Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer, and it has been steadily increasing in worldwide. Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1) has been known as oncogene in a verity of cancers. Nevertheless, the expression and role of PTTG1 in OSCC progression remains largely unexplored. In this study, clinical datasets were analyzed to assess the genetic impact of PTTG1 on OSCC progression and to identify its functional roles in OSCC cell lines. We analyzed the expression of PTTG1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) and OSCC using databases form the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). To investigate the effect of PTTG1 on proliferation and migration abilities in OSCC cell lines, following the knockdown of PTTG1 in HSC-2 and SCC-9 cell lines, we analyzed the proliferation and metastatic abilities of OSCC cells using EdU and Boyden chamber assays. Our database analysis revealed that PTTG1 was significantly overexpressed in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. Moreover, its expression correlated with clinical parameters of OSCC. In vitro experiments demonstrated that depletion of PTTG1 suppressed the ability of cell proliferation and migration in both HSC-2 and SCC-9 cell lines. In conclusion, our study suggests that PTTG1 may act as an oncogene in OSCC. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms and clinical implications of PTTG1 expression in OSCC patients.

Chronic hypoxia is a major cause that increases neonatal mortality in the perinatal period. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors induced by hypoxia are increased blood vessel permeability in the developing central nervous system and characterized as a critical factor in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. This study investigated the development of the rat cerebellum with expression of VEGF and its receptors under chronic hypoxia in compare with normoxia. In addition, this study can contribute to the understanding of the effect development in the postnatal cerebellum. Rat pups were divided into two groups, normoxia and hypoxia group. The cerebellum of 35-day-old rat was removed and prepared for immunofluorescent staining. After staining, the sections were observed under the fluorescent microscope and were taken the picture using the microscopic-digital camera system. Expression of VEGF and Flk-1 restricted only to Purkinje cells, but feline sarcoma virus-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1) did not express in all of cerebellar layers. Under chronic hypoxia, expression of VEGF and fetal liver kinase-1 (Flk-1) increased in Purkinje cells but no changes in case of Flt-1. These results suggest that the source of VEGF and Flk-1 is Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. And increase of VEGF and Flk-1 expression in the murine cerebellum results from adaptive responses to chronic hypoxia.

The expression of MMPs in the development of the fertilized egg has a very important role in cell configuration. Objective To evaluate the clinical, the effect of differentially expressed MMPs on serum and serum - free medium on the maturation of blastocysts. The expression patterns of MMPs in serum and serum-free medium were compared at 6 h, 18 h and at the blastocyst stage using real-time PCR, ELISA and immunofluorescence. The results showed that the expression of MMPs was increased in the embryos of the serum medium, as a result of analysis of MMPs and TIMPs, MMP-2 was expressed in the cytoplasm of embryos in the serum-free medium, And it was found to be higher in expression than MMP-9. The serum medium was different from the bloodless badge: overall, TIMPs showed a higher expression in the ovarian cells than cyanosis, and TIMP-3 was more pronounced. Development rate of blastocyst according to in vitro culture method was higher than that of serum - free medium (61.22% 60/98) and serum - free medium (48.28% 28/58). Analysis of the protein release locations of MMPs and TIMPs showed that MMPs and TIMPs are highly expressed in serum mediums, focusing on the inner cell mass. However, very low expression appeared in the tropoblast. On the other hand, serum - free medium showed different expression from serum medium and TIMPs expression was generally low. Therefore, in the case of serum media, the expression of MMPs is highly expressed in the cytoplasm of the fertilized egg, increasing the reconstruction of cells.

카렌듈라 추출물과 혼용되어 불리고 있는 메리골드 추출물을 인간섬유아세포에서 콜라겐 생성과 MMP-1 발현에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 HDF세포를 이용하여 세포독성 및 콜라겐 생성과 MMP-1 발현을 측정하였다. 실험 결과, HDF세포에 대한 메리골드와 카렌듈라 추출물의 5 ~ 100 μ g/mL 농도에서 80%이상의 세포 생존율을 나타내어 세포독성이 없었으며, 콜라겐 합성능 측정 결과, 두 추출물 모두 농도 의존적으로 콜라겐 생성능의 증가를 나타냈으며, 메리골드 추출물 100 μg/mL 농도에서 25%, 카렌듈라 추출물 100 μg/mL 농도에서 7% 콜라겐 생성능의 증가를 확인하였다. MMP-1 발현에 미치는 영향 실험 결과, 메리골드와 카렌듈라 추출물 모두 MMP-1 발현을 억제시키는 것을 확 인하였고, MMP-1 발현에 관련 있다고 알려진 p-JNK와 p-ERK의 인산화를 관찰한 결과, 메리골드 추 출물은 p-JNK와 p-ERK 신호전달 경로를 통화여 MMP-1 발현을 효과적으로 억제하는 것을 확인하였 다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 메리골드 추출물의 주름 개선 효능을 확인하였고, 나아가 항노화 효능을 가 지는 화장품 원료로 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.

