Background: Germ cells undergo towards male or female pathways to produce spermatozoa or oocyte respectively which is essential for sexual reproduction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential of trans-differentiation to the multiple cell lineages. Methods: Herein, rat MSCs were isolated from bone marrow and characterized by their morphological features, expression of MSC surface markers, and in vitro differentiation capability. Results: Thereafter, we induced these cells only by retinoic acid supplementation in MSC medium and, could able to show that bone marrow derived MSCs are capable to trans-differentiate into male germ cell-like cells in vitro. We characterized these cells by morphological changes, the expressions of germ cell specific markers by immunophenotyping and molecular biology tools. Further, we quantified these differentiated cells. Conclusions: This study suggests that only Retinoic acid in culture medium could induce bone marrow MSCs to differentiate germ cell-like cells in vitro . This basic method of germ cell generation might be helpful in the prospective applications of this technology.

본 연구의 목적은 크리스토 거머 (Christopher K. Germer )와 크리스틴 네프 (KristinD.Nef)가 공동으로 개발한 현대명상프로그램,MSC(MindfulSelf-Compassion) 을 통해 초기불교의 자비 사상이 활용되고 있는지 살펴보는데 있다. 이를 위하여 프로그 램의 핵심적인 기법을 분석하고 초기불교의 사무량심 수행과 비교해 보고자 한 다. 먼저 초기불교의 자비와 사무량심 수행을 살펴보고, MSC 프로그램의 구 체적인 실행과 실천 기법을 탐색하면서 사무량심 수행법과 MSC 프로그램의 주요 기법들의 유사점과 차이점을 드러내었다. MSC의 핵심가치인 마음챙김, 자기연민, 보편적 인간경험의 의미를 살펴 보면, 사무량심의 자애 자비가 근간이 되고 있음을 볼 수 있다. MSC 프로그 램이 지향하는 자애연민, 자비가 초기불교의 자비, 특히 사무량심과 상통점 이 있고, MSC 프로그램에서는 사무량심 수행실천의 핵심적인 특색인 자애, 자비의 실천이 접목되어 보인다. 비교한 결과, 두 수행방법은 인간의 괴로움에 대한 감소를 목표로 하고 있기 때문에 이 괴로움을 해결하는 사무량심 수행과 MSC의 프로그램을 프 로그램 실천 밖에서도 융합 수용하여 구체적 치유 심리프로그램으로 활용할 수 있다고 본다 두 수행방법을 불교 상담에 활용하면 이상적인 심리상담의 실천수행이 가 능하다고 본다. 차후에 구체적 심리치유 방법은 경험을 통하여 수용 가능한 적절한 불교 상담 명상프로그램으로 계발될 수 있기를 기대한다.

본 연구는 리스토퍼 거머(Christopher Germer)와 크리스틴 네프(Kristin Neff)가 공동으로 개발한 Mindful Self-Compassion(MSC) 프로그램을 통해서 불교상담이 나아가야 할 방향과 기법들을 탐색해 보고자 한다. 그러한 목적을 위해서 본 연구에서는 MSC 프로그램의 목적과 구조 등을 비교적 상세하게 소개하고 MSC의 어느 측면들을 어떤 방식으로 불교상담에서 활용할 수 있는지 그 유용성과 타당성을 논의해 보았다. 본 연구가 특별히 MSC 프로그램에 주목한 이유는 첫째, MSC는 상대적으로 최근에 개발된 명상 프로그램으로 마음챙김과 자애, 자비의 역량을 함께 배양한다는 점에서 대승불교가 지향하는 지혜와 자비수행을 통합적으로 활용하고 있기 때문이다. 둘째, MSC 프로그램은 주제와 실습으로 구성되어 있어서 이론과 실습을 균형 있게 다루고 있기 때문이다. 셋째, MSC 프로그램의 주요 목적이 지혜와 자비의 역량을 일상생활에서 필요한 순간에 실용적으로 사용하는 데 있다는 점이다. 연구 결과, MSC 프로그램은 불교상담이 나아가야 할 방향과 목적에 맞는 기법들을 개발하는 데 필요한 중요하고 풍부한 기법들과 방법을 가지고 있는 것으로 여겨진다. 불교상담이 MSC가 가지고 있는 방법론을 활용한다면 불교의 핵심교리와 전통적인 수행방편들을 현대인들의 필요에 맞게 보다 실용적이고 일상에서 활용할 수 있는 형태의 다양한 기법들을 개발할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

