Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral malignancy and an increasing global public health problem. OSCC frequently invades the jaw bone. OSCC-induced bone invasion has a significant impact on tumor stage, treatment selection, patient outcome, and quality of life. A number of studies have shown that osteoclastmediated bone resorption is a major step in the progression of bone invasion by OSCC; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in OSCC bone invasion are not yet clear. In this review, we present the clinical types of OSCC bone invasion and summarize the role of key molecules, including proteases, cytokines, and growth factors, in the sequential process of bone invasion. A better understanding of bone invasion will facilitate the discovery of molecular targets for early detection and treatment of OSCC bone invasion.

Vespa velutina is a predatory hornet distributing in SouthEastern part of Asia and became invasive in early 2000s; invading into Korea in 2003 and France in 2004. Its distribution pattern showed typical species-invasion curve type with slow progress in the beginning and rapid expansion on ward. We determined the geographic spread of V. velutina with CLIMEX modeling. The model analysis indicates that the ecoclimatic indices (EI) increased as the projection year increased based on RCP8.5 scenario. Then the predicted EI values were further regressed with the field collected data from 2018. Vespa velutina population sizes were estimated from 230 points of sampling over the country and the sampling data were correlated with predicted EI values. The results indicated that partial contribution of the climate factors for its abundance. Also this could be an usual biological indicator of climate change in agroecosystem in Korea. Given the important risk and impact on beekeeping, socio-biological as well as ecosystem and biodiversity levels, careful monitoring of phenology, range expansion and preventive efforts mitigating the impact are further required.

Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray, 1867) (SHB) is one of the important pests of bee keeping industry. This species is endemic in sub-Saharan region of Africa that has recently became an invasive and distributing rapidly throughout the world. Recent detections of SHB in Philippines, Brazil and South Korea indicate that SHB has the potential to become a global pest for apiculture and wild bees. Having enough knowledge about the population source of invasion can help understand the pest ecology and develop the control tactics. SHB has invaded to South Korea in 2017 and cause heavy damage to apiaries in Miryang City, in south-eastern part of Korea and the origin of this pest is still unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the phylogenetic position and origin of Korean population of SHB. We sampled the SHB from different bee hives in Miryang city and used 922 bp part of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) region of mitochondrial DNA to compare with all previously reported COI sequences of SHB. The result showed that the population of SHB in south Korea is classified with South Africa, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Canada, Australia and USA populations in one clade and among them, the lowest genetic distance between South Korean and USA populations indicated that most likely the SHB was imported from the United states to South Korea. No genetic difference has been detected between studied sequences from Korean population indicating that the invasion would had happen in one occasion.

The red imported fire ant (RIFA, Solenopsis invicta Buren) is defined as invasive species and one of 100 most threaten alien species in world by IUCN. In Korea, RIFA has been first detected at September 28th, 2017 in Busan Port during surveillance by Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA). The RIFA colony was revealed as a polygyne and H5 type through epidemiological analysis on Gp-9 gene and mt-DNA haplotype. APQA has developed eradication program for RIFA with enhanced surveillance in all nationwide Ports and Internal Container Depots. There are subsequently 7 times more invasions of RIFA in Ports (Busan, Pyongeaek, and Incheon) including 2 times of inlands (Daegu and Ansan) and completely eradicated so far. International trade and climate change increases possibility of establishment and spreading of RIFA in Korea. Therefore, it must be required an international cooperation for prevention of global spreading of RIFA between countries.