Insect growth depends on temperature and nutrient. Intake nutrients activate insulin signaling pathway, which mediatesthe nutrient signal to coordinate growth in entire body. A subtropical species, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae),gives serious damages on various Fabaceae crops. This study predicted seven components (InR, IRS, PI3K, PTEN, Akt,mTOR, FOXO) of the insulin signal and showed that some of the insulin gene expression levels are highly correlatedwith developmental rates. These correlations may be applied to amend a temperature-dependent growth modeling of M.vitrata.

Prolonged communication between oocytes and the surrounding somatic cells is one of the unique reproductive physiology in canine. Paracrine Kit ligand (KITL) signaling is a well-known communication between granulosa cells and the oocyte. KITL is a cytokine growth factor secreted by granulosa cells that signals via the c-kit receptor expressed by oocytes. Paracrine factors, including growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), exert their effects by binding with the kinase receptors expressed on the granulosa cells. However, the regulations of GDF9 and BMP15 in the canine KITL expression are currently poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of GDF9 and BMP15 on the expression of KITL in canine ovarian granulosa cells in vitro. In Annexin V assay recombinant GDF9 and BMP15 did not induce apoptosis in the cultured ovarian granulosa cells. When treated, FSH significantly increased KITL expression, and hCG suppressed its expression. When both FSH and hCG were treated, the expression of KITL was affected by GDF9 and BMP15 in dose and time dependent manner in the luteal granulosa cells. GDF9 (10 ng/mL) significantly decreased KITL expression after12 h. BMP15 (10 ng/mL) significantly also decreased KITL expression after 24 h. Western blot and immunochemistry results indicate that GDF9 activated Smad2/3. After blocking ALK 4/5/7 receptors by SB, GDF9 failed to activate Smad2/3, also BMP15 did not activate Smad1/5/8 after blocking ALK 2/3/6 receptors by DM. So GDF9 exerts its effects via using ALK 4/5/7 receptors to activate SMAD2/3 signaling, and BMP15 binds ALK 2/3/6 receptors to activate SMAD1/5/8 signaling. The expression of KITL was not changed by SB or DM treatment. However, the effect of GDF9 and BMP15, which decreased the expression of KITL, was suppressed by SB or DM treatment. In conclusion, this study provides the first evidence that recombinant GDF9 and BMP15 decrease KITL expression in canine ovarian granulosa cells.

Cotesia plutellae, an endoparasitoids braconid wasp, possesses a polydnaviruses (PDVs) called Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) that encodes viral histone H4 (= CpBV-H4). This viral histone H4 shares high sequence homology (82.5%) with host`s H4 of P.xylostella, except an extended N-terminal tail consisting of 38 amino acid residues with nine lysines. Its extended N-terminal tail has been postulated to play a crucial role in suppressing host immunity, growth and development-associated genes, presumably through an epigenetic control mechanism. A suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) analysis was analyzed in transcriptome by short-read sequencing technology and provided several target and non-target genes of a viral histone H4. In this study, we analyzed the effect CpBV-H4 on the expression of two target genes: Lysine-specific demethylase (KDM) and Serine proteinase inhibitor (Serpins). Transient expression of CpBV-H4 into non parasitized P. xylostella was performed by microinjection of a recombinant expression vector, and showed the expression up to 70 h. Under this transient expression condition, we analyzed the effect of CpBV-H4 on the expression of target genes by RT-PCR at different time points. Interestingly, the CpBV-H4 significantly inhibited the expression of these target genes, while the truncated CpBV-H4 deleting the N-terminal tail did not show this inhibitory effect. This study also showed that the viral histone H4 suppresses expressions of lysine-specific demethylase and serine proteinase inhibitor (Serpin2) to inhibit host growth and development.

