SiAlON-based ceramics are some of the most typical ceramic materials used as cutting tools for HRSA(Heat Resistant Super-Alloys). SiAlON can be fabricated using ceramic processing, such as mixing, granulation, compaction, and sintering. Spray drying is a widely-used method for producing a granular powder of controlled morphology and size with flowability. In this study, we report a systematic investigation aimed at optimizing spherical granule morphology by controlling spray-drying parameters such as gas flow and feed rate. Before spray drying, the viscosities of the raw material slurries were also optimized with the amount of dispersant added.

Ionic liquid (IL), asymmetric chemical consist of bulky cations and tiny-mobile anions, has been known as promising DNA extraction, separation and preservation agent due to its strong interaction with DNA. However, the interaction underlying DNA-IL complex forming mechanism remains to be elucidated. Herein, we employed three types of ILs (EMIM-Cl, BMIM-Cl, and OMIM-Cl) to investigate the changes of DNA morphology upon the alkyl chain length of ILs by using solid-state nanopore technology combining with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results of AFM show the different forms of DNA, including aggregate, stretching, and bundling shapes in terms of EMIM-Cl, BMIM-Cl, and OMIM-Cl, respectively, assuming that the shape of DNA-IL complexes is responding to the alkyl chain length of ILs. In DNA translocation experiment. From the alteration of blockade current signals during the DNA pass through the nanopore, we estimate that the shapes of DNA are changed due to the treatment with BMIM-Cl, and OMIM-Cl, which not only increased the blockade current signals about 2-4 times in the case of OMIM, but also decrease the event showing translocation of DNA folding, implying that the alkyl chain affect to DNA stretching and bundling. The results indicate the length of hydrophobic alkyl group of IL plays an important role in determination of DNA morphology, providing their further application in nanopore technique for slowing DNA translocation speed toward discovering protein-DNA interaction or DNA sequencing.

In a previous study, it was reported that enzymatic hydrolysis under pressurization could be a new method which could produce arginine dipeptide and free amino acid in anchovy hydrolysate as salty enhancer at optimal condition. Powder is more efficient than liquid in terms of transport and storage stability. For the purpose of producing spray dried powder of various salt contents was investigated the effect of different salt concentration of anchovy hydrolysate on spray dried powder properties. The anchovy hydrolysate of various salt contents(in the range of approximately 0.7- 19.8% w/w) prepared adding the fish sauce (Dae-Young fish market) at inlet drying air temperatures of 120°C and 140°C. The process yield and physicochemical properties such as moisture content, bulk density, hygroscopicity and the morphology (EDS, XPS, XRD) of the anchovy hydrolysate powder was measured. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the powders equilibrated under various water activities were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Different drying conditions and salt concentration could generate anchovy hydrolysate powders with different process yield, bulk density and moisture content. The spray-dried anchovy hydrolysate powder was confirmed by XRD to be a mixture of an amorphous substances and crystalline salts. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the surface NaCl concentration of the powders increased with an increasing drying air temperature. Increasing moisture adsorption of the anchovy hydrolysate powders resulted in a Tg reduction. It is suggested that producing spray dried anchovy hydrolysate for the industrial use is the use of the feed salt concentration of not lower than % w/w and inlet air temperature at 120°C, 140°C

In this study, we investigated the overpotential of precipitation related to the catalytic activity of electrodes on the initial process of electrodeposition of Co and Co-Ni alloys on polycrystalline Cu substrates. In the case of Co electrodeposition, the surface morphology and the magnetic property change depending on the film thickness, and the relationship with the electrode potential fluctuation was shown. Initially, the deposition potential(−170 mV) of the Cu electrode as a substrate was shown, the electrode potential(Edep) at the Ton of electrodeposition and the deposition potential(−600 mV) of the surface of the electrodeposited Co film after Toff and when the pulse current was completed were shown. No significant change in the electrode potential value was observed when the pulse current was energized. However, in a range of number of pulses up to 5, there was a small fluctuation in the values of Edep and Eimm. In addition, in the Co-Ni alloy electrodeposition, the deposition potential(−280 mV) of the Cu electrode as the substrate exhibited the deposition potential(−615 mV) of the electrodeposited Co-Ni alloy after pulsed current application, the Edep of electrodeposition at the Ton of each pulse and the Eimm at the Toff varied greatly each time the pulse current was applied. From 20 % to less than 90% of the Co content of the thin film was continuously changed, and the value was constant at a pulse number of 100 or more. In any case, it was found that the shape of the substrate had a great influence.

