변색기의 수준별 야간 고온이 포도 ‘거봉’의 과피색 발현에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 시기별 과피색 변화, 과피 내 안토시아닌 및 식물호르몬 ABA와 GA 함량을 분석하였다. 변색기 20일 동안의 야간 24, 27°C 처리에 의해 ‘거봉’ 포도의 과피색 불량이 나타났으며, 야간 온도가 높을수록 과피색 발현이 더욱 억제되었다. 수확기 과실 품질을 분석한 결과, 야간 21°C 처리구에 비해 24, 27°C 처리구의 과방중, 과립중, 당도가 감소하였다. 야간 21°C 처리구의 과피에서 만개 후 50일부 터 안토시아닌이 축적되기 시작했고, 개별 안토시아닌 중 Mal 과 함께 총 안토시아닌 함량이 수확기까지 지속적으로 증가하였다. 야간 21°C 처리구를 기준으로 과피의 총 안토시아닌이 야간 24, 27°C 처리에 의해 감소하였으며, 개별 안토시아닌 중에서는 Peo를 제외한 나머지 안토시아닌의 감소 경향이 뚜렷하였다. 식물호르몬 ABA는 야간 21°C 처리구의 과피에서 변색기에 최대값을 보이고 다시 수확기까지 감소하였는데, 이러한 ABA 함량의 증가는 야간 24, 27°C 처리에 의해 감소 하는 경향이었다. GA는 변색기 과피에서 급격하게 감소하여 수확기까지 낮은 함량으로 유지되었는데, 야간 기온이 낮을수록 빠르게 감소하였다. 야간 21°C 처리구 과피에서 ABA/GA 값은 만개 후 60일에 최대값을 보이고 다시 수확기까지 감소하였지만, 이 증가 양상이 야간 고온에 의해 감소하며 과피 안토시아닌 축적과 동일한 경향을 보이며 변화하였다. 따라서 변색기 야간의 24°C 이상의 고온은 ‘거봉’ 포도의 과피색 발현을 억제하며, 이는 식물호르몬 ABA, GA의 비율 변화, 과실 당도 감소로 인한 총 안토시아닌 함량 및 조성 변화 때문으로 판단되었다.

We screened 108 cultivars of grapevine (Vitis spp.) for resistance to grape ripe rot, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. We evaluated the resistance to ripe rot of berries and vine leaves from grape cultivars by measuring the lesion size after inoculation with C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. ‘Aki Queen’ (Table grape) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Wine grape) were shown to be moderate resistant against inoculation of C. acutatum both in berries and leaves. ‘Emperatriz’, ‘Honey Red’, ‘Honey Venus’, ‘Izumo Queen’, and ‘Rosario Rosso’ in table grapes, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Chancellor’, ‘Chardonnay Decoupe’, and ‘Ventura’ in wine grapes, were shown to be resistant to C. gloeosporioides both in berries and leaves of them. Grape cultivars were classified into four classes based on its level of resistance to C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. The present data for determining ripe rot resistance will be very useful in developing effective disease management strategies in the vineyards and selecting grape genetic resources to be used in disease resistant grape breeding programs.

Crude extracts from several medicinal plants were investigated for their antimicrobial activities against Colletotrichum spp. in grapevines Extracts of sweet wormwood, cockscomb flowers, asian plantain flowers, and peach tree resin showed in vitro antifungal activity on growth of Colletotrichum acutatum. To test inhibition effects of ripe rot development by C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides, grapevine leaves were sprayed with each extract (500 fold diluted) from sweet wormwood and cockscomb flower and leaves, asian plantain flower and peach tree resin. The crude extracts of medicinal plants displayed remarkable in vivo antimicrobial activities with inhibition of lesion development by 22.5 to 67.5 % in ‘Blanc seedless’ and 2.12 to 53.2% in ‘Thompson seedless’ inoculated with agar block of C. acutatum and by 19.2 to 61.5% in 'Blanc seedless' and 19.6 to 78.3% in ‘Thompson seedless’ grapevines inoculated with spore suspension of C. acutatum compared with the untreated control. The crude extracts of medicinal plants showed remarkable inhibition of ripe rot by 26 to 64.8 % in ‘Blanc seedless’ and 25.5 to 76.5% in ‘Thompson seedless’ grapevine leaves inoculated with C. gloeosporioides agar block inoculation and by 23.1 to 61.5% in 'Blanc seedless' and 18.8 to 25% in ‘Thompson seedless’ grapevine leaves inoculated with C. gloeosporioides spore suspension compared with uninoculated control. These findings indicate that medicinal plant extracts could be used as possible candidates to control ripe rot disease environment friendly in grapevines.