We previously demonstrated that epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhances cell migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in a SMAD ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (SMURF1)-dependent manner and that SMURF1 induces degradation of β-catenin in C2C12 cells. However, the relationship between EGF-induced SMURF1 and β-catenin expression in breast cancer cells remains unclear. So, we investigated if EGF and SMURF1 regulate β-catenin expression in MDAMB231 human breast cancer cells. When MDAMB231 cells were incubated with EGF for 24, 48, and 72 hours, EGF significantly increased expression levels of SMURF1 mRNA and protein while suppressing expression levels of β-catenin mRNA and protein. Overexpression of SMURF1 downregulated β-catenin mRNA and protein, whereas knockdown of SMURF1 increased β-catenin expression and blocked EGF-induced β-catenin downregulation. Knockdown of β-catenin enhanced cell migration and invasion of MDAMB231 cells, while β-catenin overexpression suppressed EGF-induced cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, knockdown of β-catenin enhanced vimentin expression and decreased cytokeratin expression, whereas β -catenin overexpression decreased vimentin expression and increased cytokeratin expression. These results suggest that EGF downregulates β-catenin in a SMURF1-dependent manner and that β-catenin downregulation contributes to EGF-induced cell migration and invasion in MDAMB breast cancer cells.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral malignancy. Numerous therapies have been proposed for its cure. Research is continually being conducted to develop new forms of treatment as current therapies are associated with numerous side-effects. Luteolin, a common dietary flavonoid, has been demonstrated to possess strong anti-cancer activity against various human cancer cell lines. Nevertheless, research into luteolin-based anticancer activity against oral cancer remains scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of luteolin as an anti-cancer agent. After treatment with luteolin, Ca9-22 and CAL-27 oral cancer cells showed condensed nuclei and enhanced apoptotic rate with evidence of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is closely related to tumor migration and invasion. Luteolin suppressed cancer cell invasion and migration in the current study. Elevated expression of E-cadherin, an adherens junction protein, was evident in both cell lines after luteolin treatment. Luteolin also significantly inhibited transcription factors (i.e., N-cadherin, Slug, Snail, Twist, and ZEB-1) that regulated expression of tumor suppressors such as E-cadherin based on Western blot analysis and quantitative PCR. Thus, luteolin could induce mitochondrial apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell invasion and migration by suppressing EMT-induced transcription factors.

허리노린재과(Coreidae)에 속하는 Leptoglossus gonagra (가칭: 기장허리노린재)는 북미 원산으로 현재 아프리카, 오스트레일리아, 동남아시아 등 폭넓게 분포하고 있으며 다양한 채소와 과일을 가해하는 광식성 곤충으로 알려져 있다. 우리나라는 2016년 부산시 기장면의 호박 재배지에서 약충과 성충이 확인되었으나, 이듬해에는 현장조사에서 서식이 확인되지 않았다. 본 연구는 MaxEnt 모형과 세계적 위치 정보를 이용하여 L .gonagra의 서식 및 생존과 영향을 주는 환경요인 및 국내 서식 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 위치자료는 GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), DISCOVER LIFE 웹사이트에서 제공하고 있는 총 99지점을 이용하였고 환경변수로는 WorldClim의 생물기후 (bio)를 19개를 활용하였다. 예측 모델은 평균 AUC 값 0.928으로 높은 신뢰도를 보였으며, 등온성(bio3)과 가장 따뜻한 분기의 강수량(bio18), 기온의 계절성(bio4), 가장 습한 분기의 강수량(bio16) 순으로 기여도가 높았다. 고온다습 한 열대성 기후 지역에서 출현 가능성이 높게 나타났고, 우리나라에서는 매우 낮은 것으로 분석되었다.

Bactrocera zonata (Peach fruit flies) is a polyphagous fruit pest native to South and South-East area and now foundin more than 20 countries. This species is not only a serious pest of peach but also is capable of infesting various speciesof 14 plant families. In Korea, they are potential pests of a number of economically important crops including peach,apricot, apple, and even Citrus spp. In northern India, B. zonata is currently considered to be more important fruit pestthan the notorious oriental fruit flies (B. dorsalis). Due to the high risk of potential introduction to southern part of Korea,we put together a national action plan against the peach fruit fly in order to quickly and completely suppress invadingpopulation of this pest species.

