This study addresses the environmental impact associated with waste management and natural aggregate production. It explores the potential of utilizing Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregate (RAPA) as complete replacements, respectively, for fine and coarse aggregates in concrete. Despite their similarities to natural aggregates, CBA and RAPA often end up in landfills. Laboratory tests were conducted, revealing satisfactory performance in drying shrinkage and air void parameters. However, while the flexural strength met design requirements, the compressive and splitting tensile strengths were lower than predicted. The deviation in strength development behavior from natural aggregate concrete (NAC) was attributed to weak agglomerated aggregates in RAPA and the large size of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) due to the old asphalt coating surrounding RAPA. To enhance the strength behavior, two methods were employed: compaction in the form of roller-compacted concrete and RAPA abrasion carried out by rolling RAPA in a concrete mixer. Compaction improved aggregate interlock, while RAPA abrasion decreased agglomerated aggregates and minimized asphalt coating, reducing ITZ size. These treatments resulted in improvements in compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths, with the combination of both treatments having the most significant effect. Analysis of relationships between flexural, splitting tensile, and compressive strengths indicated that CBA and RAPA concrete behaved more similarly to NAC after the treatments. This research suggests that with appropriate interventions, it is feasible to utilize CBA and RAPA in concrete, contributing to sustainable construction through improved waste management, carbon footprint reduction, and conservation of natural resources.

The use of recycled materials, such as the fine recycled aggregate made from concrete waste and carbon fiber (CF) product of industrial waste, for the manufacture of conductive recycled mortars (CRM), transforms the mortar base cement normally made with cement:sand in a sustainable multifunctional material, conferring satisfactory mechanical and electrical properties for non-structural uses. This action provides ecological benefits, reducing the use of natural fine aggregates from rivers and the amount of concrete waste deposited in landfills resulting from construction waste. In this investigation the effect of the addition of CF on electrical properties in hardened, wet and dry state, electric percolation in dry state and fluidity of the wet mixture of a cement based CRM was evaluated: fine recycled aggregate: graphite powder, CRM specimens with dimensions of 4 × 4 × 16 cm. were manufactured for 3, 7 and 28 days of age and sand/cement ratios = 1.00, graphite/cement = 1.00, water/cement = 0.60 and CF = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% compared to the weight of cement. The results demonstrated the effect of the addition of CF in CRM, reducing fluidity of the mixtures due to the opposition generated by its physical interaction of CF with recycled sand or recycled fine aggregate and graphite powder (GP), in its case, placing the electric percolation percolation at 0.30% and 0.45% of CF for CRM with and without GP, respectively. Increases in electrical conductivity (EC) without the presence of GP are defined by the contact between the CF and the conductive paths formed. In contrast, with the presence of GP, the EC is defined by the contact between the CF and the GP simultaneously, forming conductive routes with greater performance in its EC.

2015년 파리기후변화협약에 의한 신기후체제로 전세계 195개국이 온실가스 감축을 약속하게 되었다. 한국도 2013년 기준 온실가스 배출이 7억 톤을 기록 하였으며 BAU대비 37% (3.1억 톤)의 감축의무를 약속하고 있다. 국내외의 철강, 화학, 환경분야 및 천연가스전, 석탄전, 세일가스 등에서 대량 발생하는 산업부 생가스로부터 이산화탄소, 메탄, 일산화탄소, 수소 등을 분리하여 탄소자원화 (carbon resources utilization)의 원료로 사용하거나 수소, 메탄 등의 신재생 에 너지를 확보하는 분리기술에 대한 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 본 발표에서는 이러한 부생가스들의 발생현황과 이들로부터 고순도의 이산화탄소 및 메탄을 분리 회수할 수 있는 막분리기술의 연구동향과 화학연구원에서 수행중인 기체분리막 기술을 소개한다.

2015년 파리기후변화협약에 의한 신기후체제 출범으로 전세계 195개국이 온실가스 감축을 약속하게 되었다. 한국도 2013년 기준 온실가스 배출이 7억톤을 기록하고 있으며 BAU대비 37% (3.1억 톤)를 감축해야 하는 의무를 약속하고 있다. 국내외에서 철강, 화학, 환경산업 등에서 대량으로 배출되는 온실가스를 회수하여 화학제품을 생산하는 탄소자원화(carbon resources utilization) 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 발표에서는 온실가스를 포함한 다양한 조성의 산업부 생가스의 발생현황과 부생가스로부터 고순도의 이산화탄소, 일산화탄소, 메탄, 수소 등을 경제적으로 분리회수하여 화학원료가스로 사용할 수 있는 분리기술 의 연구동향과 한국화학연구원에서 수행하고 있는 바이오가스 막분리기술을 중심으로 소개하고자 한다.

