This study was conducted from 2022 to 2024 at the Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science (RDA), in Cheonan, Korea, to develop a medium-maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The newly developed tetraploid cultivar, named ‘Spider’, is characterized by its green leaves, semi-erect growth habit in late autumn, and erect growth habit in mid-spring. With a heading date of May 16, ‘Spider’ is classified as a medium-maturing variety. Compared to the control cultivar ‘Kowinmaster’, ‘Spider’ has a 1.0 mm wider leaf blade, a 1.6 cm longer leaf blade, and is 5 cm taller in plant height. Its dry matter yield (10,169 kg/ha) is significantly higher than that of ‘Kowinmaster’ (p<0.05). The crude protein content of ‘Spider’ is 10.4%, which is 0.2% higher than that of the control. Additionally, ‘Spider’ has a neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of 49.5% and an acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of 26.6%, showing a 2.2% lower NDF and a 0.2% higher ADF compared to ‘Kowinearly’.

Climatic change affects agricultural, environmental and livestock production. Forage productivity is highly dependent on the weather change. The Pyeongchang region has more difficulty in cultivation of Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrids (SSH) than other warm regions because of the cold weather. This experiment was carried out to analysis the agronomic characteristics, productivity, and nutritive value of three cultivars of Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrids in the Pyeongchang region from 2021 to 2022. Two harvests were taken in each year, and the agronomic characteristics, dry matter yield, and nutrient content of the whole SSH crops were determined. The plant height ranged between 281-291 cm and 165-172 cm in the first and second harvest, respectively. Plant height of Superdan (291±49 cm) was the highest in the first cut and Dairy mens Dream (172±30 cm) was the highest in the second cut time. Stem diameter ranged from 9.5 to 8.8 mm with Superdan having a higher level than the other two cultivars. The Dairy mens Dream variety produced significantly higher dry matter yield (15,695 kg/ha) than those of Superdan (14,584 kg/ha) and Supergreen (14,300 kg/ha) over a two-year experimental period. In terms of nutritional quality, the crude protein content, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of SSH cultivars were analysed. There were no significant changes in the content of CP, ADF and NDF ranges among the cultivars. In addition, the Superdan cultivar had slightly higher CP content (10.17%) and was followed by Dairy mens Dream (9.84%) and Supergreen (9.54%) in the second cut time of 2-year average. Dairy mens dream had lower ADF and NDF values than other cultivars; however, no significant differences amongst cultivars in fiber content were observed. Therefore, these three cultivars displayed the potential growth characteristics, DM yield and nutritive values in Pyeongchang region. Hence, the SSH cultivars have a potential to withstand the climatic change and improve SSH productivity in the study area.

Cool-season grasses are currently widely used in South Korea, but their productivity and quality may decline due to global warming associated with climate change. Warm-season grasses have shown greater adaptability to heat stress and drought conditions, making them potential alternatives for summer pasture establishment in central and southern Korea. This study aimed to compare the growth characteristics, productivity, and forage value of warm-season grasses bermudagrass and crabgrass for pasture establishment in the central region of South Korea. The experiment was conducted from May 2023 to October 2024 at the National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, South Korea. Crabgrass exhibited superior initial establishment and faster growth rates, whereas bermudagrass had poor initial growth, placing it at a competitive disadvantage against weeds. However, after the first cutting, bermudagrass successfully established itself and maintained a stable botanical composition. The annual dry matter productivity of crabgrass (8,586 kg/ha in 2023 and 12,013 kg/ha in 2024) was 32.62% and 40.18% higher, respectively, than that of bermudagrass (5,785 kg/ha in 2023 and 8,570 kg/ha in 2024). In forage value, crabgrass tended to show higher feed value at the initial harvest, while bermudagrass showed higher quality at the later harvests. In conclusion, these results suggest that both crabgrass and bermudagrass have potential for pasture establishment, with carbgrass being more suitable for short-term due to its rapid growth and high productivity, and bermudagrass being more appropriate for long-term due to its stable productivity in regions where overwintering in possible.