The carcinogenesis mechanism of human salivary gland adenocarcinoma NOS is poorly understood. MicroRNA155(miRNA155) has been involved in the carcinogenesis of many malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of miRNA155 in tumor growth and invasion of adenocarcinoma NOS. Using SGT cells as a model for adenocarcinoma NOS, cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay after knocking down miRNA155 expression, and cell cycle analysis was performed. Invasive capacity by a Transwell culture assay, and miRNA155 expression in SGT cell line by RT-PCR were examined. In MTT assay, proliferation of SGT-miRNA155 cells was decreased prominently after 96 hrs. Proliferation of SGT cells was markedly inhibited by knocking down miRNA155, resulting from a blockade of cell cycle in the G1 phase, but apoptosis was increased about 4 folds. In adhesion assay, SGT-miRNA155 cells decreased about 60% compared to SGT cells. In invasion assay, inhibition of miRNA155 significantly suppressed the invasive capacity of about 34% SGT cells. mRNA expression of SGT-miRNA155 cells prominently were decreased compared to SGT cells by RT-PCR. It suggested that miRNA155 could play an role in cell cycle progression and invasion in SGT cells, including antitumor effect. These results have provided insights into the carcinogenic mechanisms and new intervention method of salivary gland adenocarcinoma NOS.

This present study aimed at invasion process, cataleptic mechanism and monitoring basis of Bemisia tabaci biotype Q species. The main content are as follows: (1) The introduction of Bemisia tabaci biotype Q species into China was discovered for the first time. The fixed-point monitoring for 10 years indicated the invasion, formation, expansion and eruption process of BBemisia tabaci biotype Q species in China. (2) The rapid genetic evolution and the basis of ecological adaptability were emphasized from the level of individual/group. The ecological elements and mechanism influencing competitive advantage translocation of the biotype B/Q species were analyzed from the level of the relationship among the species. The synergistic and interactional effect between the biotype Q species and biological factor were also analyzed from the level of the community/system. (3) The quick and new technology to detect and monitor biotype Q species and the damages and variation of population were established, significant damages controlling methods using insecticide agent and RNA interference were also studied.

Biliary invasion by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is much less common. Patients manifest obstructive jaundice as the initial complaint, but most of them are inoperable. We report a case of completely improved biliary invasion in HCC after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). A 61-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of jaundice. A biliary invasion of huge HCC was confirmed by image of abdominal computerized tomography (CT) and biopsy specimen. After improvement of jaundice by endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, she underwent TACE as a palliative treatment. Follow-up CT showed partial lipiodol uptake in hepatic tumor and its bile duct invasion. In follow-up endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, occluded cholangiogram showed neither luminal obstruction nor filling defect after removal of biliary stent. Our case suggests that obstructive jaundice, caused by inoperable huge HCC with biliary invasion, may be expected to resolve successfully biliary obstruction by a choice of TACE.

The highabundance and impact on honeybees of the Asian hornet Vespa velutina var. nigrithorax have caused great concern among European public authorities and beekeepers. The species was reported for the first time in France in 2005 and spread out across 66 European districts (ca. 360 000 km 2 ) within 7 years (INPN, 2012; Rome et al., 2013). Its arrival was reported in 2010 in Northern Spain, in 2011 in Portugal and Belgium and in 2013 in Italy. Its wider expansion in Europe is soon to be expected. We discuss here the advances of the collaborative research project initiated in 2008 in France. 1. The potential invasion risk of the species was assessed using modeling tools of climatic suitability (Villemant et al., 2011, Barbet-Massin et al., 2013). Interestingly, the potential distribution of V. v. nigrithorax matches the current distribution of another invasive social wasp, the German yellow jacket, Vespula germanica (Beggs et al., 2011). 2. Apartfrom reported damages on hives, little is known on the biology of V. velutina throughout its native Asian range. In the invaded range, the impact of V. v. nigrithorax on the diversity and biomass of the invertebrate fauna is under study. Preliminary results reported a diversified diet varying among seasons and habitat types. 3. The genetic variability between individuals of V. v. nigrithorax from France and Asia was assessed in order to describe the history of its invasion. The analysis has evidenced a low variability among the invasive population, which indicates a single introduction of one or more queens. The sampling of specimens in France and in the area of origin has been extended to confirm this hypothesis and the most probable area of origin (Arca, 2012). Given the potential economic and biological impact of V. v. nigrithorax, a better understanding of its invasion dynamics is necessary to predict regions at risk, hence to help with planning dedicated control measures, a prerequisite for replacing the reactive nature of current solutions with a proactive, predictive approach.

