The chemical kinetics of the steam reforming of the pyrolysis oil of polypropylene (PP) over a ruthenium-based catalyst has been examined as a function of pyrolysis oil and steam partial pressures at various temperatures. The activation energy of steam reforming over Ru/Al2O3 catalyst is 136 kJ/mol, and the reaction orders of pyrolysis oil and steam are 0.42 and 0.24, respectively. Fitting the experimental data to the Langmuir?Hinshelwood expression shows that the steamreforming reaction probably proceeds via the dissociative adsorption of pyrolysis oil and steam on two different sites.

Carbonization using chicken manure was used to obtain an energy source. In order to estimate the reaction rate at theoptimal conditions for chicken manure in carbonization process it is estimated the reaction kinetics for the process. Thecarbonization process for chicken manure was optimized at carbonization temperature 300oC to 400oC in 20minutes. Fromthe examination of conversion characteristics of chicken manure, carbonization reaction can be described by the 1st orderkinetic reaction. Frequency factor(A) of reaction rate for chicken manure was evaluated to be 0.55×10−2min−1 and theactivation energy was estimated to be 3,815.0kcal/kmol. As increased carbonization temperature from 250oC to 400oC,reaction rate constant of chicken in the 1st order kinetic reaction is also increased from 0.0604min−1 to 0.1383min−1.In this study, carbonization degree of chicken manure in carbonization process was estimated by kinetic reaction deduction.The result of kinetic reaction in carbonization of chicken manure was evaluated to be 1st order kinetic reaction.

This paper estimated the Arrhenius parameters as well as the pyrolysis reaction model for epoxy printed circuit boards (e-PCB) by analyzing isothermal kinetic data. This paper introduces the use of thermobalance that is capable of monitoring a weight decrease with time under pure static condition. Three isothermal kinetic experiments were performed at 270, 275 and 280oC, that were chosen within a temperature range where main decompositions were observed from nonisothermal kinetic results. Comparing experimental reduced-time-plot (RTP) with theoretical ones, the pyrolysis reaction model of e-PCB fitted best to the Avrami-Erofeev (A2) Model. Consequently, the activation energy and pre-exponential factor were then estimated to be 141 kJ⋅mol−1and 29.9 (lnA, A : min−1), respectively.

In this study, activation energy of lignite, RPF and a sample mixed both of them was obtained through kinetics characteristics analysis in pyrolysis in order to identify the applicability of RPF as an assistant fuel. TGA (Thermogravimetric analysis) was conducted with follow experimental conditions; in a nitrogen atmosphere, gas flow rate of 20 ml/min, heating rate of 5 ~ 50oC/min, and maximum hottest temperature of 800oC. As a result of TGA, it showed that pyrolysis of samples mixed with 20% and 10% of RPF were more stable than other mixed ratio, and 20% of RPF was the most similar with lignite in activation energy.

바이오매스 가스화 반응으로부터 생성되는 타르는 가스화 효율을 낮추고 배관폐쇄에 의한 가스화 시스템의 연속운전에 대한 저해 요소로 작용한다. 효율적으로 합성가스 내 타르를 제거하기 위한 방안으로, 촉매를 활용한 수증기 개질 반응이 주목되고 있다. 특히, 수증기 개질 반응을 거친 타르는 합성가스 내 CO와 H2로 분리되어 더 높은 바이오매스 가스화 효율을 얻을 수 있다. 최근 Iron-based 촉매는 타르 분해 반응에 대한 효과가 보고되고 있으며, 열적 안정성이 우수하다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 Fe 성분을 함유하고 있는 염색슬러지의 회분을 이용하여 대표적인 타르 성분으로 알려진 벤젠의 수증기 개질 반응 특성에 대하여 알아보았다. 또한 최종적으로 촉매 활성을 잘 표현하는 Kinetic을 개발하였다. 염색슬러지 회분을 활용한 타르의 수증기 개질 반응은 weight hour space velocity(WHSV) 및 반응 온도에 대하여 수행 되었다. 염색슬러지 회분을 이용한 모사타르인 벤젠의 최대 분해 효율은 900℃ 조건에서 약 40%로 분석되었다. 상용촉매에 비해 분해 효율은 낮지만 폐기물 유래 촉매로서 추가비용이 들지 않고 공급량이 충분하기 때문에 접촉시간을 충분히 유지한다면 분해 효율은 더욱 증가할 것으로 기대된다. Kinetic 반응의 Power law model를 통해 측정된 벤젠과 수증기의 반응 차수는 각각 0.43과 0이었으며, 활성화 에너지는 187.6 kJ mol-1로 측정되었다.