Recently, with the increase of meat production, high quality and safety of meat have been strongly emphasized by Korean consumers. Marbling in beef has been regarded as an important criterion deciding meat quality in Korea. The purpose of this study was to identify the transcriptional level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in longissimus muscle samples of 46 Hanwoo. The level of IGF-1 transcripts was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and molecular connection of IGF-1 was analyzed using the Pathway Studio program (Ver 9.0). Increase of marbling score (MS) induced increase of IGF-1 transcripts level in the muscle and there is a significant correlation (p<0.05) between IGF-1 mRNA expression and MS. The pathway study showed that IGF-1 genes are regulated in insulin, fatty acid synthase, leptin, and corticotrophin releasing hormone. These results suggest that IGF-1 might be used as a useful marker for the improvement of economic traits in Hanwoo.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the genetic effects of candidate genes on the growth of spleen and liver tissues using dietary Curcuma longa (C. longa) supplementation. Expression analyses of candidate genes regarding animal growth was performed in order to determine the factors affecting the growth related to immune components of Curucumin, Turmerone, and Zingiberene as the bile secretion Paratolyl methyl carbinol (PTMC). The animals were divided into four groups of five chicks supplied with experimental diets of C. longa at 0.25, 0.5 and 1% and controls. The 19 growth-related genes were known to cell maturation, differentiation significant expression patterns in this analysis. Expression of growth response-related genes in chicks supplemented with 1% of C. longa showed better growth performance than chicks with 0.25 and 0.5% in spleen (p<0.05). The IGF1, MSTN, POU1F1, ADCYAP1 gene were known to central roles in mediating gonadotropin function, regulating steroidogenesis and promoting oocyte growth and maturation. Sex steroids, androgen and estrogen can affect sex differentiation and also can affect muscle development. On the other hand, GHSR and FABP3 gene showed significant expression patterns in this analysis. The results would be used as basic information for the variation of growth-related genes expression on the cell growth, sex cell growth, and sex hormones according to dietary supplementation with C. longa in chickens.

본 연구는 국내 일반 사양환경에서 ROSS 육용계의 성장능력을 조사․분석하고, 사료효율을 고려한 도계의 적정시기를 산출하며, 도체성적을 분석하여 ROSS종 육계의 국내 활용 가능성을 검증하고, 성장관련 유용유전자를 발굴하여 조기선발을 위한 육종 전략을 수립하는데 목적으로 실시하였다. ROSS308 육계는 부분육 생산에 탁월한 능력을 지닌 품종으로 국외에서는 일반적으로 42일령에 도계를 실시하지만 국내에서는 55일령까지는 도계시기를 연장해도 좋지만 그 이후에는 사료효율이 저하되기 때문에 55일령을 도계시기로 선정하는 것이 바람직하다. 일반성장능력은 일당증체량이 83.4±10.4g, 사료섭취량은 4.5±1.4g, 출하체중은 4,833.2±570.7g, 정강이 길이는 9.36±5.4㎜, 가슴중량은 1,088.6± 125.0g, 넓적다리 중량은 864.8±86.9g으로 조사되었다. 초기 성장에서 능력이 저하되는 개체들은 조기 도태를 유도하여 계군 전체의 성장 능력 및 도체 성적을 개선할 수 있을 것으로 사료되며 이를 위하여 4개의 후보유전자인 TGFBR1, TGFBR1, IGF2, POUF1 등을 활용하여 조기선발을 유도하는 것이 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

Human growth hormone (hGH), one of the most important hormones in medicine, is secreted from anterior pituitary gland. Its broad physiological function includes body growth, cell regeneration, increasement of muscle volume, bone density, body fat reduction, and so on. Due to the wide range of therapeutic effects, the hGH produced from E. coli has been commercialized already. In this study, we asked whether it is possible to produce recombinant hGH efficiently from various cultured mammalian cells. To meet this purpose, we chose a retrovirus vector system for transfer and expression of the hGH gene in various mammalian cells. Analyses of RT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot to determine expression of the hGH gene showed the highest production of the hGH was determined from chicken embronic fibroblast (CEF) cells with the concentration of 8.58 μg/ml. The biological activity of the hGH was similar to the commercially available counterpart. These results suggest that mass production of hGH is possible not only in the E. coli but also in the various mammalian cells.

Many biological systems are regulated by an intricate set of feedback loops that oscillate with a circadian rhythm of roughly 24 h. This circadian clock mediates an increase in body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and cortisol secretion early in the day. Recent studies have shown changes in the amplitude of the circadian clock in the hearts and livers of streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats. It is therefore important to examine the relationships between circadian clock genes and growth factors and their effects on diabetic phenomena in animal models as well as in human patients. In this study, we sought to determine whether diurnal variation in organ development and the regulation of metabolism, including growth and development during the juvenile period in rats, exists as a mechanism for anticipating and responding to the environment. Also, we examined the relationship between changes in growth factor expression in the liver and clock-controlled protein synthesis and turnover, which are important in cellular growth. Specifically, we assessed the expression patterns of several clock genes, including Per1, Per2, Clock, Bmal1, Cry1 and Cry2 and growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and -2 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in rats with STZ-induced diabetes. Growth factor and clock gene expression in the liver at 1 week post-induction was clearly increased compared to the level in control rats. In contrast, the expression patterns of the genes were similar to those observed after 5 weeks in the STZ-treated rats. The increase in gene expression is likely a compensatory change in response to the obstruction of insulin function during the initial phase of induction. However, as the period of induction was extended, the expression of the compensatory genes decreased to the control level. This is likely the result of decreased insulin secretion due to the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas by STZ.