Technological advances and rapid industrial growth raise concerns about industrial waste as one of the greatest hazards to human and environmental health. International attention has turned to sea dumping because it poses danger to ocean environments and interferes with seagoing vessels. Thus environmentalists are calling for cross-border cooperation in prohibiting companies from dumping their industrial wastes into the sea. Beginning 2016, Korea will be required to ban sea dumping of industrial waste in accordance with the London Dumping Convention (LDC: Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter; also called the London Convention or LC '72). The Asian Citizen’s Center for Environment and Health reports that in 2013 Korea dumped 116 million tons of industrial waste into the sea: 77.6% (90 million tons) was industry wastewater sludge; 21.8% (25.3 million tons) was industrial wastewater. In this year, 2014, 427 companies will dump 53 million tons. The Korean government first planned to ban sea dumping starting this year, but then gave companies a two-year grace period for preparing to dump industrial wastes onto the land rather than into the sea. In response to the changing market environment, our company will use marketing 4P strategy to focus on disposing industrial waste in landfills. First, we will assure that our processes for dealing with industrial wastes will be timely and legal. Second, we will offer competitive prices and provide better value to our customers by analyzing switching costs of sea-to-land dumping and examining market conditions so that we have competitive advantages in the initial market. Third, by analyzing distribution channels regarding sea dumping, we can rearrange the process for better benefits and profits. Furthermore, we can reinforce relationships with logistic companies and customers. Last, we can improve and reinforce our brand image by using various media outlets to tell institutions and consumers about our experiences and advantages. Our strategy should extend our market, establish new customers, grow our company, and help preserve the marine ecosystem.

Zeolite material having XRD peaks of Na-A zeolite in the 2θ range of 7.18 to 34.18 can be synthesized from the waste catalyst using a fusion/hydrothermal method. The adsorption rate of Mn ions by a commercial Na-A zeolite and the synthesized zeolitic material increased as the adsorption temperature increased in the range of 10 ~ 40℃. The adsorption of Mn ion were very rapid in the first 30 min and then reached to the equilibrium state after approximately 60 min. The adsorption kinetics of Mn ions by the commercial Na-A zeolite and the zeolitic material were found to be well fitted to the pseudo-2nd order kinetic model. Equilibrium data by the commercial Na-A zeolite and the zeolitic material fit the Langmuir, Koble-Corrigan, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models well rather than Freundlich isotherm model. The removal capacity of the Mn ions by the commercial Na-A zeolite and the zeolitic material obtained from the Langmuir model was 135.2 mg/g and 128.9 mg/g at 30℃, respectively. The adsorption capacity of Mn ions by the synthesized zeolitic material was almost similar to that of commercial Na-A zeolite. The synthesized zeolitic material could be applied as an economically feasible commercial adsorbent.

첨단산업의 발전으로 재활용이 어려운 산업부산물의 발생량이 증가하고 있으며, 건설산업에서는 골재 수급이 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 중금속이 함유된 폐브라운관 유리를 잔골재로 100% 대체하고 전기로 산화슬래그를 굵은골재로 대체한 콘크리트의 감마선 차폐효율을 진단하여, 산업폐기물로 납과 철의 함유량을 높인 콘크리트의 차폐콘크리트 적용성을 검토하였다. 연구 결과, 일반 굵은골재를 사용한 콘크리트보다 반가층이 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며, 중금속을 함유한 산업폐기물의 적용으로 고밀도의 콘크리트 제조가 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

Since the Framework Act on Resource Circulation was enacted in 2018, the government should establish a National Resource Circulation Master Plan every 10 years, which defines mid- to long-term policy goals and directions on the efficient use of resources, prevention of waste generation and recycling of waste. In addition, we must set mid- to longterm and stepwise targets for the final disposal rate, recycling rate (based on sorted recyclable materials and recycled products), and energy recovery rate of wastes, and relevant measures should be taken to achieve these targets. However, the current industrial waste (IW) statistics have limitations in setting these targets because the final disposal rate and recycling rate are calculated as the ratio of the recycling facility input to the IW generation. In this study, the material flow from the collection stage to the final disposal of industrial waste was analyzed based on the generation of 2016, and the actual recycling amount, actual incineration amount, final disposal amount and their rates were calculated. The effect on the recycling, incineration and final disposal rates was examined by changing the treatment method of nonhazardous wastes from the factory and construction and demolition wastes, which were put in landfills in 2016. In addition, the variation of the waste treatment charge was investigated according to the change of treatment methods. The results of this study are expected to be effectively used to establish the National Resource Circulation Master Plan and industrial waste management policy in the future in South Korea.

The heavyweight industrial waste was used as concrete ingredient instead of natural aggregate, however, design standard did not consider effects of heavyweight aggregate on flexural strength. Therefore, in this paper, correlation between compressive and flexural strength of concrete using industrial was compared. From the results, compressive strength and flexural strength decreased with industrial waste increasing. And, it was shown that the test results of flexural strength were higher than the predicted value from design standard.