본 연구는 열유도 상분리법(thermally induced phase separation, TIPS)을 사용하여, 수처리 분리막에 적용하기 위 해, 응고조의 열용량의 변화를 위해 서로 다른 두 용액의 함량을 조절하였다. 또한, 온도의 변화를 통해 분리막의 구조 변화 에 대하여 관찰하였다. 분리막을 제조하기 위한 소재로는 수처리 분리막에 주로 이용되는 기계적 물성과 내화학성이 우수한 poly (vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)를 사용하였고, 첨가제로 실리카를 이용하였다. 희석제는 PVDF와 호환성이 좋은 dioctyl phthalate (DOP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP)를 사용하였다. 응고액의 함량 변화에 따른 열용량 변화에 따라 제조된 분리막의 구 조를 관찰하기 위해 SEM 이미지를 촬영하였다. 열용량이 증가할수록 PVDF의 결정화 속도가 느려져 큰 기공을 나타내며 열 용량이 작을수록 결정화 속도가 증가하여 작은 기공이 생기는 것을 확인하였다.

Morphology of antennal sensilla and their distribution were investigated in male and female adults of Plautia stali,a major pest of tree fruits, using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae of P. stali was composed of a scape, a pediceland three flagella in both sexes. Four types of sensilla (s. trichodea, s. basiconica, s. chaetica, s. coeloconica) were identifiedfrom both sexes. Among them, s. trichodea and s. basiconica were multiporous, others are not. They distributed in varyingnumbers. Sexual dimorphism was not shown in the distribution of the four sensilla types. But their distribution was characterizedalong antennal segments in both sexes. This study will be useful in electrophysiological and behavioral studies on theolfactory sensory function of each morphological type of sensilla.

Surface morphology and optical properties such as transmittance and haze effect of glass etched by physical and chemical etching processes were investigated. The physical etching process was carried out by pen type sandblasting process with 15~20 μm dia. of Al2O3 media; the chemical etching process was conducted using HF-based mixed etchant. Sandblasting was performed in terms of variables such as the distance of 8 cm between the gun nozzle and the glass substrate, the fixed air pressure of 0.5bar, and the constant speed control of the specimen stage. The chemical etching process was conducted with mixed etching solution prepared by combination of BHF (Buffered Hydrofluoric Acid), HCl, and distilled water. The morphology of the glass surface after sandblasting process displayed sharp collision vestiges with nonuniform shapes that could initiate fractures. The haze values of the sandblasted glass were quantitatively acceptable. However, based on visual observation, the desirable Anti-Glare effect was not achieved. On the other hand, irregularly shaped and sharp vestiges transformed into enlarged and smooth micro-spherical craters with the subsequent chemical etching process. The curvature of the spherical crater increased distinctly by 60 minutes and decreased gradually with increasing etching time. Further, the spherical craters with reduced curvature were uniformly distributed over the etched glass surface. The haze value increased sharply up to 55 % and the transmittance decreased by 90 % at 60 minutes of etching time. The ideal haze value range of 3~7 % and transmittance value range of above 90 % were achieved in the period of 240 to 720 minutes of etching time for the selected concentration of the chemical etchant.

본 연구에서는 인공광 광질에 따른 곰보배추의 생육, 엽형 및 항산화능을 비교하였다. 정식 후 56일째에 측정 된 엽장, 엽폭 및 엽수는 적색 LED(R)와 대조구인 형광등(FL) 처리구에서 유의적으로 높았고 혼합광(RB2:1)과 백색 LED(W) 처리구에서 낮았다. 엽형지수(엽장/엽폭)도 적색 LED(R)와 대조구인 형광등(FL) 처리구에서 유의적으로 높았고 혼합광(RB2:1)과 백색 LED(W) 처리구에서 낮았다. 지상부 생체중, 건물중 및 엽면적 모두 적색 LED(R) 처리구에서 가장 높았고 형광등(FL)과 청색 LED(B) 처리구가 그 다음으로 높게 나타났으며 혼합광 (RB2:1)과 백색 LED(W) 처리구에서 낮았다. 잎의 수하 현상은 정식 21일 이후부터 적색 LED(R)와 혼합광 (RB2:1) 처리구에서만 발생하였다. 엽록소 함량은 적색 LED(R) 처리구에서 가장 낮았다. 비엽중은 청색 LED(B) 처리구에서 가장 높았고 형광등(FL) 처리구에서 가장 낮았다. DPPH free radical 소거활성은 처리 간 유의차가 없었다. 위의 결과들을 종합하여 볼 때 형광등이 곰보배추를 실내에서 인공으로 재배 시 적합한 광원으로 판단된다.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health of broiler chickens when a dietary supplementation of multienzymes was added to diets, containing different energy levels. A total of 480 broiler chickens of similar body weight (Ross 308, 1-day-old) were randomly subjected to four treatments. The dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal-based diet supplemented with: multienzyme (amylase+protease+ mannanase+xylanase+phytase), 0.05% enzyme, and different energy levels (3010 and 3060 kcal/kg). The experimental diets were fed to the chicks in a mash form for 35 days in two phases (1–21 d, phase I; and 22–35 d, phase II). During the overall period, chicks fed with diets supplemented with multienzymes had a better weight gain (p<0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed with diets without enzymes. There was no difference in the growth rate and FCR among the chicks fed with diets supplemented with enzymes, even though the dietary energy levels were different. The apparent fecal and ileal digestibility of dry matter, gross, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus were significantly enhanced (p<0.05). The population of cecal and ileal Lactobacillus spp. was significantly increased (p<0.05), and Clostridium spp. and coliforms were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in diets supplemented with enzymes. Villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the small intestine was also significantly enhanced (p<0.05) in diets supplemented with enzymes. In conclusion, multienzyme supplementation had positive effects on the weight gain of broilers, FCR, digestibility of nutrients, and on the growth of intestinal microbiota.