배추는 한국에서 연중 소비되는 김치의 주 원료이며, 노지에서 주로 재배되고 있다. 온실 재배 수경재배 시 스템은 기후 변화에 영향을 받지 않고 토양을 대신한 배지를 사용함으로써 토양 병원균으로부터 작물을 보호할 수 있어 재배 안정성을 확보할 수 있다. 수경재배용 배지 중 일부는 재사용이 가능하고, 이러한 배지의 조성은 작물 생 장과 품질에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구는 재사용 코이어 배지 또는 인공배지를 첨가한 배지 조성에 칼슘 공급원을 처리하여 배추(Brassica rapa ‘Bulam Plus’)를 수경재배 했을 때 배액과 생육에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 10주동 안 수행하였다. 배지 조성은 재사용 코이어: 피트모스: 펄라이트 비율(v/v/v)을 각각10:0:0, 7:2:1, 5:3:2의 세 처리 와 각 처리에 칼슘 공급원인 CaSO4(G)와 CaO(Q)를 200g/m2 혼합한 총6가지 처리(G10:0:0, G7:2:1, G5:3:2, Q10:0:0, Q7:2:1, Q5:3:2)하였다. 배액량, 배액의 pH와 EC, 생육, 잎끝마름(Tipburn)발생을 조사하였다. 배추 생육이 증가함에 따라 모든 처리에서 배액률은 감소하였고, 처리 9주째는 20% 미만으로 감소하였다. 배액의 EC는 G 처리가 Q 처리 보다 높았으나 배액의 pH는 Q 처리가 높았다. 처리 10주째 배추의 초장, 엽수, 엽폭은 처리 간 유의성이 없었다. 엽 록소함량값(SPAD)은 G7:2:1과 G5:3:2처리에서 높게 나타났다. 잎의 당도와 건물중은 Q5:3:2처리에서 높았으며, 건물 중이 관찰되었다. 배추의 잎끝마름 발생은 처리 25일째 관찰되었으며, G7:2:1처리에서 가장 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때 CaO가 첨가되고 재사용 코이어 50% 함유된 Q5:3:2처리에서 수경 재배된 배추 생육이 양호하였다. 본 연 구는 간이 시설을 적용된 수경재배 시스템에서의 안정적 배추 재배를 위해 재사용 코이어 배지와 칼슘 공급원에 관 한 기본 정보를 제공하고자 하였다.

본 연구는 54일 동안 관수량과 오이(‘아시아 은천 F1’)의 생 육, 줄기 수액 흐름, 광합성 특성, 수분 이용 효율에 대한 상대 습도(RH)와 광도의 영향을 평가하였다. 오이는 토양 화분에 서 재배되었으며, 토양 수분 장력계로 자동 제어(－10kPa) 하 여 EC 1.5dS m-1의 양액을 1회 주당(per plant) 265mL 공급하 였다. 처리는 세 조건으로 광도 200μmol·m-2·s-1에 가습 처리 구(HL)와 무가습의 대조구(Control), 광도 350μmol·m-2·s-1 에 가습 처리구(HH)로 설정하였다. 주간(weekly) 평균 RH는 가습 처리구에서 79.5%(VPD 2.4kPa), 무가습 처리구에서 65.5%(VPD 4.0kPa)이었고, 평균 온도는 모든 처리구에서 25℃이었다. 총관수 횟수는 대조구에서 29회, HL처리구에 서 26회, HH처리구에서 27회이었다. HH처리구에서 초장과 마디 수, 엽 생육, 줄기 직경에서 생장이 컸으며, HH처리구에 서 광합성률이 더 높았고, 대조구에서 증산률이 더 높았다. 주 간 엽온은 HH처리구에서 28℃, HL처리구에서 26℃, 대조구 가 23℃였으며, 엽기온차는 HH처리구에서 2℃, HL처리구 에서 0℃, 대조구에서 －3℃ 이였다. 모든 처리구에서 줄기 수액흐름(SFRR)은 광의 유무와 토양수분장력에 영향을 받 아 광주기 시작 전 10%(HH, Control)－30%(HL)에서 광주 기 시작 이후 60%(HH)－90%(Control)로 상승하였고, 관수 후 SFRR은 20－30% 상승폭을 나타냈다. 광 조사 동안 평균 SFRR은 대조구에서 88.5%로 가습처리구보다 높은 경향이 었다. 이상의 결과 오이 토양 포트재배에서 토양수분장력 －10kPa 관수제어시 처리구의 토양 수분장력은 차이가 없음 에도 불구하고 적정 VPD가 유지되면 오이의 생육과 암꽃발 생률이 높았고 광주기 동안 엽기온차, 관수영향은 SFRR에 영 향을 주었다.