There was an issue of marine pollution in 2016 when a power plant located on the shoreline directly discharged hazardous chemicals into the sea. The power plant was accused of breaking the laws of the Marine Environment Management Act by a citizen and environmental organization in Korea. Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MoF) claimed the power plant discharged dimethylpolysiloxane, which is regulated as a noxious liquid substance by MARPOL73/78. Dimethylpolysiloxane (PDMS) is normally used to reduce the formation of foam in the cooling system during the washing process, and the plant’s flow of discharge wastewater is connected to the sea, directly. The aim of this study was to research the possible effects on the industry when the laws are applied to all industrial facilities along the shoreline. The smallto medium-sized companies can be affected by financial duties tied to complying with the law. This study investigated how to treat and discharge waste containing hazardous chemicals from a facility, focusing especially on power plants and companies along the shoreline. Direct or indirect discharges of waste from these facilities may cause marine pollution and are major sources of ecocide. However, there is no standard to apply to noxious liquid substances and no one knows whether or not the power plant is in the scope of the marine facilities of that law. Therefore, the government must manage industrial waste efficiently, with proper policies and regulations. Furthermore, it needs to create reasonable standards related to discharging industrial waste.

국가별 환경, 정채 흐름에 따라 상이하게 적용되어온 폐기물 에너지화 기술은 도시고형폐기물을 비롯한 폐자원을 증기, 열, 전력 등으로 전환하는 기술을 의미한다. 국내 ｢신재생에너지 개발･이용･보급촉진법｣에 의거하여 사업장에서 폐기물을 변환시켜 생산된 연료 및 소각 열에너지를 신재생에너지로 정의하고 있으며, ｢자원순환기본법｣의 소각처분부담금 감면을 위한 에너지 회수율 증진을 목적으로 폐기물 에너지화 기술이 주목을 받고 있다. 폐기물 에너지화 기술 중 열적처리의 시장 규모는 연간 190만 달러, 연평균 4.3%의 성장세를 보이고 있으나, 선진국 대비 국내 폐기물 에너지화 기술력은 50% 이하의 낮은 수준을 보유하고 있는 실정이다. 또한 국내 생활폐기물 소각시설의 평균 증기발전 효율이 10% 정도로 매우 낮으며, 사업장폐기물 소각시설은 주로 발전 보다 증기의 직접적 이용에 편향된 경향을 보이고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 사업장폐기물 소각시설 공정에 요소기술 적용 시 에너지 절감량을 열정산법에 따라 산정하여 에너지 고효율화 및 온실가스 감축 효과를 분석하고자 하였다. 소각시설에 적용한 요소기술은 증기 회수 및 활용을 중점으로 ①열 회수 능력강화(저온이코노마이저, 낮은 공기비 연소), ②증기의 효율적 이용(저온촉매탈질, 고효율 건식 배기가스 처리, 백연저감 미적용 또는 가동 중지, 배수폐쇄 시스템 미적용), ③증기터빈 시스템의 효율 향상(고온고압 보일러)으로 구분하여 결과를 정리하였다. 에너지 절감 및 온실가스 감축량 산정은 요소기술 적용 시 추가적으로 회수할 수 있는 증기량을 기준으로 보일러 배기가스량, 폐기물 저위발열량, 각 요소기술 변화 요인(과잉공기비, 출구온도 등), 국가고유 전력배출계수를 바탕으로 산정하였다.

최근 제주지역에서의 폐기물관리문제가 가장 심각한 지역현안중 하나로 부각되고 있다. 제주지역 내에서 폐기물관리에서 부각되고 있는 대표적 사안들은 페기물 배출량의 급격한 증가, 빨라지는 매립장 만적현상 등으로 나타나고 있다. 사업장폐기물 발생의 지속적 증가로 인해 야기되는 폐기물 매립장의 조기 만적 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 효율적 폐기물 관리정책이 긴요하다고 판단되어 지는 시점이다. 본 연구에서는 제주특별자치도내에서 배출되는 폐기물의 배출 특성과 전국평균치와 제주도간 폐기물 발생현황을 비교한다. 또한, 두 행정시인 제주시와 서귀포시에서 배출되는 사업장폐기물을 중심으로 폐기물 배출량과 처리량에 대한 현황분석과 이를 통한 효율적 폐기물 관리방안에 대한 논의를 한다. 폐기물관리의 효율성은 공공부문의 노력과 민간부문과의 협업을 통해 높아질 수 있다. 공공부문측면에서 볼 때 해당 지자체 공무원들로 하여금 강력하고 효과적인 폐기물감축을 위해 폐기물 배출자에 대한 관리와 가이드라인 제시를 할 수 있는 실재적 권한을 부여해야 할 필요성이 있다. 민간부문과의 협업측면에서는 폐기물총량제의 일환인 폐기물 매립권 거래제(Landfill Trade)를 생각해 볼 수 있다. 다시 말해, 시장 기구를 통해 가격으로 하여금 일정수준이상을 넘어서는 매립의 초과수요를 해소 할 수 있도록 하여 폐기물매립에 대한 최적의 효율을 달성 할 수 있도록 하는 것이다.