The environmental dependence of the morphology of dwarf galaxies in isolated satellite sys- tems is analyzed to understand the origin of the dwarf galaxy morphology using the visually classified morphological types of 5836 local galaxies with z . 0.01. We consider six sub-types of dwarf galaxies, dS0, dE, dEbc, dSph, dEblue, and dI, of which the first four sub-types are considered as early-type and the last two as late-type. The environmental parameters we consider are the projected distance from the host galaxy (rp), local and global background densities, and the host morphology. The spatial distributions of dwarf satellites of early-type galaxies are much different from those of dwarf satellites of late-type galaxies, suggesting the host morphology combined with rp plays a decisive role on the morphology of the dwarf satellite galaxies. The local and global background densities play no significant role on the morphology of dwarfs in the satellite systems hosted by early-type galaxies. However, in the satellite system hosted by late-type galaxies, the global background densities of dE and dSph satellites are significantly different from those of dEbc, dEblue, and dI satellites. The blue-cored dwarf satellites (dEbc) of early-type galaxies are likely to be located at rp > 0.3 Mpc to keep their cold gas from the ram pressure stripping by the hot corona of early-type galaxies. The spatial distribution of dEbc satellites of early-type galaxies and their global background densities suggest that their cold gas is intergalactic material accreted before they fall into the satellite systems.

Selective laser melting (SLM) can produce a layer of a metal powder and then fabricate a three-dimensional structure by a layer-by-layer method. Each layer consists of several lines of molten metal. Laser parameters and thermal properties of the materials affect the geometric characteristics of the melt pool such as its height, depth, and width. The geometrical characteristics of the melt pool are determined herein by optical microscopy and three-dimensional bulk structures are fabricated to investigate the relationship between them. Powders of the commercially available Fe-based tool steel AISI H13 and Ni-based superalloy Inconel 738LC are used to investigate the effect of material properties. Only the scan speed is controlled to change the laser parameters. The laser power and hatch space are maintained throughout the study. Laser of a higher energy density is seen to melt a wider and deeper range of powder and substrate; however, it does not correspond with the most highly densified three-dimensional structure. H13 shows the highest density at a laser scan speed of 200 mm/s whereas Inconel 738LC shows the highest density at 600 mm/s.

