Environmental stresses caused by climate change, such as high temperature, drought and salinity severely impact plant growth and productivity. Among these factors, high temperature stress will become more severe during summer. In this study, we examined physiological and molecular responses of maize plants to high temperature stress during summer. Highest level of H2O2 was observed in maize leaves collected July 26 compared with June 25 and July 12. Results indicated that high temperature stress triggers production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in maize leaves. In addition, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) sharply decreased in leaves with increasing air temperatures during the day in the field. RT-PCR analysis of maize plants exposed to high temperatures of during the day in field revealed increased accumulation of mitochondrial and chloroplastic small heat shock protein (HSP) transcripts. Results demonstrate that Fv/Fm values and organelle-localized small HSP gene could be used as physiological and molecular indicators of plants impacted by environmental stresses.

In this study, PAT protein of genetically modified maize was prepared from the recombinant E. coli strain BL21 (DE3), and mice were immunized with the recombinant PAT protein. After cell fusion and cloning, two hybridoma cells (PATmAb-7 and PATmAb-12) were chosen since the monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) produced by them were confirmed to be specific to PAT protein in the indirect enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot tests. There were no cross-reactions of either Mabs to other GM proteins or to the extracts of non-GM maize. The ELISA based on the PATmAb-7 can sensitively detect 0.3 ng/g PAT protein in corn. These results indicate that the developed Mabs can be used as bio-receptors in the development of immunosensors and biosensors for the rapid and simple detection of GM corn adulterated in foods.

We investigated the quality characteristics and the antioxidant efficacy of roasted maize tea according to different moisture contents (9% to 14%) using the puffing system (PS) and the roasting system (RS). Compared with the RS, the PS caused higher turbidity (0.017 vs. 0.003 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%), brown color intensity (0.170 vs. 0.059 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%), a-values (0.20 vs. -0.44 in PS－14% vs. RS-14%), b-values (7.90 vs. 5.57 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%), and a lower L-value (19.67 vs. 21.03 in PS-14% vs. RS-14%). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of roasted maize tea were increased along with the moisture content and they were higher with the PS (polyphenol; 5.95 mg GAE/g, flavonoids; 1.27 CE/g in PS-14%) than with the RS (polyphenol; 5.39 mg GAE/g, flavonoids; 1.12 mg CE/g in RS-14%). The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effects of roasted maize tea were also increased along with the moisture content, and the scavenging efficacy was significantly higher with the PS (DPPH; 160 mg TE/100g, ABTS; 507 mg TE/100g in PS-14%) compared with the RS (DPPH; 120 mg TE/100g, ABTS; 362 mg TE/100g in RS-14%). The polyphenol levels were significantly correlated with turbidity, brown color intensity, and L, a, and b-values of the roasted maize tea. In addition, an increase of the total polyphenol content in roasted maize tea induced antioxidant activities. As a result, an increase in polyphenols during the roasting process induced antioxidant activities which could prevent damage from free radicals.

