Bourbon is the major coffee variety grown in Rwanda. Fully washed bourbon produced in Rwanda is a nascent specialty coffee and no investigation of its quality characteristics has been reported. Thus, this study aimed at providing information about intrinsic flavor characteristics and identifying the most discriminating aroma compounds of this coffee from the major growing areas in four provinces (considered by this study as geographical sub-regions) in comparison with Arabica coffee from Ethiopia and Brazil using electronic nose and electronic tongue. Samples were discriminated and characterized by performing a principal component analysis (PCA). A discriminant factorial analysis (DFA) model was also used to predict the geographic origin of coffee samples based on their flavor characteristics. A similarity was observed between flavor characteristics of coffee samples from western and southern sub-regions as well as between northern and eastern sub-regions of Rwanda. Twenty one most discriminating aroma compounds were found but the identified and confirmed ones are: Butan-2-one, Acetic acid, n-Butanol, 2, 3- Pentanedione, Ethyl-2-methybutyrate, Dimethylsulfide, 2-Prpanol, 2-Methylfuran, Ethylacetate, Ethyl propionate and Heptanal. A DFA model using e-nose was successful in predicting the geographic origin of coffee samples but not with e-tongue. This means that aroma can reliably be used to predict the geographic origin of coffee samples than their taste characteristics. Further investigation is required to test the possibility of origin recognition based on taste characteristics.

Response surface methodology (RSM) is one of the statistical methods for optimizing dependent variable in response to independent variables, and has been used in various field of food engineering. The model coded by RSM has a canonical formulation of 2nd order polynomial with the normalized ranges of independent variables. To accurately accomplish the optimization using RSM an adequate experimental design, i.e., response surface design, is necessary. Response surface design is determined by type of design and number of independent variables. In this study, we are to develop a response surface design applicable for optimizing hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare) production under various conditions of temperature and humidity in forage growing system. As a result, 3 experimental designs were conceived for future RSM; central composite design (CCD), inscribed central composite design (ICCD) and equiradial design. Each design requires experimental trials of 13, 13, and 8, respectively. We will further select one of the designs for actual experiments for finding the optimal temperature and humidity necessary for maximizing fresh forage production in the system.

This study was determined optimal condition as culture medium, pH, carbohydrate source and growth regulators through axillary buds cultures of Salix gracilistyla. S. gracilistyla shoots were obtained from axillary bud on 1/2MS basal medium after 2 weeks of culture. Highest shoot growth was showed in the MS medium(GI= 2.43). Shoot growth was highest in 9% sucrose compared to other concentration. BAP affects axillary shoot multiplication in of S. gracilistyla. Among nutrients, Ca2+ was not affected shoot number of S. gracilistyla. However, NH4+, NO3 -, and K+ is greatly influenced shoot number. However, Ca2+ was affected in shoot length of S. gracilistyla. Feeding of Mg2+ was not affected in shoot length. Root number is greatly influenced by NH4 +, NO3 -, and K+, however NH4 + and K+ was not affected root number of S. gracilistyla. NH4 + was affected root length, however Mg4 + was not affected root length. Treatment of 0.1mg/L IBA promoted in vitro rooting. In vitro rooted plantlets were successfully transferred to pots for 4weeks hardening process. Later, these plants were transferred to soil with above 90% survival rate in BS+SD(2:1). These results could be easily adopted for commercial large scale cultivation.

The efficacy of the natural amendments in improving physical condition as well as waterretention characteristics of the growing media in pot culture was studied on seven different mixratio of growing media applied to soil. Growing media was prepared from peat, perlite, pruningwaste, pulp(3:1:3:3(w/w/w/w)). Growth substrates were prepared by mixing growing media at therates of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 100% with soil at 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%,50% and 0%, respectively. The bulk density tended to decreased with increasing growing mediaproportions. The particle density was lowest(0.6 g/cm3) in sole growing media treatment and theporosity of all the soil mixed growing media(63.2~83.3%) was significantly higher than that ofthe soil as sole medium(60.7%). The water content was lowest in sole soil treatment(5.1%) andgrowing media as sole medium(57.8%) was the closely ideal range for pot culture(>60%). Although substrates were varying water to the atmosphere at similar rates which retained waterfor longer, growing media as sole still remain constant on high water content. It was confirmedthat strongly correlated between bulk density and water retentivity(correlation-0.85).

