Grapholita molesta occur four times a year and Carposina sasakii occur twice a year, and both pests do damage on stone fruits such as peach, apple, plum, apricot, etc. Grapholita molesta is worldwide distributed in temperate and subtropical areas including South Korea. But, Carposina sasakii distributed in South Korea, Japan, China and Asia, and has been managed as an important import quarantine pest by the authorities of United States, Canada and Taiwan. Forecasting of both pests in Korea is currently done through the investigation of 1,000 fruits per 10 trees (100 fruits / tree) in designated peach orchard. However, this method is very difficult to observe the pest by bagging of peach and require too much time and labor. Therefore, we tried to carry out a new forecasting method by using of sex pheromone traps for newly standardized method as an alternative. Using sex pheromone trap, attractiveness of G. molesta was proved to be 2.5 > 1.5 > 0.5 m by the height and the border => outside > center by the position. Attractiveness of C. sasakii made no difference in height, but, more trapped at the center and border than outside in position at peach orchard.

복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방의 방제를 위해 교미교란제 MD-IKR (Isomate-KR)과 MD-CR (Confuser-R)의 효과를 무농약 유기재배 사과원에서 평가하였고 관행방제 사과원과 비교하였다. 2011년 칠곡지역의 복숭아순나방에 대한 두 종의 교미교란제에 대한 교미저해율은 99.8%였고, 상대적으로 청송지역의 교미저해율이 각각 99.8과 92.8%로 칠곡지역과 차이가 있었다. 2012년 칠곡지역의 교미저해율은 각각 92.4와 96.7%였다. 청송지역에서 교미저해율은 99.6%로 가장 높은 교미저해율을 보였다. 2011년 2012년의 복숭아심식나방에 대한 교미저해율은 두 교미교란제 모두 100%로 높게 나타났다. 두 교미교란제는 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방이 방제효과에 대하여 무방제구 대비 방제효과가 월등하였고, 관행방제와 비교했을 때 통계적으로 유의성 없이 방제효과가 대등하였다. 두 종의 교미교란제와 관행재배구의 새순과 과실피해율은 무방제구 대비 유의성있는 방제효과를 보였다. 두 종의 교미교란제 간에는 효력의 차이가 없어 MD-IKR이 MD-CR을 충분히 대체할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

수확 후 해충방제가 국내 수요 농산물은 물론이고 검역 문제를 해결하기 위한 수출용 농산물에 대해서 요구되고 있다. 특별히 유기 농산물 또는 환경친화형 재배 농산물에 대해서 메틸브로마이드와 같은 화합물을 이용한 기존의 수확 후 처리기술은 의미를 잃게 되었다. 대체 기술로서 CATTS (환경조절열처리기술)라 명명된 물리적 처리기술이 개발되어 사과와 여러 핵과류 과실을 가해하는 곤충과 응애에 적용되고 있다. 본 연구는 국내 사과 수출을 위해 수입국에서 규제하는 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta)을 대상으로 CATTS 처리 조건을 결정하는 데 목표를 두었다. 이 해충에 CATTS를 적용하기 위해 사과 과실에 잔류하면서 열에 높은 내성을 보이는 발육시기를 분석하였다. 열처리 조건(44℃, 20분)에서 5령 유충이 가장 높은 내성을 보였다. 환경조건(15% CO2, 1% O2)에서 기기 내부 온도가 25℃에서 46℃까지 증가하는 시기를 CATTS 가열단계로 볼 때, 이 가열 속도가 빠를수록 CATTS 해충 방제 효과가 높았다. 또한 가열단계 후 CATTS 처리 시간이 길수록 CATTS 효율이 증가했다. 특히 가열단계에서 과실 내부온도가 44℃로 이르게 하는 것이 CATTS 효율을 높이는 데 결정적이었다. 이러한 조건들을 종합하여 CATTS표준 처리기술을 결정하였으며, 이 기술은 2,104 마리의 5령을 포함한 4,378 마리 복숭아순나방 유충 피해를 받은 사과에 대해서 100% 방제 효과를 나타냈다.

