The objective of ECMS(Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Systems) is to consider environmental effects through the entire product life cycle from product development stage to design, manufacturing, supplying, using and disposing stage. Recently, environment-oriented recycling, reusing and manufacturing technologies have been researched actively in every engineering fields. In the field of chemical engineering, HHS(Health Hazard Scores) which classifies and analyzes hazardous materials in production processes has been presented. Metal cutting processes also have a lot of harmful factors, and especially hazardous components in cutting fluids have been known to have a bad effect on workers and working area. However, research works such as HHS have been little accomplished in metal cutting processes. In this research, a environmentally conscious machining process is presented by classifying hazardous components in cutting fluids, by using LCA(Life Cycle Assessments) and HHS method, and by evaluating environmental effects from cutting fluids.

This study assesses greenhouse gas evolution from construction-material manufacturing facilities and estimates the potential reduction of these gases via the future massive sequestration of carbon dioxide. The scope of the evaluation specifically targets the global-warming potential in terms of kg-CO2 equivalent/tonnage industrial waste. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method to quantitatively analyze the input and output of a specific material resource during its life cycle from raw-material acquisition to final disposal as well as its environmental effect(s). LCA comprises four steps: its objective and definition of the scope, the entire life-cycle analysis list, an evaluation of its effects, and life-cycle analysis. The annual inflow of petro-ash reaches 300,000 tons, and this material is transported via screw-driving systems. The composition of the petro-ash is 1.2% volatile compounds, 6.8% fixed carbon and 92% ash contents. A total of 38,181,891 Nm3/yr of carbon dioxide is sequestrated, which is equivalent to 75,000 tons per annum and 304.5 kg/ton of petro-ash waste, with 250 kg/ton of the latter sequestrated as calcium carbonate. The final analysis on the effect of one ton of petro ash in construction materials showed 27.6 kg-CO2 eq emission. According to the final LCA analysis, only 27.6 kg-CO2 eq/ton was emitted by the petro-ash that was used in construction materials if CO2 fixation during carbonate mineralization was considered, where -250 kg-CO2 eq/ton positively contributed to the LCA. In the future, commercial-scale process modification via the realization of continuous processes and the more efficient reduction of carbon dioxide is anticipated.

산업활동으로 인한 대량생산, 대량소비, 대량폐기의 사회체계는 자원고갈, 지구온난화 등의 환경문제를 유발시켜 인류의 지속가능성을 위협하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 자원순환형 사회체계 구축은 다양성, 자립성, 안전성, 순환성을 강조하는 지속가능성의 관점에서 인류의 생존을 위한 필수적인 방향으로 인식되고 있다. 자원순환형 경제 및 산업구조 구축을 위해서는 자원순환기술의 개발을 통한 폐기물의 자원화 실현이 수행되어야 한다. 한편 폐기물 자원화를 위한 재활용기술 역시 공정가동을 위해 사용되는 에너지 및 자원으로 인해 환경오염이 발생되고, 경제적인 측면에서 새로운 자원을 채취하는 것보다 많은 비용을 발생시킬 수 있다. 따라서 재활용재와 신재에 대한 전과정평가 수행을 통해 환경·경제적 가치를 분석하고 재활용 기술의 경쟁력 증진을 위한 개선안을 도출하는 것은 지속가능한 자원순환형 경제 및 산업구조 구축을 위해 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 LCD, 반도체 등의 생산공정에서 발생하는 공정폐액에서 귀금속(금, 은)을 회수하는 재활용 기술을 대상으로 전과정평가를 수행하여 지구온난화, 자원소모, 산성화, 부영양화, 광화학적산화물생성의 5대 영향 범주에 대해 환경영향을 평가하였다. 공정폐액 1L 처리 시 지구온난화 영향은 5.26E-02 kg CO2 eq., 자원소모 영향은 3.06E-04 kg Sb eq., 산성화 영향은 1.31E-04 kg SO2 eq. 부영양화 영향은 9.70E-05 kg PO43- eq., 광화학적산화물생성 영향은 5.82E-05 kg C2H4 eq.로 도출되었다. 전과정평가 결과를 바탕으로 공정폐액 재활용 기술을 통해 회수되는 재생금의 환경･경제적 가치 분석을 수행하였다. 5대 영향범주에 대해 비용편익 분석기법에 기초하여 사회적 편익을 포함하는 영향범주 별 경제적 원단위를 적용하였다. 공정폐액을 재활용하여 회수되는 재생금 1kg을 기준으로 평가하였을 때 환경･경제적으로 31,481원의 이득을 취할 수 있으며, 공정 1cycle인 300,000L의 공정폐액을 처리할 경우 85.8kg의 재생금이 생산되므로 2,691,651원의 이득을 얻을 수 있다. 공정폐액 재활용 기술에 대한 전체 환경영향 범주에 있어 전기와 KCN으로 인한 기여도가 가장 크므로 에너지 효율을 위한 에너지원 변경 및 신재생에너지 적용 등의 방안 및 KCN을 대체 할 수 있는 물질에 대한 원단위 환경영향 비교가 필요하다. 또한, 금, 은에 대한 환경영향 회피효과가 매우 크고, 경제성 또한 확보되기 때문에 다양한 활용이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