Compared to Early Chosun Dynasty, the spatial structure of most local Eupseongs of Korea had a standardized change with the expansion and spread of the Rye-hak(禮學:a study of confucius Rite). Meanwhile in the process of rebuilding Eupseongs there was a tendency of relocation of the local government offices(官衙) and its attached facilities in terms of functions and use. Although it was PyeongSanseong Miryang Eupseong had an unreasonable spatial structure locating Gaeksa(客舍; accommodation house for visitors) in the middle of the local government office complex, and Dongheon(東軒;main office building) in the east of it before the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. However with the reorganization of spatial Structure of local Eupseongs after the Japanese invasion Gaeksa was moved to the foot of Adongsan where commanded a fine view of river. Dongheon was moved to the center of Eupseong for the effective management of its auxiliary organizations. It was because road system and administrative efficiency had a serious effect on deciding the location of the local government office and its attached facilities. After the Japanese invasion Hyangchoeng(鄕廳), having been out of Eupseong, also was moved to the independent location within Eupseong separate from Dongheon and Gaeksa. It seemed to take into account the autonomy of Hyangchoeng. Dongheon, Gaeksa, and Hyangchoeng which are the crucial facilities of Milyang Eupseong were arranged at each angular point of big triangle. In order to enhance the administative efficiency, the attached administrative facilities were arranged surrounding Dongheon and Hyangchoeng. The spatial structure of Milyang Eupseong in the late Choseon dynasty was of great difference from that of uniformly organized system of early Choseon Period. It was because the development of administrative function, the pursuit of efficiency, and commercial progress had a great impact on the change of urban space.

Cordycepin, a specific polyadenylation inhibitor, is the main functional component in Cordyceps militaris that is one of the top three renowned traditional Chinese medicines. In this study, we performed in vitro experiments to investigate the anti-invasive and anti-metastatic activities of cordycepin using human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. Cordycepin were administered and their effects on LPS-induced cell migration and invasion by wound healing migration assay, measurement of TER and In vitro invasiveness assay. Within the concentrations which were not cytotoxic effects, cordycepin caused a concentration-dependent suppression of LPS-induced cell migration and invasion. The anti-invasive activity of cordycepin was also found to be associated with increased tightness of the TJ, which was confirmed by an increase in TER. The activity of MMP-2 in LNCaP cells was dose-dependently inhibited by treatment with cordycepin, and this was also correlated with a decrease in expression of its mRNA and proteins, and up-regulation of TIMPs expression. Additionally, cordycepin repressed the LPS-induced NF-kB activation and phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT. Taken together, these findings suggest that cordycepin inhibited LPS-induced migration and invasion of LNCaP cells by down-regulating the expression and activity of MMP-2, and the possible targets may be NF-kB and PI3K/AKT.

Metcalfa pruinosa (Say), native to North America, is spreading rapidly in the Korean Peninsula, causing serious damages on many deciduous forest trees, ornamental trees, and agricultural crops. Before the first report from Korea in 2005, M. pruinosa has not been reported from any other countries in the Eastern Palaearctic, while it has been record in Italy in 1979, and rapidly spreading into many European countries. To trace the invasion route of this species, we analyzed haplotype analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit-I (mtCOI, 577bp), and developed microsatellite markers. In the haplotype analysis, a total of fourteen haplotypes were found from 69 individuals in 18 populations: 12 haplotypes (native region), 4 haplotypes (European region) and 2 haplotypes (Korea). Interestingly, Korean populations were clustered with some European populations. Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed, and population structures were analyzed from 145 individuals in 8 populations. The origin and invasion route of M. pruinosa are under investigation.