복숭아순나방붙이(Grapholita dimorpha Komai)는 동북아시아에 주로 발생하는 과수 해충으로, 국내에서는 2009년에 사과에 피해를 준다는 것이 보고되었으나, 그 이외의 과수에서는 직접적인 피해가 명확히 알려지지 않았다. 본 연구는 핵과류인 복숭아와 자두를 대상으로 복숭아 순나방류의 피해로 보이는 피해순과 피해과를 채집하여, 복숭아순나방붙이와 그 유사종인 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta Busck)의 피해율을 비교 조사하였다. 두 유사종의 정확한 구별을 위해 우선 종 특이적 프라이머와 PCR 반응조건을 이용한 분자동정법을 개발하였다. 복숭아와 자두의 신초와 과실을 가해하는 종을 야외에서 채집하여 분자동정법으로 확인한 결과, 복숭아의 신초와 과실은 거의 모두 복숭아순나방이 가해하였으며, 자두는 신초의 경우 복숭아순나방이, 과실의 경우 복숭아순나방붙이가 주로 가해하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 복숭아와 자두에서 조사한 신초는 모두(100%) 복숭아순나방에 의해 피해를 받았으나, 복숭아 과실은 대부분(92.5%) 복숭아순나방이, 자두 과실은 대부분(97.0%) 복숭아순나방붙이가 가해하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 복숭아순나방붙이가 복숭아 보다는 자두 과실에 주로 피해를 준다는 것을 보여주며, 특히 자두나무에서도 신초와 과실에 따라 각기 다른 종이 피해를 준다는 점을 보여준다. 이렇게, 기주식물에 따라 두 유사종의 가해특성이 다른 것은 복숭아와 자두과원에서 두 종의 발생을 예찰하는데 중요한 정보를 제공할 것으로 여겨진다.

Postharvest insect pest control is highly demanding in agricultural industry including domestic consumer markets and exporting products for a quarantine purpose. Especially, the organic or environmentally friendly agricultural products do not fit to the traditional chemical postharvest treatments using methyl bromide (MeBr) or phosphine (PH3). As an alternative, a physical treatment called CATTS (controlled atmosphere and temperature treatment) has been developed to control various insect and mite pests on ornamental products. The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, infects the apple or pear fruits and is limited in importing and exporting the infected products. To apply CATTS on this insect pests, the most heat-tolerant stage was determined. Among the immature stages locating on the fruits, the fifth instar larvae were the most tolerant to 44℃ for 20 min. A ramping step of CATTS is to increase chamber temperature from 25℃ to 46℃ under 15% CO2 and less than 1% O2. The ramping rate was positively correlated with the CATTS efficiency. After the ramping step, the duration of CATTS was positively correlated with CATTS efficiency. However, fruit damage by CATTS was negatively correlated with the ramping rate was positively correlated with the CATTS duration. in addition, the CATTS efficiency was highly dependent on the fruit internal temperature at 44℃. From all these parameters, we developed a standard protocol yielding 100% control efficiency of CATTS.

The oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) and the plum fruit moth (G. dimorpha) share the same major sex pheromone components, Z8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8-12Ac) and E8-dodecenyl acetate (E8-12Ac) with different ratio. However, these two congener male species were cross-attracted to the counter sex pheromone traps. For development of the specific monitoring lures, the minor sex pheromone components were added to the major components. G. molesta females emit two minor components of Z8-12OH and 12OH and G. dimorpha females emit four minor of 12Ac, 14Ac, Z8-14Ac, and E8-14Ac. For a specific monitoring lure of G. molesta, only Z8-12Ac major component attracted only G. molesta males, but did not any G. dimorpha. For a specific monitoring lure of G. dimorpha, the addition of Z8-14Ac to the major component (Z8-12Ac:E8-12Ac = 85:15) attracted G. dimorpha males with less than 5% G. molesta males. Other with components (12Ac, 14Ac, and E8-14Ac) was not effective in both trapping efficiency and selectivity.