본 연구는 마치종 황색 알곡 품종으로 등록된 강일옥 옥수수 알곡의 처리별 시료 및 속대의 일반성분, 생리활성 검정, 색소 함량을 분석하여 기초자료로 제공하고자 수행되었다. 강일옥 옥수수를 알곡, 거피된 알곡, 알곡 껍질 및 속대로 분리하여 일반성분 분석 결과, 수분함량은 거피된 알곡이 12.04%로 가장 높았고 알곡 껍질의 조회분, 조지방, 조단백질 함량은 각각 3.19%, 8.59%, 12.01%로 강일옥 옥수수 처리별 시료 중 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 강일옥 옥수수 처리별 시료의 무기성분 함량을 분석한 결과, 칼슘, 칼륨, 마그네슘, 철, 망간 및 인의 6종이 검출되었으며 공통적으로 검출된 주요 무기성분은 칼륨과 인이었다. 강일옥 옥수수 속대의 칼륨 함량이 114.33 mg/ 100 g으로 가장 높았으며 알곡 껍질의 인 함량이 2412.40 mg/100 g으로 가장 높게 측정되었다. 강일옥 옥수수 처리 별 시료의 항산화 활성 검정 결과, 강일옥 옥수수 속대 추 출물의 DPPH radical 소거능은 93.05%, ABTS radical 소 거능은 79.88%로 처리별 시료 중 가장 높게 측정되었으며 알곡, 거피된 알곡 및 알곡껍질 추출물의 DPPH 소거 능은 모두 70% 이상으로 우수한 항산화활성을 나타내었다. 강일옥 옥수수 처리별 시료의 항염 활성 검정 결과, 강일옥 옥수수 처리별 시료 추출물은 Raw264.7 대식세포 의 생존율에 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났으며 NO 생성량은 모든 시료 처리군에서 LPS 단독 처리군(con(+)) 에 비하여 유의적으로 NO 생성을 억제 하는 것으로 나타났다. 강일옥 옥수수 처리별 건조분말시료의 카로티노이드 색소 함량을 분석한 결과, 모든 시료에서 β-carotene은 검출되지 않았고, lutein과 zeaxantin은 알곡과 알곡 껍질 에서 검출되었으며 거피된 알곡과 속대에서는 검출되지 않았다. 강일옥 옥수수 알곡의 lutein과 zeaxantin의 함량은 각각 115.30 μg/100 g, 50.92 μg/100 g이었으며 알곡껍질의 lutein과 zeaxantin의 함량은 각각 37.98 μg/100 g, 19.27 μg/100 g이었다.

Waterlogging strongly affects maize (Zea mays L.) growth. It is necessary to find the screening method of waterlogging tolerant maize lines. This study was to investigate the growth characters at V3 stage of maize, when is very sensitive to waterlogging. Six Korean maize inbred lines were subjected to waterlogging at V3 stage for 30 days. The 30 days waterlogging treatment significantly reduced plant height, number of expanded leaves, and SPAD value, compared with the control plants. SPAD values were significantly different among the six inbred lines, KS140 was the highest. The dry matter accumulation of aerial and root part were significantly decreased by 30 days waterlogging. KS140 was the weightiest among inbred lines. The dry matter of adventitious root showed same trend. Waterlogging treatment significantly reduced to ear length and thickness, grains filling length, grain number per ear, and maize grain. Plant height, SPAD value, and number of fully-expanded leave showed high correlation with maize grain yield, but number of senescent leaves, dry matter of adventitious root and TR ratio did not, suggesting that the former three traits may be good indicator for evaluating 30-day waterlogging tolerance of maize inbred lines. KS164 was the highest yield by increasing of grains filling length and grain number per ear of among waterlogging inbred lines. According to the results, evaluation of maize waterlogging should be consider both early growth characteristics and resilience in the later growth stages.

To date, many researches have been done for maize QPM lines, there is little maize QPM varieties in Korea. In this reason, to develop maize QPM cultivars, investigation of the growth characteristics and amino acid composition among QPM inbred lines was carried out. For this study, QPM inbred lines were donated from CIMMYT. Analyses of growth characteristics changes for each line were investigated. The range of siliking days were ranged from 60 to 69 days. Silking days for 4 QPM lines such as CML140, CML141, CML152, and CML493 were 60 days among donated QMP lines, CML557 was 69 days. In plant height, CML492 was shortest(152 cm) while CML143 was the longest(295 cm). The ear height of CML492 was 66 cm and 175 cm for CML143. Protein content of each maize QPM grains was from 9.07% to 12.67%. CML556 have the highest proteins content, while CML493 was the lowest among maize QPM grains. Content of fat was from 3.38% to 5.25%, and CML141 was the lowest and CML147 was the highest. The content of ash ranged from 1.22% to 1.78%, CML555 was the least and CML142 was the highest. The content range of carbohydrate was from 71.7% to 75.5%, CML557 was the least and CML493 was the highest. The calories of each inbred line ranged from 346 to 365 Kcal, CML140 was the least and CML492 was the highest. Major amino acid composition in maize QPM grain is glutamic acid (16.34%), proline (9.80%). The mean of lysine composition was 3.64%, and CML140 showed the highest ratio of 4.34%.