지난 2011년 3월 30일 일본 문부과학성은 중학교 교과서에 대한 2010년도 검정결과를 일부 공개했다. 이 교과서는 2006년 12월 개악된 “교육기본법”에 근거하여 2008년 3월 문부과학성이 개정 고시한 학습지도요령해설서에 준거하여 편집된 최초의 중학교 교과서이다. 이 사회과 교과서는 지리가 4개 출판사의 4개 교과서, 역사와 공민은 각각 7개 출판사의 7개 교과서가 발행되어 총 18종이다. 현 세계 각국에서 펴낸 자국의 역사 교과서는 일반적으로 자국의 입장에서 기술된 것이다. 예컨대 한국 ‘침략’을 ‘진출’로 기술하고, 한국의 토지를 강탈한 것이 오히려 한국 경제발전을 이끌고 시혜를 베푼 것이라고 강변하는 것 등은 일본 교과서와 일본 국민역사인식의 현재를 말하고 있다. 기본적으로 교과서에 기술된 내 용만을 가지고 볼 때에는 국제법상의 문제가 제기될 여지는 없다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 교과서의 내용의 교육으로 인해 국민의 의식에 변화를 가져오고, 나아가서 국가정책이나 법으로 표명되었을 경우에는 국제법상의 문제를 발생할 수 있음은 물론이다. 요컨대 교과서 기술 내용이 사실과 다른 것 자체만 가지고서는 국제법 상의 문제와는 별도의 ‘제2차적’ 문제라고 하겠다. 연혁적으로 고찰할 때 1935년 국제연맹은 교과서 특히 ‘역사교과서의 공정성’(impartiality of history textbook)을 확보해야 한다는 총회의 결의 및 선언 초안을 채택했다. 이후 다시 1937년 10월 국제연맹 총회는 ‘지적 협력을 위한 국제위원회’가 작성한 ‘역사교육에 관한 선언 초안 : 학교 교과서 개정’(Draft of a Declaration on the Teaching of History : Revision of school textbook)을 승인 했고 그 후 소련을 위시하여 26개국이 이 선언에 서명했다. 교과서와 관련된 UNESCO의 활동은 UNESCO 총회에서 채택된 바 있는 1974년 “국제이해와 협력, 그리고 평화를 위한 교육과 인권 및 기본적 자유를 위한 교육에 관한 권고 문”(Recommendation concerning Education for International Understanding, Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms), 1995년 “평화, 인권 그리고 민주주의를 위한 교육에 관 한 선언문 및 행동양식의 통합틀”(Declaration and Integrated Framework of Action on Education for Peace, Human Rights and Democracy)1) 등과 같은 관 련 문제의 규범적 문서에 기초를 두고 있다. 지역적 협력의 대표적 사례로 독일과 폴란드간 1970년 12월 7일 바르샤바에서 체결된 조약에서는 국경선에 대한 합의 및 교과서 개선에 합의했고, 1972년 2월부터 1976년 4월까지 9차례에 걸친 교 과서회의 및 협의결과 26개 항목의 역사 및 지리학 ‘권고안’(Empfehlungen)이 작성 발표되었다. 이후 1976년 6월 11일의 ‘독일 폴란드 문화협정’, 1990년 11월 14일 ‘양국사이에 존재하는 국경확인에 대한 폴란드 독일조약’과 1991년 6월 17 일 체결된 ‘좋은 근린관계와 우호적 협력에 관한 조약’ 등으로서 양국간의 화해와 협력의 체제를 확립시켰다. 이상과 같은 교과서 개선 수정 현안문제의 국제법상 해결방법을 구체적으로 설명하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 당사자간 직접교섭, 협의 및 시정이다. 역사 교과서와 관련된 문제를 외교적으로 교섭 내지 협상하는 것은 현존 국제법하에서 가장 일차적인 문제해결방법이 될 것이다. 특히 역사교과서의 문제의 경우에서라면 역사 관련 전문가들의 협의가 정부, 외교 관리간의 교섭보다는 효과적일 것이다. 물론 정부당국의 지원과 협조 등은 필수적으로 전제된 일이다. 둘째, 당사자간 또는 제3자적 국제기구를 통한 방법이다. 기본적으로 역사 교과서 문제를 다루는 국제기구로는 국제연합의 산하 전문기관으로 UNESCO가 있으므로 교과서 개선에 관한 다양한 정보와 지원을 구할 수 있을 것이다. 셋째, 정부간 조약을 통한 새로운 당사자간 기구나 기관을 설립하여 정식으로 논의하는 것도 무익한 것만은 아닐 것이다. 넷째, 교과서 개선 문제에 대해 정부기관 중 동북아역사재단 등이 주 임무의 하나가 될 것이며, 해외에 있는 외교사절의 활용 즉 대사관 및 영사관이 보다 적극적인 역할을 맡아주는 것이 타당하고 바람직하다. 다섯째, 국내적 민간 기관을 통한 방법이다. 다시 여기에는 교과서 관련 전문가(학자, 교사, 출판사 등) 단체 와 일본 및 외국 교과서 왜곡, 시정 문제를 자발적으로 담당해 온 한국의 ‘반크’ 그리고 ‘독도학회’나 ‘독도본부,’ 등 독도 ‘현안’(issue) 관련 기관 등의 활동을 통해 서도 일본 중국뿐만 아니라 외국에 대한 효과적인 역사 및 지리 교과서 수정 문제의 효과를 기대할 수도 있을 것이다.