The study was conducted to investigate the phenology of G. molesta adult, and to develop and validate the degree-day model of G. molesta in apple orchards. It was known that G. molesta is a multi-voltine insect depending on temperature and geographic location. G. molesta damage to many economically important fruit trees such as apple and pear. Data collection was carried out in five apple-growing location (Chungju, Bonghwa, Andong, Uiseong, and Geochang) and at least three commercial orchards of each location was selected for collecting data in 2011 and 2012. The commercial pheromone monitoring trap (GreenAgroTech) was used to investigate the flight phenology of G. molesta. The relationships between degree-day accumulated above the low temperature threshold and cumulative proportion of accumulated G. molesta caught per generation were used to predict the phenology of G. molesta. The phenology of G. molesta per generation was analyzed by Weibull 2-parameter function. The generation of G. molesta was depending on local environmental conditions, specially temperature. The first flight of G. molesta adult in Chungju was later than other places. The average number of G. molesta caught in Uiseong was significanlty decreased from 2011 to 2012. The occurrence of G. molesta adult was explained well by degree-day model using Weibull 2 parameter function. The developed model system could be applied to manage G. molesta population in apple orchards.

Grapholita molesta is one of economically important pests in pear orchards and has four to five generations per year depending on food resources, geographic location, and temperature. The overwintering larvae of G. molesta pupate early in the spring and new adults start to flight for several reasons such as mating, seeking resources and oviposition. The study was conducted to develop the full seasonal phenology model of G. molesta and to investigate the phenology of G. molesta adult in pear orchards. Data collection was carried out in five pear-growing location (Anseong, Icheon, Sangju, Ulju and Naju). Three commercial orchards of each location was selected for collecting data in 2011 and 2012. The flight phenology of G. molesta was investigated by the commercial pheromone monitoring trap (GreenAgroTech) once per week. The phenology of G. molesta per generation was predicted by the relationships between degree-day accumulation above the low temperature threshold and cumulative proportion of accumulated moth caught per generation. The phenology of G. molesta per generation was calculated by Weibull 2-parameter function. Although the latitude of Sangju was higher than that of Naju, the first flight of G. molesta adult from two orchards was similar. The average number of G. molesta adult caught in every pear orchards was increased from 2011 to 2012. The occurrence of G. molesta adult was explained well by degree-day model using Weibull 2-parameter function.

최근 사과원에서 복숭아순나방붙이(Grapholita dimorpha)의 발생이 보고되었다. 복숭아순나방붙이는 이와 유사한 복숭아순나방(G.molesta)이 발생하는 또 다른 기주에서도 동시에 발생이 가능하다고 제기되었다. 본 연구는 국내 여러 지역의 배과원에서 복숭아순나방붙이의 발생이 있음을 보고한다. 복숭아순나방붙이의 종 동정은 형태적 특징과 분자마커를 이용하여 실시되었다. 이들 두 종의 공통된 성페로몬 주성분으로 상호 교차 포획이 이뤄질 수 있다. 복숭아순나방붙이 페로몬트랩에 복숭아순나방붙이와 복숭아순나방이 포획되고, 복숭아순나방 페로몬트랩에 복숭아순나방과 복숭아순나방붙이가 포획되었다. 복숭아순나방붙이 트랩에 이뤄진 교차 포획비율은 지역적으로 다른 배과원에서 상호 뚜렷한 차이가 나타났다. 더욱이 이 두 종의 발생 피크도 조사한 모든 야외 지역에서 시기적으로 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 배 과수원에서 두 종의 성페로몬 트랩으로 얻은 모니터링 자료는 각각 서로 다른 종의 포획이 혼재하며, 이는 해당종의 발생빈도와 발생밀도가 확대 해석될 수 있음을 본 연구 자료는 제시하고 있다.

경북의 자두 주요 생산지인 경산시와 의성군내 8개의 자두과원을 선정하여, 2010년과 2011년에 주요 심식나방류인 복숭아순나방, 복숭아순나방붙이, 복숭아심식나방의 발생상을 성페로몬 트랩을 이용하여 조사하였다. 또한 경산지역에서는 과수원 내부와 외부에서 포획된 개체수 자료를 이용하여 내외부 발생량을 비교하였다. 경산에서 복숭아순나방과 복숭아순나방붙이 발생은 의성보다 약 1주일 정도 빠르게 나타났다. 복숭아순나방은 3월 하순에 발생을 시작하여, 4월 하순 최성기를 이루었으며, 이후 세대는 6월 중순, 7월 중순, 8월 중순에 성충 최성기를 보였다. 반면 복숭아심식나방은 두 지역간의 차이가 없었으며, 6월 상순에 발생을 시작하여 9월 중순까지 2-3회의 발생 최성기를 보였다. 복숭아심식나방의 경우 2010년은 전형적인 2회 최성기를 보였으나 2011년에는 3회 최성기를 보였다. 연간 복숭아순나방, 복숭아순나방붙이, 복숭아심식나방의 발생량비는 경산지역에서 63-47:16-35:20-18%였고, 의성지역은 51-46:18-13:31-36%로 나타났다. 복숭아순나방과 복숭아순나방붙이의 경우 과수원 내부와 외부에서 포획량의 차이는 없었다.