Teosinte, commonly known as wild species of corn, has distributed in Central and South America. It is believed that teosinte contains genes for resistance to flooding because of the climate characteristics of the collected countries. Recent studies have shown that teosinte has the ability to form adventitious roots, to develop aerenchyma tissues of teosinte, and the resistance to toxic substances under flooding soil condition. Therefore, development of corn varieties to cope with climate change and the growing corn at paddy field in Korea are required to introduce the characteristics of teosinte. However, in order to utilize teosinte resources, preconditions must be settled such as photoperiodic responsibility, physiological and ecological characteristics. Also if the preconditions are studied together with the metabolic level studies, the possibility of utilization for flooding resistant varieties will be even higher.

The resistance of maize weevil(Sitophilus zeamais), an important agricultural pest of stored grain, on aluminium phosphide fumigant(PH3) has been reported recently in Korea. Many researchers reported that ethyl formate(EF), a potential methyl bromide alternative fumigant, showed good efficacy on several grain pests. In this trial, based on CTP (concentration × time products), we evaluated efficacy of EF on phosphine resistant and susceptible maize weevil. Each of insect strains were collected in grain storehouses and examined the PH3 resistance according to FAO method (Busvine, 1980). L(Ct)90 of PH3 resistant and susceptible strain was 48.3 and 0.3 g h m-3, respectively. When treated with EF, L(Ct)90 of PH3 resistant and susceptible strain was 90.0 and 110.9 g h m-3, respectively. In the case of EF, there was no difference between resistant and sucsecptible strain compare with PH3. These results indicates that EF is a potential alternative for aluminium phosphide resistance management in grain storehouses.

Drought is one of important environmental stress for plant. Drought has deleterious effect to plant growth including maize (Zea mays L.) such as vegetative and/or reproductive growth, root extension, photosynthesis efficiency, flowering, anthesis-silking interval (ASI), fertilization, and grain filling. In this study, we screened drought tolerant maize in 21 cultivars from different sources, sixteen NAM parent lines (B73, CML103, CML228, CML247, CML277, CML322, CML333, CML69, Ki11, Ki3, Ky21, M37W, Mo18w, NC350, Oh43 and Tx303), four Korean hybrids (Cheongdaok, Gangdaok, Kwangpyeongok and Pyeonganok) and one Southeast Asian genotype (DK9955). Drought stress (DS) index was evaluated with leaf rolling score at seedling stage and ASI at silking date. The leaf rolling scoring of CML228, DK9955 and Ki11 were determined 1.28, 1.85, 1.86, respectively. However, M37W, Kwangpyeongok, B73 and NC350 were determined over the 3. ASI analysis revealed that CML228, CML103, Cheongdaok, NC350, B73, CML322, Kwangpyeongok and Ki11 are represented less than 5 days under DS and less than 3 days of difference between DS and well-watered (WW), but CML69, Ki3, Pyeonganok, M37W, Mo18w and Gangdaok were represented more than 10 days under DS and more than 8 days of difference between DS and WW. Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis determined CML228, Ki11, and CML322 were regarded as drought tolerance cultivars. Eventually, Ki11 showed genetic similarity with Korean cultivars by QTL analysis and MDS analysis. Ki11 has a potential for development of drought tolerance maize with Korean cultivars.