우리는 심각한 열스트레스 및 서로 다른 사료 에너지 급여가 사료 소화율 변화에 미치는 영향과 심각 한 열스트레스 조건에서 유지를 위한 에너지 요구량을 설정하기 위해 한우 육성기 거세우 4두(평균체중 200±11.7kg)를 이용하였다. 사료 처리는 서로 다른 에너지 공급을 위해 4 시험구(TDN 기준, 쾌적한 상태 하에서 한국사양표준 한우 육성우 에너지 요구량의 100%(대조구), 심각한 열스트레스 하에서 에너 지 100%(E100), 115%(E115), 130%(E130)로 나누어 4×4 라틴 방각법으로 수행하였다. 온도 및 습도에 노출한 열스트레스 조건을 위해 대조구는 쾌적한 온습도지수(THI)=71.5, 나머지 3개 처리구는 THI=81.4로 심각한 스트레스 수준으로 설정하였다. 심각한 열스트레스는 진정 건물소화율을 유의적으 로(p<0.05) 감소시켰으며(대조구 81.5 vs E100 79.1, E115 77.0 및 E130 76.0%), 사료에너지 공급 수 준의 증가는 건물소화율의 감소를 가져오는 것으로 나타났다. 심각한 열스트레스 및 서로 다른 사료 에 너지 급여 수준은 혈중 생리대사물질 함량 및 체온 변화에 유의적인 영향을 미치진 않았다(p>0.05). 본 연구를 통해 심각한 열스트레스 하에서 육성기 한우거세우의 유지를 위한 에너지 요구량은 Y=0.235X+115.03과 같은 산정식으로 계산될 수 있으며, 이러한 결과는 육성기 한우거세우에게 열스트 레스 하에서 체중변화없는 유지 에너지 요구량을 만족시키기 위해서는 현재 한국사양표준 대비, 사료 에너지 15.03%를 더 공급해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

This study evaluated the physicochemical quality characteristics of raw and roasted beans of fully washed specialty Bourbon cultivar ofCoffea Arabica“BM 139" from seven of the major coffee growing areas in Rwanda in comparison with a wet processed Typica cultivar from Yirgacheffe, Ethiopia and a dry processed red Bourbon cultivar from Cerrado, Brazil. Tested samples had moisture content between 7.7 and10.2%. Raw coffee from Brazil had the lowest density and darker than samples from other regions. Other samples showed no significant differences in true density. Raw coffee from Kayumbu coffee washing station (CWS), Kamonyi district showed the lowest total phenolic content of 38.4 mg/g solid whereas raw coffee from Nyamyumba CWS, Rubavu district had the highest content of 46.8 mg/g solid. DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA) ranged from 89.9 to 91.8% and varied little between samples. Raw coffee from Yirgacheffe, Ethiopia showed the highest total titratable acidity of 1.48% as citric acid and totalcaffeoylquinic acidof 82.62 mg/g solid whereas that from Brazil had the highest caffeine content of 18.5 mg/g solid. Raw coffee from Karenge CWS, Rwamagana district was characterized by having the lowest caffeine and trigonelline content (13.4 and 10.3 mg/g solid, respectively). After roasting, there was a drop in most physicochemical characteristics. Raw and roasted coffee samples from Rulindo and Kirorero CWS indicated higher bulk densities which might be due to higher altitudes of these two areas. Caffeine and RSA were not affected by the roasting process. The Brazilian coffee was characterized by higher caffeine content in raw as well as roasted forms. After roasting, coffees from Rwanda were more acidic than Brazilian and Ethiopian coffees. This study revealed that the physicochemical characteristics of the Bourbon cultivar may vary depending on the geographical sub-regions which is due to environmental conditions, processing and agricultural practices.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of migration frequency on growth performance, blood profile, pork quality and economical analysis in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 56 growing pigs [(Yorkshire×Landrace)×Duroc] with an initial body weight 28.01±4.09 kg were used in this experiment. Pigs were randomly allocated to one of two treatments in a randomized complete block design and 7 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. Experimental treatments were 1) 1 site: growingto- finishing at 1.24 m2/head, 2) 2 site: growing facility for 6 week at 0.81 m2/head followed by move to the finishing facility at 1.24 m2/head. Feeding trial was composed by two growing phase (0-3 week, 4-6 week) and two finishing phase (7-9 week, 10-12 week). As a result, different pig flows influenced on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs and 1 site treatment showed higher average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and G:F ratio on growing phase (0-6 week, p<0.01). The 2 site treatment showed higher serum cortisol level at week 6 (p=0.03). In carcass evaluation, 1 site treatment had shorter days to slaughter 110 kg body weight (p=0.01). Consequently, 1 site system had better performance and economical profits for swine farms.

