one year old roots, which greatly accelerated the emergence of new buds. In one year old roots, new buds emerged from the 4th day post transplanting and after breaking dormancy with GA3 and AT treatments. The emergence of new buds was completed within two weeks. The rate of bud emergence for Chungsun was 60% - 98% over 15 - 60 days after the AT and GA3 treatments. The emergence rate of Sunun was 46% - 92%. Normal growth of the ginseng seedling was observed in spite of the early breaking of bud dormancy by combined GA3 and AT treatments. Conclusions : GA3 and AT treatments shortened the dormancy period and facilitated the stable emergence of ginseng seedlings. However, some plants suffered deformities and early sprouting owing to the combined GA3 and AT treatments. Early sprouting was free from dormancy after leaf fall from the of aerial part of the plant.

This study was performed to identify optimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds and to examine the effect of GA3 treatment for improvement of seed stratification rate. Ginseng seeds harvested from Land race, Chunpoong and Yunpoong cultivar in July 20 were tested for stratification rate. It was shown that stratification rates of land race, Yunpoong and Chunpoong cultivar were 94.1%, 93.1%, and 82.6%, respectively. Seeds of Chunpoong cultivar harvested 10-15 days later showed a comparable stratification rate to that of Land race, indicating that late harvest of Chunpoong seeds is beneficial for the increase of stratification rate. The higher stratification rate was found in mature seeds (92.3%) than immature seeds (37.8%), both of which were harvested in July 20. Stratification rate of mature seeds harvested in July 15 was 87.5%, demonstrating optimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds with higher stratification rate is after mid-July. An exponential growth of endosperms of ginseng seeds was observed from early June to mid-June and then slow growth was observed. There was no obvious growth of embryos from fertilization to mid-August. After the this time, embryos quickly grew until late October. Thus, appropriate stratification control is essential during the period (from early September to late October) in order to optimize embryo growth and development. While no increase of stratification rate was observed in seeds treated with 50 ppm of GA3, significant increases were observed in seeds treated with 100 ppm of GA3. At this concentration of GA3, the stratification rate of Land race, Chunpoong and Yunpoong cultivar was 95.0%, 95.3%, and 96.5%, respectively.