Body scales directly exposed to external environments can be an important factor to understand various characteristics of a species such as habitat features, life history and basic ecology. In this study, we compared size and morphology of dorsal, outermost dorsal, keeled dorsal and ventral scales of total nine snake species in Korea; Oocatochus rufodorsatus, Elaphe dione, Rhabdophis tigrinus, Amphiesma vibakari, Dinodon rufozonatum, Hierophis spinalis in the Colubridae and Gloydius ussuriensis, G. brevicaudus, G. saxatilis in the Viperidae. The morphological characteristics of the scales seem to well reflect foraging modes and moving activity of both families. Uniquely D. rufozonatum had a diamond shape dorsal scale and had the greatest and smallest value of the ratio of width/length of dorsal and ventral scales, respectively. O. rufodorsatus, D. rufozonatum and H. spinalis did not have keeled dorsal scales and E. dione had keel on the few of dorsal scales. In addition, morphological characteristics of scales of three viper species were closely consistent with previously known phylogenetic relationships.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different heights from liquid nitrogen (LN2) vapor on sperm motility and morphology after frozen-thawing. Two ejaculates were collected from 2 fertile Hanwoo bulls (A and B) by using artificial vagina at Hanwoo Research Institute. After collection, ejaculates were transferred to laboratory immediately and diluted with semen extender (Optixcell, France). Sperm dilutions were extended to a final concentration of 40 x 106 sperm/ml, and cooled at 4°C for 4 h and loaded to 0.5 ml straws. The straws were divided into 2 groups. Straws were placed in 3 or 9 cm of LN2 vapor for 14 min and then plunged into LN2 tank and cryopreserved until evaluation. Sperm motility and motility parameters (total motility, VSL with 25μm≥, VCL, VSL, VAP, LIN, STR, WOB, ALH and BCF) were evaluated by sperm class analysis (SCA, IVOS, Spain) after frozen-thawed. In bull A, 3cm group showed higher percentages of total motility, VSL with 25μm and VAP compared those with 9cm group (98.0 vs. 93.4%, 62.4 vs. 54.0% and 98.6 vs. 93.2%, 3 vs. 9 cm, irrespectively; p<0.001). In bull B, frozen-thawed sperm of 3cm group showed higher percentages of VSL with 25μm, VCL, VSL, VAP and BCF compared with those of 9cm group (43.5 vs. 26.0%, 123.8 vs. 111.6 μm, 62.9 vs. 57.3 μm and 81.5 vs. 72.5 μm; 3 vs. 9 cm, irrespectively; p<0.001). The viability and acrosomal integrity of spermatozoa were evaluated by Trypanblue/Giemsa staining method divided into 4 groups; live and intact acrosome (LIA), live and damaged acrosome (LDA), dead intact acrosome integrity (DIA), dead damaged acrosome (DDA). In bull A, frozen-thawed sperm of 3 and 9cm groups showed no significant difference in LIA, LDA, DIA and DDA. In bull B, 3 cm group showed higher LIA and lower DIA compared with those of 9 cm group (73.2 vs. 23.7% and 23.7 vs. 32.2%, 3 vs. 9 cm, irrespectively; p<0.001). We suspected that 3 cm vapor on LN2 vapor might be affected positively spermatozoa viability and acrosomal integrity compared with 9 cm group. In conclusion, semen freezing procedure in the present study will improve sperm quality after frozen thawing.

현재 상용 고분자들 중 폴리벤즈이미다졸(PBI)은 슈퍼 엔지니어링 플라스틱으로 내열성과 내화학성이 우수하다고 알려져 있다. 또한, 해당 고분자는 기계적 물성 및 화학적 물성 또한 우수하여 재료공학, 나노공학, 광학 이외에도 다양한 분야에 활용되고 있다. 본 연구는 용매-비용매 상전이법을 이용하여 폴리벤즈이미다졸 분리막을 제조하였고, 제조 시 다양한 조건들을 변화시켜 나타나는 모폴로지를 관찰하여 모폴로지 조절이 가능한 폴리벤즈이미다졸 분리막을 제조하였다. 용매와 조용매는 각각 DMAc와 THF를 사용하였고 나이프캐스팅법을 통하여 분리막을 제조하였다. 모폴로지는 주사전자현미경(SEM)을 통해 표면과 단면을 관찰하여 확인하였다.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts with low melting point by asymmetric ionic strength between cation and anion. They have been known as promising DNA extraction, separation and preservation agent due to their hydrophilic, hydrophobic interaction with DNA. However, few studies have been performed about how DNA-ILs complexes form and their mechanism. Herein, we present three types of ionic liquids (EMIM-Cl, BMIM-Cl, and OMIM-Cl) change the DNA structure depend on alkyl chain length of ionic liquids. Structural changes of DNA by ionic liquids are observed by Atomic force microscopy, gel electrophoresis, zeta potential and solid-state nanopore technology. The results of AFM show the different structures of DNA, including aggregate, stretching, and bundling shapes in terms of EMIM-Cl, BMIM-Cl, and OMIM-Cl respectively. In DNA translocation experiment, DNA/EMIM-Cl show rare translocation signal due to aggregated structure by neutralized surface charge. DNA/BMIM-Cl and DNA/OMIM-Cl show slowing down the translocation speed due to changes of DNA net charge and structure. Especially, OMIM-Cl make slowing down the DNA translocation speed about 102~104 times compared to translocation speed of bare DNA by unzipping the bundling shape of complex. In conclusion, the morphology of DNA could be modified by the incorporation with different alkyl chain length of ILs, providing their further application in nanopore technique for slowing DNA sequencing or understanding protein-DNA interaction.

Dendrolimus superans (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) has long been acknowledged to present in South Korea under the circumstance of a substantial change in species names of Dendrolimus. In the present study, we found that specimens of D. superans collected from South Korea were D. sibiricus, rather than D. superans. Comparison of Korean specimens to the D. superans from Japan and the D. sibiricus from Russia in terms of wing morphology, female and male genitalia, a partial COI gene sequence, and a partial internal spacer sequence 2 (ITS2) consistently supported the presence of D. sibiricus in South Korea. Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated sequences of COI and ITS2 from available individuals of D. sibiricus and D. superans both by Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods the Korea samples to be D. sibiricus.