The aim of this study was to investigate growth performance of growing-finishing pigs in response to high planes of nutrition. Seventy-two Yorkshire barrows weighing approximately 26 kg were randomly allotted to one of three planes of nutrition: ‘BASAL,’ ‘high’ (HI), and ‘extra-high’ (X-HI). BASAL, HI, and X-HI grower diets contained 1.15%, 1.25%, and 1.35% lysine and 3.48, 3.54, and 3.60 Mcal DE/kg, respectively; finisher diets had 1.10%, 1.10%, and 1.20% lysine and 3.43, 3.50, and 3.57 Mcal DE/kg, respectively. The animals were placed on the grower and finisher diets for 40 and 63 days, respectively, and slaughtered. Average daily gain, which did not differ among the three dietary groups during the grower phase, was greater (p<0.05) in the X-HI group than in the other two groups during the finisher phase (811, 862, and 842 g during the grower phase and 855, 884, and 953 g during the finisher phase for the BASAL, HI, and X-HI groups, respectively). Dressing percentage of the carcass was greater in the X-HI than in the other two groups, backfat thickness tending to be less in the X-HI group vs. BASAL (p=0.09). Results suggest that the growth rate of growing-finishing barrows could be increased by placing them on a high plane of nutrition.

This study was conducted to determine grazing intensity of growing Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae) on mountainous pasture. It was carried out to obtain basic information for improvement of mountainous pasture management and establishing feeding system of Korean native goats. Castrated, male goats (n=10) with average initial body weight (BW) of 23.33±2.15kg and an average age of 4 months were used in this study. Grazing goats were supplemented by concentrates with 1.0% of BW. The crude protein content of forage was the highest in October (22.71±0.25%) and there were significantly differences (p<0.05) in monthly comparison. The forage productivity of pasture was the highest from May to June (1718.7±207.5~ 1672.0±422.8 kg/ha) but it was decreased in July (1356.0±103.8 kg/ha) because of drought and summer depression. Average daily gains (ADG) of goats were the highest in June (99.5±6.4 d/g). Grazing intensity was calculated by forage productivity and dry matter intake (DMI) and was the highest in May (65 head/ha). As shown in the results of this research, grazing intensity was suggested to average 39 head/ha from May to October. It is desirable that adequate grazing intensity was maintained by adjusting supplemental feed.

Bacterial fruit blotch(BFB) of cucurbits caused by Acidovorax citrulli(Acc) continues to diminish fruit yields. The aim of this study was to address whether two genetically distinct populations of Acc are present in watermelon-growing fields in Korea. For this purpose, we used the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction(ERIC-PCR) profiling and substrate-utilization profiles. According to the results of ERIC-PCR, group I and II strains showed clearly differentiated PCR-based fingerprinting profiles. Differences between group I and II strains included amplification of unique, group-specific DNA fragments such as the 1.3-, 0.28-, and 0.25-kb fragments in ERIC-PCR. Acc stains belonging to group I did not use L-leucine, whereas group II strains did use the substrate. Our results support the genetic differentiation of Acc strains into two groups and demonstrate that Acc strains from both groups are previously existed in watermelon-growing fields in Korea. Information about the genetic diversity of Acc under the present study will help scientists and managers form strategies to control BFB.