This study compared relative growth rates (RGRs) of Neopyropia yezoensis and Neopyropia dentata in response to changes in water temperature (20, 22, 24, 26 and 28°C) and light intensity (40 and 80 μmol m-2·s-1) during early growth stages (1 and 10 mm). After 2 weeks of cultivation under a combination of high temperature and light intensity, the limit growth condition was 22°C for N. yezoensis and 26°C for N. dentata. N. yezoensis with 1 mm blade crimpled seriously at 22 to 26°C than its 10 mm blade. Both sizes were completely dead at temperature over 26°C. On the other hand, N. dentata was able to grow at relatively high temperatures. It grew higher with 10 mm blade than with 1 mm blade. N. dentata showed a normal color and displayed a flat surface without any decay at 28°C. The growth of N. dentata was limited and crimpled at 26 and 28°C 40 μmol photons m-2·s-1 conditions, although its normal growth and morphology were observed under other conditions. In the case of light intensity, it was confirmed that 80 μmol photons m-2·s-1 was more appropriate for grow of both species than 40 μmol m-2·s-1.

In this study, Pleurotus ostreatus were grown in bottles at temperatures set to 15°C, 20°C, and 25°C inside the cultivation room. Changes in temperature, CO2 concentration, and humidity inside the bottles were measured, and growth characteristics according to the temperature conditions were evaluated. CO2 concentration increased overall as the temperature increased and was particularly stable at 20°C, suggesting that 20°C is the optimal condition for the physiological respiration of P. ostreatus . While humidity was relatively constant at 15°C, it decreased over time at 20°C and was maintained at a stable level at 25°C, suggesting that water retention capacity may occur at high temperatures. As a result of the growth investigation, the yield per bottle and individual weight were the highest at 20°C, confirming that 20°C is the most suitable temperature condition for the growth of oyster mushrooms. At 25°C, the yield per bottle was maintained but the individual weight decreased and the color tended to change. These results suggest that the interaction between CO2 concentration, humidity, and temperature has a significant effect on the growth and quality of oyster mushrooms, and that it is effective to control the cultivation room temperature to 20°C for optimal growth.

Sorghum-Sudangrass hybrids (SSH) is a grass cereal hybrid crop with a high yield potential under different climatic conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth characteristics, dry matter yield and nutrient content of the SSH cultivars such as Dairy Mens Dream, Superdan and Supergreen from 2021 to 2023 in Jeju Island, Korea. Among the three cultivars, Superdan grew significantly taller with a larger stem diameter at both harvest times. In contrast, Dairy Mens Dream had least height and less stem diameter, but the dry matter yield was greater for Dairy Mens Dream than other cultivars. Furthermore, the crude protein content at the first cut was higher than 8.5% compared to the second cut (6.5 – 7.0%). The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content was higher in the second harvest of all cultivars compared to the first harvest of SSH in 2021. The SSH cultivation in 2021 and 2023 had higher ADF and NDF content than in 2022, possibly due to the average precipitation and optimum temperature suitable for SSH production in 2021 and 2023. The selected three SSH cultivars showed significant growth characteristics, dry matter content, and nutritional value. The overall data suggested that all three SSH showed significant productivity and nutritional content in the Jeju region of sub-tropical climatic condition.

청주와 증평에서 채집한 섬서구메뚜기(Atractomorpha lata)의 발생과 온도(20°C, 25°C, 30°C)에 따른 령기별 발육기간, 성충수명, 산란수 및 부화율 등을 조사하였다. 섬서구메뚜기는 5월 말부터 부화약충이 나타나기 시작하여 7월말부터 성충이 출현하고 8월 중순에 성충의 밀도가 가장 높았다. 청주와 증평에서 채집된 모든 령기에 대한 야외개체의 암수 비율은 각각 0.49와 0.45로 유사하게 조사되었다. 섬서구메뚜기 암컷은 6령까 지의 약충기를 거쳐 성충이 되지만 수컷은 5령 약충기만으로 성충이 되었다. 령기별 약충의 발육기간은 온도가 높아질수록 짧았으며 암컷이 수컷보 다 모든 온도에서 더 길었다. 성충의 수명은 온도가 높아질수록 암수 모두 감소하였고 암컷과 수컷 모두 20°C에서 각각 158.9일과 127.3일로 가장 긴 기간 동안 생존하였다. 온도가 높아질수록 산란전기는 짧아졌으나, 산란수는 반대로 증가하였다. 그러나 난괴당 산란수는 온도별 큰 차이를 보이 지 않았다. 섬서구메뚜기의 알은 30°C이상에서만 부화하여 52.0% 부화율을 보였다. 본 연구결과는 섬서구메뚜기를 방제하기 위하여 발생과 발육 에 관한 기초자료로써 활용가능 할 것으로 생각된다.