This study was carried out to find out the effect of water stress (RDI) on multiplication of plant parasitic nematodes on grapevines. The responses to irrigation treatments were not significantly different in relation to new root growth, root dry weight and total number of parasitic nematodes, however significant differences in the density of Meloidogyne javanica in the soil between daily irrigation and the treatment with water stress (RDI). The main effect of inoculum type was significant, and the water treatments significantly affected total root growth between the nematode treatments, as well as M. javanica density in the soil in the nematode treatments. The daily irrigation treatment with Pratylenchus spp. had the least root growth but was not significantly different to root growth in the RDI treatment with Pratylenchus spp. Similarly with RDI, there was no significant difference in root growth in treatments receiving combined nematode inoculum between daily irrigation and RDI. However, root growth in treatments receiving M. javanica in RDI was significantly greater than those receiving M. javanica with daily irrigation. Under RDI treatment, the number of M. javanica recovered from soil receiving M. javanica inoculum was significantly greater than under daily irrigation. However, there was no significant difference between daily irrigation and RDI in the number of M. javanica or Pratylenchus recovered from soil receiving the combined treatment or in Pratylenchus recovered from soil in the Pratylenchus treatment.

포도 신품종 육성에서 내한성 계통의 조기 선발을 위하여, 다양한 품종을 대상으로 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)를 수행하고, 그 결과를 바탕으로‘Campbell Early’x ‘Kaiji’, ‘Golden Muscat’x‘Tamnara’,‘Campbell Early’x‘Neo Muscat’와‘Alden’x‘Kaiji’의 포도교배조합 실생계통을 이용하여 내한성 관련 sequence characterized amplified region(SCAR) 분자표지를 개발하였다. 400여개의 primer를 사용하여 bulk집단에서의 RAPD 분석을 통해서 6개의 UBC random primer를 최종적으로 선발하였고, RAPD 산물을 클로닝한 후 염기서열을 분석하였다. 6개의 SCAR primer (UBC123-428, UBC196-353, UBC221-503, UBC317-800, UBC342-500, UBC344-451)를 제작하고 교배조합 실생에 재검정한 결과 내한성과 관련한 특이밴드를 확인할 수 있었다. 포도나무의 내한성과 관련한 특이적인 밴드출현양상은 수피의 탄수화물함량, 전해질전도도, 포장에서의 신초생존율과 유사한 양상을 보였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 SCAR marker는 포도의 염색체상에서 위치를 확인할 수 있었으며, 그 주변에는 주로 cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, leucine-rich repeat, pleiotropic drug resistance 12, ribosomal protein 등의 유전자가 분포하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 포도 내한성 관련 SCAR marker는 내한성 포도 품종의 조기선발과 육종효율 증진에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

포도 수출단지(경기 화성, 경북 상주와 영천, 전북 남원, 충북 영동)를 중심으로 애무늬고리장님노린 재에 의한 피해의 지역적 분포와 수출농가와 일반농가 간에 차이를 알아보고자 2010년부터 2012년까지 수행하였다. 애무늬고리장님노린재에 의한 포도 피해는 조사한 62개 과원 모두에서 나타났고, 피해율은 지역에 따라 차이가 있었으며, 동일지역 내에서도 농가별로 차이가 있었다. 내수용 포도를 생산하는 과 원에 비하여 수출용 포도를 생산하는 농가의 피해율이 낮았으며 피해신초율과 피해엽율은 높은 상관관 계를 보였다. 끈끈이트랩에는 15종의 노린재가 채집되었는데 애무늬고리장님노린재가 우점종이었다. 끈 끈이트랩에 유인되는 애무늬고리장님노린재의 밀도도 지역 간에 차이가 있었으며 수출과원이 내수과원 에 비하여 밀도가 낮았다. 포도과원에서 애무늬고리장님노린재는 수확기까지 지속적으로 끈끈이트랩에 채집되었다.

The green pale plant bug, Apolygus spinolae was one of the main insect pests that damaged leaves and fruit in grapes and its damage status was firstly reported in 2000 in grape orchards. This research was conducted to evaluate the distribution and difference in damage rate depending in management type of grapevine orchards (domestic sale farm vs export farm) in the export complex area of Korea (Hwangsung in Gyeonggii, Sangju and Yeongcheon in Gyeongbuk, Namwon in Junbuk and Yeongdong in Chungbuk) from 2010 to 2012. Damage by A. spinolae occurred in all 62 survey farms and damage rate differed depending on locality and individual farms in the same area. Damage rate was lower in export farms than in domestic sale farms, and damage rate of leaves was highly correlated with damage rate of new shoots. 15 species of hemipteran insect were attracted to sticky traps and A. spinolae was the dominant species. The attracted number of A. spinolae in the sticky traps differed depending on locality, and more occurred in domestic sale farms than expert farms. A. spinolae was continually attracted to sticky traps in the harvest period in grapevine orchards.