차나무 표준수확량을 산출하기 위해 하동 차나무재배 지역별 재배방법 및 환경적 요인에 따른 고급수 제차 생산량 변화를 조사하였다. 고급수제차 생산시기별 생산량을 조사하여 차나무 표준수확량을 산출 하기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였다. 조사지역은 고급수제차 재배지역(정금리, 입석리)과 티백 혼용 재배지 역(부춘리)을 선정 후 생육특성 및 수확량을 조사하였다. 그 결과 고급수제차 수확 위주의 차밭 지역인 정금리와 입석리에서 신초장, 엽장, 엽폭 그리고 수확량이 높은 편이었다. 3개 지점의 수확량을 조사한 결과, 정금리 지역(2,408.3kg/1ha), 부춘리 지역(752.2kg/1ha) 그리고, 입석리 지역(1,224.1kg/1ha) 순 으로 수확량이 높게 나타났다. 이 결과들은 고급 수제차 생산을 위한 차밭 중에서도 비배관리와 수형관 리를 주기적으로 이루어지고 있는 차밭의 경우 관리가 이뤄지지 않는 차밭과 비교 하였을 때 수확량에 서 차이가 나는 것으로 보인다. 특히, 초기 우전 채엽시기 보다 세작 채엽시기에 생산량에서 차이가 많 이 나타나는 것으로 관찰되었다. 전체적으로 관리작업이 잘 이루어진 정금리 차밭이 입석리 차밭보다 고급수제차 수확량이 약 1.5배 높게 나타났으며, 티백 원료생산 목적의 부춘리보다 2배로 높게 나타났 다. 2014년 3지역의 차나무 수확량은 1,461.6kg/1ha으로 산출되었다. 본 연구결과들을 통해 차나무 재 배지역의 재배방법 및 환경적 요인에 따라 고급수제차 생산에 차이가 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다.

The growth of Italian ryegrass (IRG) after wintering was very low in 2015 when IRG was broadcasted under growing rice in fall of 2014. To determine growth inhibitory factors of IRG, we examined the growth conditions of IRG in Nonsan region and meteorological conditions in Daejeon nearby Nonsan. Minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 8th and 9th of 2015 after wintering of IRG were 8.8℃, 10.7 m/s and 12.4℃, 9.6m/s, respectively. Air temperature was suddenly dropped due to strong wind with snow showers, which had unfavorable effect on root growth of IRG exposed at the soil surface. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 12th, 13th, and 14th of 2015 were 4.1℃, 11.6 m/s, － 5.6℃, 10.3 m/s, and －4.7℃, 7.5 m/s, respectively. The growth circumstance of IRG was not good because soil was dried due to drought continued from January. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 26th, 27th, and 28th of 2015 were 1.8℃, 13.7 m/s, －3.5℃, 10.6 m/s, and 4.1℃, 6.8 m/s, respectively. The number of wilting of IRG was more than 59% until Mar. 3rd of 2015. IRG faced irreparable environment (low minimum temperatures and extreme instantaneous wind speeds) for 9 days from Mar. 4th to Mar. 12th of 2015. The main reason for the decrease of IRG productivity was collection delay of rice straw after rice harvest because there was continuous rain between Oct. and Nov. of 2014. For this reason, weakly grown IRG under rice straw was withered after wintering. IRG was withered by frost heaving, drought, and instantaneous wind speed in the spring. Furthermore, the root of IRG was damaged while growing in excess moisture in the surface of paddy soil during the winter season due to rain.

Frederick Denny in Islam and the Muslim Community points out that one of the most noteworthy aspects of contemporary Islam is its growing prosperity in Europe, especially in countries of Christian dominance. Most recently, in the wake of rise of ISIS in Syria and influx of Muslim refugees to Europe, a newspaper reports, “There will eventually be more Muslims than Christians in Europe.” The growth of Islam is taking place not just in Europe. It is a worldwide trend, and the Muslim population is rapidly increasing in Korea as well. To better understand how best to meet the challenge of rising Muslim populations, specifically in England and in Korea, this article attempts to develop a Christian Christological response. To that end, the article first explores contemporaryMuslim trends in England and Korea with an eye toward understanding how to communicate the gospel to them effectively. This includes an examination of the Islamic Jesus portrayed in the Qur’an in comparison to Jesus, the Son of God in Christianity. As is known, pivotal to attaining a meaningful Christian-Muslim dialogue, as well as a credible Christian witness to Muslims, is the problem of Christology. Islam has a fairly well-developed Christology. However, the Christian message that “Jesus is the Son of God” is an abomination to the Muslims. Thus, Christians face crucial Christological questions whether they must avoid the term “Son of God” and instead defer to the name “Isa” for Jesus by which Muslims know him. Facing the obstacles in traditional Christian-Muslim dialogue, the article explores how best to stand on common ground with Muslims while satisfactorily and carefully articulating points of distinction, especially regarding the work of Christ. The article concludes by formulating an effective strategy for relating to and reaching Muslims theologically and culturally, while concretely manifesting Christian love in order to be the love of Christ to them and not just talk about it abstractly.