The oyster mushrooms have known to be a major product in Gyeonggi-do, with production accounting for 69% of the entire country. The ‘Daeseon’ cultivar, which has white and straight stem, was developed. This cultivar was developed by mating monokaryons isolated from the ‘Heuktari’ and ‘Hwaseong-2ho’ varieties. The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was 26~32oC on PDA medium and that for the primordia formation and the growth of fruit body of ‘Daeseon’ was 16~20oC on sawdust media. It took 35 days to complete spawn running, 3 days for finish primordia formation, and 4 days for finish fruit body growth in the bottle culture. It has shallow funnel-shaped pileus and a white straight stipe. The yield per bottle was 201 g/1,100 ml and was 16% higher than that of control cultivar ‘Suhan-1ho’. Based on above results, we expect this cultivar to be suitable for small packaging.

This study was conducted to secure basic data for developing technologies to reduce the generation of odor substances by investigating the effects of environmental temperature on growth performance and the generation of odor substances from feces in growing pigs. A total of 16 pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average body weight 56.49±0.47kg) were randomly assigned to two treatments: thermal-neutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions. The experiments were conducted for two weeks, with average temperature-humidity indices of 68.91±0.09 for TN and 85.98±0.08 for HS. The results showed that HS significantly decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI, 33.3%) and average daily gain (ADG, 25.8%) compared with TN (p<0.05). Non-esterified fatty acid in serum was lower (36.2%) in HS compared with TN (p<0.05). However, protein, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and IgG in serum showed no difference between HS and TN. Phenol (350.0%) and skatole (416.3%) were significantly higher in HS than in TN (p<0.05). The decrease in growth performance is attributed to reduction in ADFI. The increase in phenol and skatole in HS is presumed to be due to the effect of HS on the metabolism of intestinal microbial composition. Digestion rate, intestinal microbial composition, and urine emissions are known to affect odor substances. Further research on the content of odor substances in urine, nutrient digestion rate, and intestinal microbial composition is considered necessary to determine the exact associations.

This experiment was conducted to breed a very early-maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) at the Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, Korea, from 2022 to 2023. The new variety, named “Earlybird,” is a diploid variety characterized by green leaf color, a semi-erect growth habit in late autumn/fall, and an erect growth habit in early spring. With a heading date of April 30, Earlybird is categorized as a very early-maturing variety. Compared to the “Kowinearly” control variety, Earlybird’s flag-leaf width is wider by 0.2 mm, its flag-leaf length is longer by 1.4 cm, and its plant height is greater by 10.5 cm. Additionally, Earlybird’s ear length is 1.4 cm longer than Kowinearly's, and it exhibits lodging resistance. Although the dry matter yield of Earlybird (7,469 kg/ha) is smaller than that of Kowinearly, the difference is not statistically significant. The total digestible nutrient and crude protein content of Earlybird are 63.5% and 8.6%, respectively, which are higher than those of Kowinearly by 1.8% and 0.3%, respectively. The neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content of Earlybird are 56.9% and 32.0%, respectively, which are lower than those of Kowinearly by 2.2% and 2.3%, respectively.

The goal of this study was to provide basic data necessary for managing fish in the Seomgang River by confirming diversity of fish species in the Seomgang River and determining the degree of change in fish species through a comparison with earlier related work. Growth rate, obesity level, and temporal and spatial reproductive capacities were analyzed to determine growth characteristics of dominant species. Fish fauna and structure of the fish community were surveyed at three different time points from October of 2020 to August of 2021 at eight sites. In addition, growth characteristics of Zacco platypus from June of 2021 to July of 2022 at four sites were determined. A total of 3,999 individuals, 43 species, and ten families of fish were identified. Among these species, 19 (44.19%) were Korean endemic species and four (9.30%) were endangered species. The dominant species was Z. platypus. Pungtungia herzi was identified as a subdominant species. An analysis of length-weight relationships and condition factor (k) of Z. platypus confirmed a good state of growth. As a result of a frequency analysis of the total length, the life cycle of the Z. platypus population living in the Seomgang River was found to be stable. According to gonadosomatic index (GSI) analysis, the spawning season of Z. platypus was estimated to occur after May, consistent with the literature.