This study was initiated to examine the potential impacts on the environment during the management of food waste by anaerobic digestion in Daejeon Metropolitan City (DMC) that is built in 2017. The evaluation was based on both material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). The MFA study was performed using STAN 2.5, while the LCA was conducted according to ISO standards by utilizing Total 4 LCA software with the incorporation of CML 2002 methodology. According to the LCA results, global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) were found to be approximately 166 kg CO2-eq/ton of food waste, 0.43 kg SO2-eq/ton of food waste, 0.66 kg PO4 3−eq/ton of food waste, and 0.08 kg C2H4-eq/ ton of food waste, respectively. The disposal stage showed higher impact of GWP on the environment due to the landfilling of solid sludge and screening waste. In case of eutrophication potential, the treatment phase showed the highest impact on the environment, mainly because of the consumption of electricity. Based on the results of normalization, the highest environmental impacts was found in the treatment stage related to eutrophication potential. The results of LCA would provide policy-makers to identify and reduce potential environmental impacts associated with food waste to biogas conversion in DMC by life cycle.

국제적인 자원문제에 대응하고 효율적인 자원관리체계구축을 위해서는 다량의 자원을 소비하는 산업에 대한 자원관리 연구가 필요하다. 우리나라 대부분의 산업은 자원의존도가 높다는 공통적인 특성으로 인해, 대부분의 자원을 수입에 의존하고 있는 실정이다. 특히, 희토류나 희귀금속은 국내의 주요산업에서 꼭 필요한 자원임에도 불구하고 거의 전량을 수입에 의존하고 있어 자원수급에 문제가 발생할 경우 국내 산업에 심각한 타격이 올 수 있다. 따라서 국제 자원가격의 변동 및 자원고갈의 위기에 국내 산업이 대응하기 위해서는 자원의 수급안정을 위한 자원관리체계 구축 및 자원효율성 향상을 위한 전략이 필요하다. 국내 산업 중 건설 산업은 차지하는 비중이 높은 산업으로 교량, 도로, 항만 및 철도 등으로 구분되어 있으며 공사의 규모가 상당히 크기 때문에 다량의 자원을 소모하는 분야이다. 이러한 건설 산업에 대한 LCA(Life Cycle Assessment)와 온실가스 산정연구는 많이 수행되어 왔으나, 자원관리 측면에서의 연구는 미미한 실정이기 때문에 지속적인 연구를 통해 구체적인 자원관리체계를 구축하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 LCA 기법을 MFA(Material Flow Analysis)에 접목하여 고속도로 시공 시 투입되는 건설 자재에 대한 직접 자원요구량은 물론 원료 채취단계에서부터 생산단계까지 투입되는 간접 자원요구량까지 포함하여 이들의 합을 총 자원요구량(Total Material Requirement)으로 정의하여 산정하였다. 고속도로 시공구간은 일반도로구간, 교량구간, 터널구간으로 구분하였으며, 일반도로구간에서는 총 자원요구량이 자갈 1.70E+04 ton, 모래 1.01E+04 ton 및 석회암 4.59E+03 ton순으로 높게 나타났다. 교량구간은 자갈 5.80E+04 ton, 모래 4.28E+04 ton 및 석회암 3.59E+04 ton순이었으며, 터널구간은 자갈 3.65E+04 ton, 모래 2.67E+04 ton 및 석회암 1.99E+04 ton순으로 높게 나타났다. 고속도로 시공에 사용되는 직접‧간접 자원은 일반도로, 교량, 터널구간에 따라 약간의 차이는 있었으나 주로 모래, 자갈 및 석회암 등의 자원이 주로 사용되는 것으로 나타나 그 종류에 따른 사용량이 거의 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 고속도로 건설에 있어서는 시공에 따른 직접적인 자원만이 투입되는 것이 아니고 채취･운반에 따른 별도의 간접자원 투입이 따르게 되는데 일반도로, 교량 및 터널구간 모두 석탄이 가장 많이 사용되는 것으로 나타났다.

Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) has been carried out to evaluate the environmental impacts of glass bottle recycle. The LCA consists of four stages such as Goal and Scope Definition, Life Cycle Inventory(LCI) Analysis, Life Cycle Impact Assessment(LCIA), and Interpretation. The LCI analysis showed that the major input materials were water, materials, sand, and crude oil, whereas the major output ones were wastewater, CO2, and non-hazardous wastes. The LCIA was conducted for the six impact categories including 'Abiotic Resource Depletion', 'Acidification', 'Eutrophication', 'Global Warming', 'Ozone Depletion', and 'Photochemical Oxidant Creation'. As for Abiotic Resource Depletion, Acidification, and Photochemical Oxidant Creation, Bunker fuel oil C and LNG were major effects. As for Eutrophication, electricity and Bunker fuel oil C were major effects. As for Global Warming, electricity and LNG were major effects. As for Ozone Depletion, plate glasses were major effects. Among the six categories, the biggest impact potential was found to be Global Warming as 97% of total, but the rest could be negligible.

Since 1997, Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Ministry of Environment have established data on some 400 basic raw and subsidiary materials and process like energy, petro-chemical, steel, cement, glass, paper, construction materials, transportation, recycling and disposal etc by initiating establishment of LCI database. Regarding agriculture, Rural Development Administration has conducted establishment of LCI database for major farm products like rice, barley, beans, cabbage and radish etc from 2009, and released that they would establish LCI database for 50 items until 2020 later on. The domestic LCI database for seeds, seedling, agrochemical, inorganic, fertilizer and organic fertilizer etc is only at initial stage of establishment, so overseas LCI databases are brought and being used. However, since the domestic and overseas natural environments differ, they fall behind in reliability. Therefore, this study has the purpose to select organic farming materials, survey the production process for various types of organic farming materials and establish LCI database for the effects of greenhouse gas emitted by each crop during the process. As for selecting methods, in this study organic farming materials were selected in the method of direct observation of material and bottom-up method a survey method with focus on the organic farming materials admitted into rice production. For the basic unit of carbon emission amount by the production of 1kg of organic farming material, the software PASS 4.1.1 developed by Korea Accreditation Board under Ministry of Knowledge Economy was used. The study had the goal to ultimately provide basic unit to calculate carbon emission amount in executing many institutions like goal management system and carbon performance display system etc in agricultural sector to be conducted later on. As a result, emission basic units per 1kg of production were calculated to be 0.04968kg- CO2 for oystershells, 0.004692kg-CO2 for expanded rice hull, and 1.029kg-CO2 for bordeaux mixture liquid.

This research evaluated the environmental impact of waste film used in the farming industry which is subject to voluntary agreement by Waste Charge System using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). When analyzing the environmental scores applying weighted values, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal had nearly 73%, 15% and 11% of contribution to the environmental impact and also, amongst impact categories, resource depletion and global warming had 63% and 32% of contribution respectively. For resource depletion which had the highest contribution, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal occupied around 86%, 9% and 4% of it, and the impact category of resource depletion that belongs to production of raw materials, accounted for about 54% of the whole environmental score. Here, over 95% of it was caused by crude oil. When investigating the contribution of each phase to global warming that is the key issue of low carbon green growth, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal had respectively, 45%, 28% and 27% of contribution. As the result, production of goods and disposal had higher contributions than resource depletion. The entire contribution of production of goods and disposal to global warming was about 17%, and it is predicted that it would bring a huge impact, considering the possibility of establishing improvement plans. In the production of goods, electricity consumed was the main cause of global warming, and electricity used in the recycling process and incineration occupied approximately 52% and 42% of the disposal stage. In conclusion, we should pay attention to energy used in the production of goods and recycling for improving an environmental competitiveness of goods, and reduction of energy would be able to satisfy economic feasibility and environmental efficiency of the whole process of agricultural PE film.