This experiment was designed to assess the physical and chemical properties of growing media substituted with a range of increasing concentrations of pretreated wood and to relate these properties to plant growth responses. For preparing the growing media, each material was combined with rural soil, peat, perlite and pretreated wood. Physicochemical properties studied were similar to ideal substrate ranges for plant growth on growing media, including pretreated wood. Physical properties were also well maintained over time. In comparison to plants growing in 100% rural soil, tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea) in the prepared growing media achieved better growth, especially when using the 50% rural soil + 50% PPW(peat + perlite + pretreated wood, 3:1:6(w/w/w)) and 30% rural soil + 70% PPW (peat + perlite + pretreated wood, 3:1:6(w/w/w)), and showed improved germination percentage. We confirmed the potential use of growing media, including pretreated wood. Furthermore, our results show a correlation among the physicochemical properties of tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea); physical properties were significantly influenced by germination and aerial parts. The root length of physicochemical properties was correlated with bulk density and organic compound (p<0.01).

A total of 240 growing pigs were distributed in three treatment groups to investigate the influence of fermentation in different feeder type on the growing finishing pigs. The treatments were dry feeding (DF), wet feeding (WF) with dry-wet feeders and liquid feeding (LF) with freshly prepared 3:1 water to feed ratio fed three times a day throughout the experiment. The average daily gain (ADG) and body weight were consistently greater (p<0.05) in LF than the others. When the entire experimental period was taken under consideration the ADG and body weight was also found to be increased (p<0.05) in WF in comparison to DF. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) and growth to feed ratio (G/F) was not affected however the average daily water intake (ADWI) and water to feed ratio (W/F) were significantly reduced (p<0.01) in WF in comparison to DF and LF. The ATTD of DM, GE and CP was increased (p<0.05) in WF and LF in comparison to DF at both phase I and II (4th and 8th wk) of the experiment. Carcass characteristics and blood parameters were not affected (p>0.05) in any of the feeding type in growing finishing pigs. It can be concluded that wet feeding with dry-wet feeders is good for enhancing the growth performance in the later stages while fresh liquid feeding in ratio 3:1 is beneficial for the growing finishing pigs throughout the experiment.

This study was carried out to develope mushroom growing medium for Pleurotus eryngii cultivation using persimmon peels. Total nitrogen, carbon source and protein of commercial cultivation medium used in this study was 1.34, 53.9 and 0.09 %, respectively. The C/N ratio was 40.22. The total nitrogen was increased by increasing mixing ratio of persimmon peels. The carbon source and protein was no significant difference by increasing mixing ratio of persimmon peels. In column test, mycelial growth of 15% persimmon peels treatment was similar with control, but mycelia of 20-50% persimmon peels treatment was growed slowly compared with control. To investigate yields of fruiting body, 15% of persimmon peels was mixed with commercial cultivation medium. The fruiting body of 15% persimmon peels treatment was no significant difference yield compared with control. But, the chemical contents of 15% persimmon peels treatment were the higher than control.

이 연구의 목적은 경제림육성단지를 대상으로 등급을 구분하고 이를 수치지도화 함으로써 향후 경제 림육성단지 관리를 위한 자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 이를 위해서, 경제림육성단지의 특성을 살펴보고, 등급구분 방안을 마련하고 적용함으로써 최종적으로 경제림육성단지 등급구분 결과를 제시하였다. 산림 기능평가도 중 목재생산기능도와 산지구분도상의 공익용산지를 이용하여 GIS 중첩분석기능 통해 경제 림육성단지를 Ⅰ·Ⅱ·Ⅲ등급으로 구분하였다. 경제림단지에서 먼저 목재생산기능이 높은(고) 지역을 추출하여 Ⅰ등급으로 구분하고, 기타 보통(중)·낮음(저) 지역에 해당하는 곳은 Ⅱ등급으로 하였다. 다 음으로 공익용산지에 해당하는 곳은 Ⅲ등급으로 재추출하였다. 전국적으로 경제림육성단지의 등급구분 결과 Ⅰ등급 2,083천 ha(71.9%), Ⅱ등급 499천 ha(17.2%), Ⅲ등급 267천 ha(9.2%)로 나타났다. 2103 년 선도 산림경영단지로 지정된 홍천, 진안, 보성 3개 단지를 대상으로 경제림육성단지 등급구분 결과 를 비교했을 때 대부분 I등급지에 해당하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 경제림육성단지 등급구분 결과는 추후 선도 산림경영단지 지정을 위한 근거자료로 활용할 수 있으며, 생산성이 높은 경제림육성단지를 집중 육성할 수 있는 토대가 될 것이다.