대추과원의 복숭아순나방 발생 및 피해정도를 알아보기 위해 2011년부터 보은 지역 3개면 6곳과 2012년 10개면의 노지재배지와 시설재배지 16곳에 3월 하순부터 페로몬트랩을 설치하여 9월 중순까지 트랩에 유인된 개체수를 조사하였다. 2011년 조사에서는 4월 하순을 기점으로 5월 중순까지 복숭아순나방 밀도가 증가했으며 그 이후로는 감소추세를 보여주었고 최다발생기는 평균 17마리로 5월 중순이었다. 2012년 조사에서도 작년과 비슷한 발생양상을 보이면서 5월 초순에 평균 24.8마리로 최다발생기를 나타내었다. 복숭아순나방이 과수에서 연 4 ~ 5회 발생하는 것을 볼 때 대추과원에서는 4월 중순에서 5월에 출현하는 1회 성충의 발생밀도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 대추나무는 다른 과수에 비해 생육이 느리기 때문에 4월 하순부터 발아를 시작해 5월 중순까지 신초가 생장하는데 조사된 복숭아순나방 발생밀도를 볼 때 대추나무가 발아해 신초가 생장하는 시기에 복숭아순나방 피해가 발생되는 것으로 보여진다. 현재까지 복숭아순나방에 의한 대추나무 피해는 직접적으로 확인된 바는 없지만 페로몬트랩에 유인된 개체수와 밀도를 고려해 볼 때 앞으로 발생할 수 있는 가능성이 크기 때문에 지속적인 관심과 모니터링이 필요하다고 생각된다.

Insects in temperate climate zones are challenged to endure harsh temperature regimes and the absence of food resources during winter. Many insects overwinter in diapause at different sites. The overwintering sites differ according to the insect species. The study was conducted to investigate the overwintering sites between the two orchard systems for the Grapholita molesta larvae. Overwintering sites of Grapholita molesta were found different between apple grafting systems. More individuals favored the side branches and main bottom trunk as overwintering sites in big tree system (M26) and in dwarf grafting high density system (M9) respectively. There was no significant different between M9 and M26 cultivars in the relative proportion of larvae. However, significant differences were found in the interaction between the overwintering sites and the two M9 and M26 cultivar orchard systems. The natural mortality from the field was estimated as 22.1% and 18.3% from dwarfing, high density orchards and the big tree orchard systems respectively. This study provides valuable information and guidelines to understand the major overwintering sites within different orchard systems for scheduling management actions against spring adult moths population emergence.

The oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) and the plum fruit moth (G. dimorpha) are internal feeders of stone and pome fruits and highly similar in morphological characters and feeding behaviors. These two species share their two main sex pheromone components, Z8-dodecenyl acetate(Z8-12Ac) and E8-dodecenyl acetate(E8-12Ac) although pheromone compositions are different. But, two males of these species were cross-attracted to G. molesta and G. dimorpha pheromone trap, respectively. Their host plants are also very similar in Rosaceae including apples, plums, paches, etc. These sympatric and similar pheromone ratios and biological characters suggest their recent speciation divergence. To determine genetic origin of this speciation, were analysed transcriptomes associated in sex pheromone biosynthesis in these sibling species. Total RNAs were collected from pheromone glands and read by a short read deep sequencing technology using an lllumina HiSeq2000. Almost 3-4 Gb reads were de novo assembled and resulted in 76,361 contigs of G. dimorpha and 104,463 contigs of G. molesta. More than 70% of these contigs were annotated and classified by a typical GO analysis. Transcriptomes related with sex pheromone biosynthesis were selected and grouped into fatty acid synthase, fatty acid oxidation, desaturase, reductase, and isomerase. These analyses identified sex pheromone biosynthesis machineries, which showed significant differential expressions between two sibling species. Field monitoring assays indicated the minor components (Z8-12OH) resulted from fatty acid reductase were crucial in isolating two sibling species.