To identify the limited and adaptable sowing date and select the double cropping system, two different cropping systems such as potato (Sumi, Chubaek) - maize (Ilmichal, Yanganok) and maize (Ilmichal, Yanganok) - potato (Chubaek) were conducted in paddy and upland field condition. We observed and compared plant growth characteristics, yield potential, and income at two different cropping systems. Average yield of potato (first crop, Sumi) in paddy field was higher than upland field when planted at March 20. The plant height and stem length of the second cropping potato sown at August 20 were 30 cm higher than first cropping potato sown at March 20, which is reduced about 1,500 ~ 2000 kg/ 10a of the second cropping potato yield. Stem length and the first ear height of the first cropping corn Ilmichal sown at April 15 in paddy field were 5~10 cm higher than upland field and ear property was similar. Silking date of the second cropping corn Ilmichal sown at July 3 were about 19 day earlier than the first cropping corn Ilmichal sown at April 15, However, both stem length and the first ear height of the second cropping corn Ilmichal sown at July 3 were small compared to those of sown at April 15. Ear property of Yanganok sown at June 19 and July 3 were similar in both paddy and upland field. Fresh weight yield (aerial part, kg/10a) of Yanganok sown at June 19 were 500 ~ 700 kg/10a higher than those of sown at July 3. In view of income comparison between two different cropping systems, Chubaek-Ilmichal and Chubaek-Yanganok cropping systems were best combination, Ilmichal-Chubaek and sumi- Yanganok cropping systems were worst combination in upland field. Chubaek-Ilmichal and Chubaek- Yanganok cropping systems were best combination, Ilmichal-Chubaek cropping systems was worst combination in paddy field.

답전윤환 옥수수 8품종 및 수수 7품종 재배포장에서 조명나방 발생 및 수확 특성을 조사하였다. 매주 이뤄진 성충 트랩 조사에서 조명나방 밀도는 정식 2주 후부터 급격히 증가하여 6월 중순에 최성기에 도달 후 감소하다 9월 초 소폭 증가 후 감소하였다. 조명나방 유충에 의한 피해주 수와 침입공수를 매주 옥수수 미백2호와 대학찰 그리고 수수 남풍찰과 동안메를 대상으로 조사하였다. 그 결과, 대학찰과 미백2호에서 피해주가 각 20주당 19주와 18주였고, 주당 침입공수도 6월말부터 꾸준히 증가하여 수확기인 7월말에 대학찰은 주당 평균 1.8개, 미백2호는 1.4개로 나타 났다. 수확기에 옥수수 8품종에 대한 피해율과 침입공수를 조사한 결과, 대학찰 94%, 미백2호 92%, 일미찰 71%, 얼룩찰1호 64%, 찰옥4호 54%, 미흑찰 52%, 흑점2호 45%이었다. 주당 침입공수는 일미찰이 1.21개였고 나머지 품종들에서는 1개 미만이었다. 또한 옥수수 각 품종별로 이삭 10개씩 3반복으로 조명나방 유충에 의한 이삭 피해율을 조사한 결과, 일미찰 50%, 흑진주찰 40%, 대학찰 37%, 미흑찰과 흑점2호 13%, 얼룩찰 7% 그리고 미백2호 3% 등이었다. 수수 주요 재배품종들인 남풍찰 및 동안메는 정식 후 2개월까지 20주 평균 4주 미만으로 피해를 입다가 8월 초 에 피해가 급증하여 평균 피해주는 남풍찰이 13주, 동안메는 9.2주였고 주 당 침입공수도 8월 초부터 나타나기 시작해 남풍찰은 주당 평균 1.06 개, 동안메는 주당 평균 0.46개였다. 수확기 수수 품종별 조명나방에 의한 피해율을 조사한 결과, DS-202 95%, 목탁수수 76%, 소담찰 75%, 남 풍찰 67%, 앉은뱅이수수 57%, 동안메 46% 그리고 황금찰 34%로 7품종 모두 조명나방에 의해 높은 피해를 입었다. 침입공수 또한 피해율에 비 례해서 DS-202(1.7개), 목탁수수(1.4개), 소담찰(1.3개), 남풍찰(1.1개), 앉은뱅이수수(1개), 동안메(0.5개) 그리고 황금찰(0.4개)로 관찰되었다. 한편, 답전윤환 옥수수 및 수수 포장에서 조명나방 피해와 수확 특성은 인과관계를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 답전윤환 옥수수 및 수수 재배포장에서 조명나방의 관리대책을 구축하는데 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The occurrence pattern of lepidopteran adults in a paddy-upland rotation field and an organic upland field for 8 maize and 7 sorghum varieties was surveyed from May 8 to September 27, 2016. In addition, their damage ratio and the invasive pores by Ostrinia furnacalis larvae as well as harvest yields were monitored. The density of the lepidopteran adults in two fields showed similar pattern, although a little different pattern in Heliothis assulta. The damage ratio of maize and sorghum varieties by O. furnacalis at harvest periods was depended on both varieties and cultivated environments. A middle negative linear correlation was observed in damage ratios vs yields, the number of invasive pores vs yields, and the number of larvae in corn ears vs yields, but there was not a specific correlation between the damage ratio vs the number of invasive pores. These results may be useful for the establishment of a management strategy to control oriental corn borer in paddy-upland rotation or organic upland fields for maize and sorghum.