Environmental pollution is the major problem associated with rapid industrialization, urbanization and rise in living standards of people. In order to reduce environmental pollution, therefore, shielding materials using industrial waste resources were developed and the radiation shielding performance was evaluated.

Recently, the industrial waste resources have been continually developed because of a lack of natural aggregate. In this study, before the applicability of concrete using steel slag as aggregate, the properties were evaluated. From the test results, it is showed that the water aging period of the steel slag had no effect on the air contents, slump, compressive strength and density.

In the past, the role of incineration facilities was mainly to reduce waste and stabilize disposed material. However, as a key aspect of waste management policy, the concept of “waste Minimization and sustainable resource circulation society” has become an issue, and the effective use of waste has been emphasized. As a result, to promote the recycling of wastes from January 1, 2018, the Framework Act on Resource Circulation has been implemented. In this study, estimation factors that can affect the increase of energy recovery are selected by reviewing the estimation method of industrial waste incineration facilities having a separate boiler; moreover, the effect of calculation factors on energy recovery was quantitatively evaluated. According to this study, when the heat loss, condensate temperature, and power consumption decrease by 10%, the energy recovery of the target facilities increase by 0.4% (0.22 ~ 0.63%), 1.09% (0.57 ~ 1.32%), and 1.16% (0.52 ~ 2.13%) on an average.

자원의 효율적 이용 및 폐기물의 자원화를 통해 천연자원의 소비를 감축하고자 환경부에서는 2018년 1월 1일부터 자원순환기본법이 시행된다. 기본원칙으로 폐기물의 발생을 최대한 억제하고 발생된 폐기물에 대해서는 재사용하고 재사용이 곤란한 경우 재생이용하고 둘 다 곤란한 경우에는 최대한 에너지를 회수⋅이용하여 열원(온수, 증기 등) 또는 전기 등의 에너지로 활용하고자한다. 이에 따라 소각시설에서 에너지 생산량에 기여하는 출열 분포의 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 사업장폐기물 소각시설을 대상으로 각각의 출열인자별 양을 산정하고 출열분포 특성에 대하여 고찰하고자 한다. 본 연구는 사업장폐기물 소각시설 7개 시설(10개 호기)를 대상으로 진행하였다. 대상시설의 출열항목은 폐열보일러의 설치형태(일체형, 분리형)에 따라 결정하였다. 소각로와 보일러가 붙은 경우를 일체형이라 하고 증기흡수열, 배출가스 보유열, 보일러 방열손실, 소각로 방열손실, 바닥재 배출열, 미연탄소분 열손실, 블로우다운 배출열의 총 7가지 출열항목을 산정하였으며, 소각로와 보일러가 분리되어 있는 경우를 분리형이라 하여 배출가스 보유열, 소각로 방열손실, 바닥재 배출열, 미연탄소분 열손실의 총 4가지 출열항목을 산정하였다. 이를 출열분포를 산정하기 위해 계측기를 이용하여 관련한 데이터를 일별로 수집하였으며, 계측이 되지 않는 항목에 대하여는 직접 측정하여 산정하였다. 출열분포 특성을 살펴본 결과 일체형 보일러를 설치한 소각시설의 경우 증기 흡수열이 출열분포가 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 분리형 보일러를 설치한 소각시설은 배출가스 보유열이 가장 많이 차지하는 것으로 나타났다.

Hazardous waste is also becoming more important as opportunities for industrial waste recycling are extended. Some hazardous industrial wastes that contain many inorganic materials and heavy metals can be reused as resources: Heavy metal recovery, heat energy, etc. To facilitate the waste-to-energy system, waste generation characteristics should be defined and managed by analyzing hazardous material content. This study examines the inorganic materials (Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Cd, Cr6+, CN, Ni, Zn, F, and Ba) of industrial wastes and the generation process (case of the Korean Standard Industrial Classification) using Absolutely Hazardous (AH) Waste Lists (LoW and EU). In particular, manufacture classification was a main waste generation process (82% for “AH”). Moreover, these 10 components (Pb, Cu, As, Hg, Cd, Cr6+, CN, Ni, Zn, and F, but not Ba) are compared with the regulatory limits on heavy metals in soil: Hg and As must be under the limit of the 3 Level (0.3 ~ 7.3 mg/kg).