The study was conducted to develop the full seasonal phenology model of G. molesta in pear orchard. G. molesta is a multi-voltine insect with four to five generations per year depending on temperature, food resources and geographic location. For precise model construction, information on temperature-dependent development and the distribution of developmental completion of overwinteirng and summer G. molesta population was used. The performance of model was based on single cohort population of G. molesta. The validation of model system was performed with the male moth catches in sex pheromone-baited traps of pear orchards in four pear production regions (Anseong, Icheon, Naju and Ulju), three apple production regions (Andong, Chungju and Geochang), and four plum orchards (Uiseong) of Korea in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The observed phenology of seasonal population of G. molesta was explained by our model system. The predicted dates for the cumulative 50% male moth catches per each generation were within seven days variation per each generation. The precise predictive model of G. molesta adult occurrence could help decision making and enhancing control efficacy.

Many insects overwinter in diapause in the temperate region. Winter diapause often terminates far yearly than our thought, eg. Many in December. After diapause termination, insect becomes in quiescence. The lower developmental threshold of overwintering Oriental fruit moth larvae is in the range of 7.5-8.4℃ depending on the geographic location. We have determined the developmental period of overwintering OFM larvae from the time series interval collection. Collections were made from mid Jan to late March at 10d interval. Collected larvae were held in a cold chamber at 6°C for 5 days, and then subjected at 20°C with 75% R.H., 16:8(L:D).hr. The developmental period from overwintering cocooned larvae to adults was longest in mid. January collections, became shorter after 31 Jan. collection, then gradually decreased until mid March. Cocooned larvae developmental period became shorter after 31 Jan. while that of pupae became shorter after 20 Feb. During this study, female ratio was not different to 0.5. Mortality of winter collected larvae to adults was 45% including 30% parasitism. Partial explanation of the insect development under the lower developmental threshold was discussed; limitation of linear model estimation, temperature data quality and physiological metabolism after diapause termination. From January to February, daily average temperature fluctuated but under the lower developmental threshold. However, daily maximum temperature became noticeably higher than the lower developmental threshold after 20 Jan. However, this result indicates that after late Jan, physiological state of OFM is altered.

Understanding the spatial pattern of G. molesta and the temporal variation of their patterns are important to develop and maintain pest management programs in fruit orchards. The overwintering larvae of G. molesta pupate early in the spring and new adults begin a flight for several reasons such as mating, seeking resources (food or shelter) and oviposition. It was known that G. molesta presented “low movement activity” and male G. molesta flight behavior was closely related to the proximity of its host crops. Unmated males remain near the site of emergence in order to find and copulate with unmated females. The fruit-bearing status of orchards are important factors for G. molesta movement. To elucidate the spatial distribution and temporal variation of G. molesta within and among orchards, pheromone traps targeting male G. molesta were used because the trap represent a reliable and economic tool for monitoring adult G. molesta populations. The study was conducted in two apple orchards (one is isolated from other fruit orchards and another is surrounded by apple orchards), Andong and in seven plum orchards, Uiseong, 2010. Using spatial analysis by distance indices, the spatial pattern of G. molesta in each sampling date was presented. In the study of the spatial pattern within apple orchard, the index of aggregation (Ia) of isolated orchard were presented >1, indicating an aggregated distribution pattern, from monitoring results. The spatial association between successive monitoring using X (the index of spatial association) was negative during spring season and after then the value was changed to positive. In the experiment of the spatial pattern among orchards, the index of aggregation was >1 in most monitoring date and the index of spatial association was negative during early and late growing season. Factors influencing the spatial-temporal dynamics of G. molesta are discussed.

Grapholita molesta, G. dimorpha and C. sasakii as “internal feeders” are important apple pests in Korea. Three species overwinters around and in apple orchards. New young larvae of three species bore into new shoots or fruits and then feed inside apple. When mature larvae escape from fruits they make holes that reduces the commercial value of fruit. Therefore, understanding the phenological distribution of three species is critical to establish the precise management system for reducing three species population. The study was conducted to investigate the adult emergence of G. molesta, G. dimorpha and C. sasakii using pheromone traps and to forecast the cumulative proportion of each population. This study is second part of consecutive experiment. Data collection was carried out on three commercial apple orchards and one experimental orchard of Giran in 2010 and 2011. The experimental process was same in the study of plum. More than 50% of G. molesta male was occurred in spring season (within 500 degree-days), 2010 and 2011. The adult emergence of G. dimorpha and C. sasakii was linear and sigmoidal pattern in each year. The phenology of C. sasakii was explained well by nonlinear functions and the equation 3, 6, 8 and 11 were selected based on AICc and BIC. The selected equations were validated by the data of present year (2011) in each region. The performance of G. molesta and G. dimorpha was analyzed well by bimodal functions. The importance of phenological model is discussed to develop and maintain a more precise system for multiple pest management on apple orchard.