포도에서 봉지 종류, 봉지 처리시기 및 식물성 오일처리에 따른 열과와 병 발생 및 과실 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 봉지 종류별 열과 및 탄저병 경감효과는 '캠벨얼리'에서 열과 발생은 큰 차이를 인정할 수 없으나, 탄저병 발생은 무대처리를 제외한 모든 처리에서 감소하였다. '조생 캠벨얼리'에서 열과 및 탄저병 발생은 무대처리를 제외한 관행봉지, 창문봉지, 칼슘함유봉지 처리에서 감소하였다 '캠벨얼리'에서 모두 7월 5일 이전의 봉지처리에서, '거봉'에서는 각각 6월 29일과 7월 6일이전의 봉지처리 모두에서 현저하게 줄었다. 식물성오일 처리는 '조생 캠벨얼리'에서 열과 및 탄저병 발생률을 현저히 줄 일수 있었고 '캠벨얼리'에서는 과피의 칼슘함량을 증가시켰다. 봉지종류별 과실품질 중 가용성고형물은 창문봉지 처리에서 많이 감소되었으며 칼슘함유봉지 처리에서는 Hunter b값이 떨어졌다. 따라서 칼슘함유봉지 및 식물성오일 처리는 열과 경감효과가 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

지온이 포도의 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 노지용으로 많이 재배되는 캠벨얼리와 시설포도인 블랙올림피아를 공시하여 지온을 10℃, 15℃, 20℃, 25℃로 조절하여 재배하고 생육조사와 더불어 광합성 속도 및 식물체의 무기성분함량을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 지온 20~25℃에서 품종에 관계없이 엽중, 경중, 근중을 비롯한 모든 생육이 좋았다. 광합성 속도와 엽록소 함량은 20℃구에서 가장좋았다. 지온이 높아질수록 줄기와 뿌리인 인산, 칼륨, 석회의 함량이 많았다.

In this study, phenotypic distribution of 15 major fruit quality traits were analyzed using 252 progenies derived from a cross between ‘Tano Red’ (seed) and ‘Ruby Seedless’ (seedless), to obtain basic data for improving the breeding efficiency of grapevine cultivars. Berry skin color was dark red-violet in 46.4% of the progenies, which is the color of ‘Tano Red’ and ‘Ruby Seedless’, and berry shape was elliptic in 48.4%. Most of the progenies were very juicy with soft flesh, and closely related to the characteristics of ‘Tano Red’. Seeds were well developed in 67.1% of the progenies, rudimentary in 30.1%, and 2.8% were seedless, with seed weight being less than 0.15 g in 84.9% of the progenies. Among the 15 fruit quality traits assessed, bunch density, ease of berry detachment from pedicel, berry weight, berry seed number, berry longitudinal diameter, berry transverse diameter, berry soluble solids, and berry acidity showed normal distributions. Heritability of berry weight, berry longitudinal diameter, berry transverse diameter, berry soluble solids, and berry acidity was 0.89, 0.82, 0.78, 0.86, and 0.93, respectively. Berry weight was positively correlated with seed weight (r = 0.486**), presence of seeds (r = 0.483**), and seed number (r = 0.211**). Seed weight significantly increased with presence of seeds (r = 0.607**) and seed number (r = 0.725**). In addition, presence of seeds was positively correlated with seed number (r = 0.319**). These results could be useful for the identification of quantitative trait loci associated with fruit quality to assist in grapevine breeding.