The structural diversity and localization of cell surface glycosphingolipids (GSLs), including gangliosides, in glycolipid-enriched microdomains (GEMs) render them ideally suited to play important roles in mediating cell recognition, adhesion, interactions, receptor function, and signaling. Gangliosides, sialic acid-containing GSLs, are most abundant in the nerve tissues. The quantity and expression pattern of gangliosides in brain change drastically throughout development and these changes are mainly regulated through stage-specific expression of glycosyltransferase genes. However, roles of gangliosides in neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is unclear. We previously demonstrated for the first time that the glycosyltransferase genes during mouse embryogenesis. So, we investigated the effects of ganglioside gene in differentiation of adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs). GM2 and GD3 ganglioside synthease were increased during neuronal differentiation of AD-MSCs. This study showed that the differentiation of neuronal marker was decreased on the first step of ganglioside synthase UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase(UGCG) and knock downed GM2 sythase (B4GALNT1). The result of suggested that GM2 and GD3 might be important roles in the neural differentiation of mini-pig AD-MSCs. This work was carried out with the funding of the cooperative research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development[Project No. PJ00999901], the Rural Development Adiministration, the KRIBB Research Initiative Program[KGM4251622].

Objective. To investigate the effects of the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activation–mimicking agent cobalt chloride (CoCl2) on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchy-mal stem cells (hMSCs) and elucidate the underlying mole-cular mechanisms. Study design. The dose and exposure periods for CoCl2 in hMSCs were optimized by cell viability assays. After confirmation of CoCl2-induced HIF-1α and vas-cular endothelial growth factor expression in these cells by RT-PCR, the effects of temporary preconditioning with CoCl2 on hMSC osteogenic differentiation were evaluated by RT- PCR analysis of osteogenic gene expression, an alkaline phos-phatase (ALP) activity assay and by alizarin red S staining. Results. Variable CoCl2 dosages (up to 500 µM) and exposure times (up to 7 days) on hMSC had little effect on hMSC survival. After CoCl2 treatment of hMSCs at 100 µM for 24 or 48 hours, followed by culture in osteogenic differentiating media, several osteogenic markers such as Runx-2, osteocal-cin and osteopontin, bone sialoprotein mRNA expression level were found to be up-regulated. Moreover, ALP acti-vity was increased in these treated cells in which an accele-rated osteogenic capacity was also verified by alizarin red S staining. Conclusions. The osteogenic differentiation poten-tial of hMSCs could be preserved and even enhanced by CoCl2 treatment.

Pluripotency of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) is one of the most valuable ability of hESCs for applying cell therapy field, but also showing side effect, for example teratoma formation. When transplant multipotent stem cell, such as mesnchymal stem cell (MSC) which retains similar differentiation ability, they do not form teratoma in vivo, but there exist limitation of cellular source supply. Accordingly, differentiation of hESC into MSC will be promising cellular source with strong points of both hESC and MSC line. In this study, we described the derivation of MSC like cell population from feeder free cultured hESC (hESC- MSC) using direct differentiation system. Cells population, hESC-MSC and bone marrow derived MSC (BM-MSC) retained similar characteristics in vitro, such as morphology, MSC specific marker expression and differentiation capacity. At the point of differentiation of both cell populations, differentiation rate was slower in hESC-MSC than BM-MSC. As these reason, to verify differentially expressed molecular condition of both cell population which bring out different differentiation rate, we compare the molecular condition of hESC-MSC and BM-MSC using 2-D proteomic analysis tool. In the proteomic analysis, we identified 49 differentially expressed proteins in hESC-MSC and BM-MSC, and they involved in different biological process such as positive regulation of molecular function, biological process, cellular metabolic process, nitrogen compound metabolic process, macromolecule metabolic process, metabolic process, molecular function, and positive regulation of molecular function and regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity during mitotic cell cycle, cellular response to stress, and RNA localization. As the related function of differentially expressed proteins, we sought to these proteins were key regulators which contribute to their differentiation rate, developmental process and cell proliferation. Our results suggest that the expressions of these proteins between the hESC-MSC and BM-MSC, could give to us further evidence for hESC differentiation into the mesenchymal stem cell is associated with a differentiation factor. As the initial step to understand fundamental difference of hESC-MSC and BM-MSC, we sought to investigate different protein expression profile. And the grafting of hESC differentiation into MSC and their comparative proteomic analysis will be positively contribute to cell therapy without cellular source limitation, also with exact background of their molecular condition.