본 연구에서는 전투시스템의 생존성을 향상하기 위한 기술개발의 일환으로서 전투시스템이 외부 위협탄에 의한 충격을 받았을 경우, 전투시스템의 순간화재 발생에 따른 취약성을 분석하는 기법을 개발하고자 전산모사 해석방법을 이용하여 전투시스템의 순간화재 발생 가능성에 대해서 고찰하였다. 전투시스템의 유형은 임의 모형의 전차를 대상으로 선정하였으며, 전차의 구성요소들 가운데 외부 위협탄에 의해 순간화재가 발생할 수 있는 critical component로서는 고폭탄(추진제 포함)과 연료탱크 가운데 연료탱크만을 대상으로 선정하였다. 연료탱크에 주입된 연료는 휘발유, 경유, 등유 세 가지를 선정하고 관련 물성값을 이용하였다. 외부 위협탄은 1,475 m/s의 탄속을 갖는 운동에너지탄 type A와 1,560 m/s의 탄속을 갖는 운동에너지탄 type B로 가정하여 전산모사 해석을 수행하였다. 해석 프로그램은 Autodyn 프로그램을 사용하였고, Shock model을 적용하여 Lagrange process를 사용해서 1㎜ 간격의 계산격자로 계산을 수행한 결과, 평균 2시간 정도(CPU：Intel Core2 Duo, Quad 2.93GHz, RAM：1.75GB)가 소요되었다. 장갑의 두께별 관통된 탄두로부터 연료로의 열전달에 따른 온도값들을 이용하여 연료의 발화온도와 비교하여 순간화재의 발생 가능성을 고찰한 결과, 모든 탄두의 온도가 각각의 연료들의 발화온도보다 낮기 때문에 순간화재가 발생하지 않는 것으로 생각된다.

주요 식중독균인 E. coli O157:H7, L monocytogenes, S. aureus, S. Typhimurium과 S. Enteritidis를 주어진 이산화염소수 농도에서 시간별로 처리한 inactivation data를 first-order kinetic model과 Weibull model을 이용하여 kinetic parameter를 비교, 분석하였다. 그 결과 Weibull model이 first-order kinetic mode

The objectives of this research are to evaluate and compare the oxygen transfer coefficients(KLa) in both a general bubbles reactor and a micro-nano bubbles reactor for effective operation in sewage treatment plants, and to understand the effect on microbial kinetic parameters of biomass growth for optimal biological treatment in sewage treatment plants when the micro-nano bubbles reactor is applied. Oxygen transfer coefficients(KLa) of tap water and effluent of primary clarifier were determined. The oxygen transfer coefficients of the tap water for the general bubbles reactor and micro-nano bubbles reactor were found to be 0.28 hr -1 and 2.50 hr -1 , respectively. The oxygen transfer coefficients of the effluent of the primary clarifier for the general bubbles reactor and micro-nano bubbles reactor were found be to 0.15 hr -1 and 0.91 hr -1 , respectively. In order to figure out kinetic parameters of biomass growth for the general bubbles reactor and micro-nano bubbles reactor, oxygen uptake rates(OURs) in the saturated effluent of the primary clarifier were measured with the general bubbles reactor and micro-nano bubbles reactor. The OURs of in the saturated effluent of the primary clarifier with the general bubbles reactor and micro-nano bubbles reactor were 0.0294 mg O2/L․hr and 0.0465 mg O2/L․hr, respectively. The higher micro-nano bubbles reactor's oxygen transfer coefficient increases the OURs. In addition, the maximum readily biodegradable substrate utilization rates(Kms) for the general bubbles reactor and micro-nano bubbles reactor were 3.41 mg COD utilized/mg active VSS․day and 7.07 mg COD utilized/mg active VSS․day, respectively. The maximum specific biomass growth rates for heterotrophic biomass(μmax) were calculated by both values of yield for heterotrophic biomass(YH) and the maximum readily biodegradable substrate utilization rates(Kms). The values of μmax for the general bubbles reactor and micro-nano bubbles reactor were 1.62 day -1 and 3.36 day -1 , respectively. The reported results show that the micro-nano bubbles reactor increased air-liquid contact area. This method could remove dissolved organic matters and nutrients efficiently and effectively.

선박에서 제어판의 역할은 운동을 제어하는데 목적이 있으며 이는 곧 조종성능을 결정하는 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구에서는 플랩타의 성능평가를 위하여 Re=3.0×104에서 영각에 대응하는 플랩각에 따른 속도 및 에너지 분포를 2-프레임 그레이레벨 상호상관 PIV기법을 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 또한 영각 10도와 20도에서 전통적인 단동타의 유동특성과 비교하여 플랩타의 성능특성을 평가하였다. 영각 10도에서는 양력, 영각 20도에서는 항력에 의한 측압력을 향상시킬 수 있었다. 영각 10도에서 플랩조작만으로 박리점과 경계층영역의 변화가 가능하였다.