The genus Illinoia is originally distributing in North America, few species found in other continents as exotics with the introduction of their hosts as ornamental plants and weeds. Recently, we confirmed two Illinoia species in Korea as the first record of this genus in the Eastern Part of Palaearctic: Illinoia goldamaryae (Knowlton 1938) on Erigeron sp. (Asteraceae) and I. liriodendri (Monell 1879) on Liriodendron tulipifera (Magnoliaceae). Two exotic aphids are illustrated, diagnosed, and discussed for their host plants, distribution, etc.

Facial numbness restricted to the distribution of the mental nerve(mental neuropathy) is called "numb chin syndrome". The clinical importance of this syndrome is associated with first recognition of involvement of malignant diseases. The malignant neoplasm with numb chin syndrome show rapid progression and high mortality. We present a 43-year-old female who had been treated by radiotherapy for precursor T-cell leukemia/lymphoma involving the central nervous system( CNS) previously and later developed mental nerve invasion without central nervous system recurrence. MRI images revealed the CNS tumor mass remitted, and there was no identified peripheral nervous system(PNS) involvement including the mental nerve invasion, nevertheless the patient complained of consistent numbness and pain on right mandibular area. This is the first case of precursor T-cell leukemia/lymphoma accompanying mental nerve invasion without recurrence for central nervous system. Proper interpretation for mental neuropathy may lead to the prompt diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.

본 연구는 BRECs에서 AGEs로 유도된 세포의 이동 및 침윤에 있어서 AuNP의 역할에 관한 연구이다. 소 망막으로부터 내피세포를 분리하고, 세포 생존율은 MTT assay로 확인하였다. Wound migration assay는 BRECs의 이동력을 확인하기 위해 수행하였다. Tube formation은 on-gel system을 통해 확인하였다. AuNP의 apoptosis 유도는 caspase-3 assay를 통해 확인하였다. AGE-BSA은 세