The study was conducted to investigate the phenological distribution of G. molesta, G. dimorpha and C. sasakii and to estimate the emergence timing of three species in plum orchards. It was known that G. molesta and G. dimorpha are a multi-voltine insect and C. sasakii has one to two generations depending on temperature and geographic location. Three species damage to many economically important fruit tree such as plum, pear, peach and apple. The main emergence time of each species is different depending on host plant and environmental conditions, specially temperature. Therefore, if we have the information of population density and low temperature threshold of a species and air mean temperature of a region in previous year we can predict the phenology of a species in present year. This is one part of consecutive research. Data collection was carried out in seven plum-growing commercial orchards of Uiseong in 2010 and 2011. The commercial pheromone monitoring traps (GreenAgroTech) were used to investigate the flight phenology of three speices. The record of temperature was received from meteorological center close to monitoring orchards. The relationships between degree-day accumulated above the low temperature threshold and cumulative proportion of accumulated moth caught of previous year was used to predict the phenology of three species in present year. The results of G. molesta and G. dimorpha estimated by bimodal functions were better than those analyzed by nonlinear functions. The phenology of C. sasakii was analyzed well by nonlinear function and the equation 3, 6, 8 and 11 were selected based on AICc and BIC. The selected equations were validated in each orchard.

The study investigated the chemical treatment effects on apple borers (Lepidoptera: Totricidae, Carposinidae) when the larvae already bored inside the apple fruits. Infested apple fruits were harvested from the insecticide-free orchards in Giran, Andong on 17 July, 2010. Twenty chemical pesticides registered for the apple borers were treated on recommendation dose with dipping methods. Each treatment consisted of 20 infested apples with average 6.2 larva per apple. Mortality was relatively low, mostly 10% and a few with 30~40%. No larva died inside the apple. But dying larva escaped from apple much earlier than live ones. However there was significant sublethal effect.. Escaping time (d) from chemical treatments was longer than that from control where no chemical was treated. After escaping from the apple, in took ap. 2days to become pupae. Pupal periods were ap. 12 days without any difference among treatments. However adult emergence rate was higher in control (10.7%) than in treatments (18.5%). Among survived adults, one third was Carposina sasakii and remaining was Grapholita molesta. On conclusion, timing of insecticide spray is critical in the apple borer management.

The study was conducted to investigate the spring emergence pattern of G. molesta and to forecast the emerging time of overwintering G. molesta on tree fruit orchards. G. molesta is one of major insect pests on fruit trees in Korea. The host range of G. molesta includes many economically important tree fruit plants such as apple, pear, peach and plum. The overwintering G. molesta emerge from late March as an adult lay eggs on the shoot of peach or fruits of apple, plum and peach. Therefore, it is important to understand the biofix and to forecast the emerging peak period of overwintering G. molesta for establishing the pest management strategy. The pheromone trap of G. molesta has been utilized to monitor the population density in apple orchard. The commercial stick trap (GreenAgroTech) and lure (Z8-12:AC, E8-12:Ac, Z8-12:OH, 95:5:1) was set to monitor the population density of G. molesta on each place (56 different fruit orchards). The record of temperature was received from meteorological center close to monitoring orchards. The parameters for forecasting the emerging time and peak period of overwintering G. molesta were calculated from the results of Yang et al (1997 and 2001). Although the estimated biofix of G. molesta was not fitted well, the peak period of overwintering G. molesta was explained by linear regression model. The spring emergence pattern of G. molesta was presented differently related to host plant and geographical location. The peak period of G. molesta at the same mornitoring county was presented differently according to host plant. The synchronization between host plant and G. molesta may be studied to figure out the spring emerging time of overwintering G. molesta.