국토해양부에서는 해양 DGPS 기준국가 연계하여 전국망 위성항법보정시스템(NDGPS) 구축 사업을 추진 중에 있으며, 2008년 춘천기준국이 설치 완료되면 우리나라 전역에서 실시간 DGPS 측위 정보를 이용할 수 있다. 따라서 DGPS 측위 정보의 이용 활성화를 위하여 DGPS의 측위 정확도를 측정 분석하였다. 실시간 DGPS 측위 정확도는 정적 측정시 평면상 RMS(Root Mean Square) 오차는 0.42m, 동적 측정시 평변상 RMS 오차는 0.48m로 분석되었으며, RTK에 의한 비교 측정 분석도 병행하였다. 그 결과 위성항법보정시스템(DGPS)은 높은 정확도를 요하는 GIS구축사업 분야에 직접적으로 이용될 수 없으나, 실시간 측위 정보를 필요로 하는 GIS활용 분야에서는 DGPS가 다양하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

The biosorption of dye, Rhodamine B(Rh-B), onto waste activated sludge was investigated. The biosorption capacity and contact time were shown as a simulation of dye adsorption equilibrium and kinetics models. We observed that biosorption of Rh-B occurred rapidly less than 4hr. These experimental data could be better fitted by a pseudo-second-order rate equation than a pseudo-first-order rate equation. The equilibrium dependence between biosorption capacity and initial concentration of Rh-B was estimated and it was found that the equilibrium data of biosorption were fitted by four kinds of model such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich- Peterson, and Koble-Corrigan model. The average percentage errors, ε(%), observed between experimental and predicted values by above each model were 21.19%, 9.97%, 10.10% and 11.76%, respectively, indicating that Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson model could be fitted more accrately than other models.

A kinetic study for nitrate removal by anion exchange resin was performed using continuous column reactors. Kinetic approach from the packed bed showed the reaction rate constant k1 was 0.07∼0.17 ℓ/㎎·hr and maximum exchange quantity q0 was 27.75∼31.81 ㎎/g. The results from the continuous column well agreed with that from the batch reactor. An economic analysis of the water treatment plant by anion exchange resin with a regenerating system was performed to design plant and process. Based on the treatment of 20 ㎎/ℓ nitrate-contained wastewater of 10,000 gallons per day to 2 ㎎/ℓ , total capital cost and total annual cost are estimated to be 836 million wons and 211 million wons, respectively.

A kinetic study for anion exchange was performed for commercially available Cl- type anion exchange resin in use to remove nitrate in water. The obtained results from the batch reactor were applied to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The constants for Langmuir model were qmax=29.82 and b=0.202, and for Freundlich model were K=5.509 and n=1.772. Langmuir model showed better fit than Frendlich model for the experimental results. Ion exchange reaction rate was also calculated and the approximate first-order reaction, rate constant k1 was 0.16 L/㎎·hr. Effective diffusion coefficient was obtained in the range from 9.67×10 exp (-8) to 1.67×10 exp (-6) ㎠/sec for initial concentration change, and from 6.09×10 exp (-7) to 3.98×10 exp (-6) ㎠/sec for reaction temperature change. Activation energy during the diffusion was calculated as 36 ㎉/㏖.

Sorbents of calcined limestone and oyster particles having a diameter of about 0.63㎜ were exposed to simulated fuel gases containing 5000ppm H2S for temperatures ranging from 600 to 800℃ in a TGA (Thermalgravimetric analyzer). The reaction between CaO and H2S proceeds via an unreacted shrinking core mechanism. The sulfidation rate is likely to be controlled primarily by countercurrent diffusion through the product layer of calcium sulfde(CaS) formed. The kinetics of the sorption of H2S by CaO is sensitive to the reaction temperature and particle size, and the reaction rate of oyster was faster than the calcined limestone.

In order to study the seasonal variation of kinetic and potential energy of residual flow field in Suyoung Bay of Korea, we calculated its energy budget and compared it with the tidal energy there. The potential energy shows the large value in winter and spring and the small one in summer and early autumn when the density stratification is developed. The kinetic energy of residual flow varies seasonally and the seasonally averaged kinetic energy of residual flow per unit area is 6.4 × 10_-4 ergs s^-1cm^-2. It is mainly governed by the density-driven current with the exception of that in November when the kinetic energy of tide-induced residual current is larger than those of density-driven current and winddriven current. An averaged fraction of the kinetic energy of tide-induced residual current, wind-driven current and density-driven current, which are the major components of residual flow, is 29.1%, 3.4%, 67.5%, respectively, to the kinetic energy of residual flow. The fraction of kinetic energy of residual flow, potential energy and tidal energy per unit area is 1.0 : 6.7 × 10_3 : 8.2 × 10_4, respectively.