This research evaluated the environmental impact of polyethylene water supply pipe which is a target of voluntary agreement by Waste Charge System using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). When analyzing the contribution of each impact category to the environmental score, resource depletion had the highest contribution at 57% and it was followed by global warming with 35% of contribution. Amongst the entire process and stage, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal had about 60%, 18% and 18% of contribution, respectively. For resource depletion which was found to have the highest contribution, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal accounted for nearly 77%, 11% and 7% of it, and the impact category of resource depletion which belongs to production of raw materials accounted for nearly 44% of the whole environmental score. Here, it was found that 88% of it resulted from crude oil. When analyzing the contribution of each stage to global warming that is the key issue of low carbon green growth, then, production of raw materials, production of goods and disposal showed around 38%, 29% and 28% of contribution, respectively. As the result, production of goods and disposal had higher contributions than resource depletion. Electricity used for production of goods is the major cause of global warming, and electricity used in the recycling process and incineration occupied about 65% and 36% of the disposal stage. In conclusion, we need to seek for plans to reduce the use of electricity through optimization of energy use during the production of goods and disposal, in order to establish an environmental and economical competitiveness of PE-related enterprises that are operated on a small scale.

It is argued in this article that the crucial aspects of syntactic change in the history of English are derived from the fact assumption that the LCA is applied to lexical items individually in the [CP-VP] clause structure of Old English, yielding various patterns of AUX, V and O placement. In the meantime the LCA is applied directly to the clause structure [CP-TP-vP-VP] of Modern English, thus deriving the fixed word order. With the assumption that Old English AUX and V are base-generated in the same position of VP under the [CP-VP] structure, one of both should move out of VP in order to asymmetically c-command each other due to the LCA requirements, deriving AUX-V order or V-AUX order in the surface subordinate clauses of Old English. After the introduction of TP and vP in Middle English, however, it is argued that AUX and V are base-generated in TP and vP respectively, showing the structure where TP asymmetically c-commands vP. Thus the word order change in the history of English is shown to be derived from the LCA availability.

This paper critically reviews the development of the concept of parameter and its relation with word order. As is well known, generative grammar has developed and changed a number of models when confronted with theory internal contradictions. Though the consensus within the realm of generative grammar is for Kayne’s (1994) LCA and universal SHC hypothesis, this paper shows problems with these hypotheses, which will lead us to give up them at least for the analysis of Korean data. Consequently, we should get an alternative to LCA or maintain the word order parameter

In this study, Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) has been carried out to evaluate the environmental impacts of a metallic can. A 360 mL volume of an aluminum can bottle was used as the functional unit. The results of Life Cycle Inventory(LCI) showed that iron ore and coal were the major parts of the input materials, whereas aluminum can products, carbon dioxide, wastewater, and hazardous wastes were those of the output ones. According to LCA weighting, it was observed that the most significant impact potential was found to be global warming(49.11%) followed by abiotic resource depletion(47.72%). In the whole system, cold rolled steel coil showed the largest environmental impact potential(86%), followed by electricity(14%). Meanwhile, lubricating oil and industrial water had the minor portion of the total environmental impact potentials. It was suggested that the use of cold rolled steel and electricity should be the main source for CO2, resulting in the big impact on global warming.

최근 지구 환경 문제의 심각성이 대두되면서, 전과정 평가(Life Cycle Assessment)에 대한 선박 적용 연구가 국제적으로 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 이에 반하여 국내연구 수준은 아직 기초 연구수준에 그치고 있다. 본 논문에서는 선박 LCA의 개요를 살펴보고, 전과정평가의 선박 적용에 대한 연구를 다루었다. 특히 선박의 전생애 과정중에서 선박 운항 인벤토리 부분을 다루었다. 대상 선박은 목포해양대학교의 실습선 2척을 모델로 삼았으며 과거 수년간의 실적 데이터를 분석하여 운항인벤토리 중 배출 가스의 정략적 데이터를 분석하였다. 이 분석을 통하여 선박 총톤수 1톤을 운항 유지하는데 배출되는 배기 가스량을 분석하였고, 이와 함께 실습생 1명을 1년 교육시키는데 현재 어느 정도의 배기가스가 발생하고 있는지 살펴보았다.