The GA application on grapevines induces parthenocarpy, fruit set without fertilization, and the inhibition of pollen tube growth. But the molecular mechanism underlying this inhibition is not understood. Similar defective pollen tube growth within the transmitting tract has been reported in the mutant of GABA transaminase (GABA-T), referred to as pollen-pistil-interaction2 (pop2) in Arabidopsis. In spite of the similarity of pollen tube growth inhibition observed in GA-applied grapevines with that of pop2, only the effects of GABA on stress responses in grapevines have been reported. In present study, transcriptional changes of Vitis GABA metabolic genes, together with changes in GABA levels with or without GA application were analyzed to define how GA application restrained the pollen tube growth in grapevines. A GA solution (Dongbu, Seoul, Korea) at 100 ppm was onto inflorescence clusters 14 days before full bloom (DBF) and clusters were harvested at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, and 19 days after GA application. Harvested inflorescence samples were immediately frozen in LN2 and extracted RNA and amino acid. The GABA contents were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (Agilent 1100 HPLC, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, USA) equipped with a C18 column (4.6 mm×150 mm, 3.5 μm/VDS optilab, Berlin, Germany), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Without GA application, the simultaneous high expressions of VvGAD1, VvGAD4 and VvGABA-T2 during 10 to 5 days before full bloom (DBF) showing the activation of GABA metabolism. But the contents of GABA were low before 2 DBF, and it peaked only at near full bloom when expression levels of VvGABA-T2 remained low. After GA application, the contents of GABA were constant during 10 to 5 DBF, although transcription levels of both VvGAD1 and VvGABA-T2 rapidly declined less than 30% of the levels observed without GA application. However, the GABA levels increased more than 2-fold only at near full bloom, compared to those without GA application, and at that time, expression levels of VvGAD1 up-regulated more than 3-fold and those of VvGABA-T2 kept low. But other amino acid contents did not show significant changes. In case of VvSSAHDs, their transcriptional changes with or without GA application were not correlated with GABA levels. These results indicates that GABA levels before pollination is tightly regulated, but GA application alters the GABA-shunt to accumulate excess GABA more than needed for proper pollen tube growth at full bloom. Gibberellin application alters the GABA-shunt to accumulate excess GABA resulting in inhibition pollen tube growth in grapevines.

The tight regulators of fruit set initiation, gibberellin (GA) and auxin, have been applied for decades to induce parthenocarpy, fruit set without fertilization. The integration of GA and auxin signaling mediated by either GA or auxin application during parthenocarpy has been actively reported in tomato, and recently we reported that GA application at pre-bloom also activating auxin signaling and down-regulated negative regulators of fruit set initiation in grapevines. However, the activation of auxin signaling upon GA application without up-regulation of auxin biosynthesis is still unclear. In this study, expression patterns of three auxin efflux transporter genes, VvPIN1a, VvPIN2 and VvPIN4, were monitored during inflorescence development in ‘Tamnara’ grapevines with or without GA application. Without GA application, transcription levels of VvPIN1a and VvPIN4 gradually increased from 14 days before full bloom (DBF) to 2 and 5 days after full bloom (DAF), respectively, except down-regulation of VvPIN1a during 5 DBF to full bloom. However, VvPIN2 expression declined steadily after peaking at 10 DBF. With GA application, VvPIN1a did not show significantly different expression patterns when compared to no GA application, with the exception of 4-fold up-regulation at full bloom, but transcription of VvPIN4 was reduced between 5 and 2 DBF. In addition, VvPIN2 was down-regulated between 12 and 10 DBF by more than 50% compared to levels in the absence of GA application. These reductions of both VvPIN2 and VvPIN4 with GA application prior to pollination suggest that GA application might regulate auxin distribution, instead of auxin biosynthesis, to activating auxin signaling during parthenocarpic fruit initiation.

무핵 포도 품종 육성 시, 주요 교배친으로 사용되는 무핵 품종 20점의 유연관계를 분석 하고, 무핵 형질과 연관된 P3_VvAGL11 마커의 이용 가능성을 검토하였다. SSR 마커 30종을 이용한 결과 218개의 대립인자가 확인되었고, 마커 당 대립인자 수는 평균 7.3개였다. PIC (Polymorphism information contents) 값은 SSR 마커에 따라 0.052에서 0.883으로 나타났고 평균 값은 0.442이었다. 또한 P3_VvAGL11 마커를 이용하여 포도 무핵 유전자원 20 점을 분석한 결과 ‘Sultanina’와 ‘Kishmish Chernyi’ 품종으로부터 유래한 18개 무핵 품종에서 무핵 특성 특이적인 밴드가 증폭되었다. 선발된 218개의 다형성 밴드를 이용하여 UPGMA 군집분석한 결과 유사도 지수 0.722를 기준으로 4개의 그룹으로 구분할 수 있었다. 각 그룹은 교배친으로 사용된 품종들의 유전적 background에 유럽종(V. vinifera), 미국종(V. labrusca), 그리고 이들의 종간교잡종인 V. labruscana의 비율에 따른 분류와 일치하였다. 품종 간 유전적 유사도는 0.592에서 0.844의 범위로 나타났으며 평균 유사도 지수는 0.715였다. 가장 높은 유사도 지수를 나타낸 것은 ‘Emerald Seedless’와 ‘Ruby Seedless’ 품종 간이었고, 가장 낮은 유사도 지수를 나타낸 것은 ‘Beauty Seedless’와 ‘Honey Seedless’ 품종 간이었다. 이러한 결과는 무핵 포도 품종 육성 시, 유전적 background가 다양한 양친 선정 및 무핵 교배 실생 조기 선발에 활용 될 수 있을 것이다.