동남아시아 주요 옥수수 생산국인 인도네시아의 옥수수 생 산과 생산성 제한 요인에 대하여 조사·분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 인도네시아는 북위 5°에서 남위 10°사이에 위치하여 연 중 열대성 기후를 보이며 건기와 우기의 구별이 뚜렷하다. 2. 옥수수 재배면적은 약 4,000천ha 정도이며 생산량은 2009년 이후로 17,000천톤 이상을 유지하고 있다. 그 가운데 수확면적과 생산량의 약 50%를 Jawa섬이 차지하고 있다. 2014년 단위 면적당 생산성은 4.95ton/ha로 1980년대에 비하 여 약 3배 증가하였으나 지역적으로는 2.5 ~ 7.32ton/ha의 변이 를 보여 지역 간 차이가 심하다. 3. 생물적 생산성 제한요인은 downy mildew (Peronosclerospora), maydis leaf blights (Helminthosporium spp.), leaf spots (Curvularia spp.), rusts (Puccinia polysora), stalk and ear rots (Fusarium spp., Diplodia spp.), banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB, Rhizoctonia solani) 등의 병과 바 구미(Sitophilus spp.), shoot flies (Atherigona spp.), Asian corn borers (Ostrinia furnacalis), 멸강충(Mythimna spp.), corn ear worm (Helicoverpa spp.) 등의 충이나, 가장 큰 영 향을 주는 요인은 downy mildew이다. 4. 비생물적 생산성 제한요인은 토양의 산성화에 따른 척박 토양과 관개가 자유롭지 못한 전작 지대의 한발피해 등이며, 경제·사회적 제한요인으로는 비료, 농약 등 농자재 투입 비용 과 hybrid종자 가격 등이다. 5. 인도네시아에 적응하는 품종 개발 시 생산성 제한 요인을 극복하기 위한 주요 타겟 형질은 환경 스트레스 내성으로서, 특 히 downy mildew 저항성과 내산성, 내건성이 요구된다.

Occurrence characterization of oriental corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, in a paddy-upland rotation field for 8 maize and 7 sorghum varieties was surveyed. In a monitoring study using a pheromone trap carried out from 15 May to 10 September, the density of O. furncalis adults increased rapidly from about 2 weeks after corn planting and reached the highest density at mid June. After that, their density was decreased and increased a little at earlier September. In a survey carried out at harvest period using 8 corn varieties, the damage ratio was Daehakchal (94%), Mibaek 2 (92%), Ilmichal (71%), Eolrukchal 1 (64%), Chalok 4 (54%), Miheukchal (52%), Heugjeom 2 (45%). The number of invasive pore per Ilmichal stem by O. furnacalis larvae was 1.4 and those of the others was less than 1.0. In another survey carried out at harvest period using 7 sorghum varieties, their damage ratios were DS-202 (95%), Moktaksusu (76%), Sodamchal (75%), Nampungchal (67%), Anzunbaengisusu (57%), Donganme (46%), and Hwanggeumchal (34%). The damage of sorghum varieties was much higher and severer than that of corn by O. furnacalis larvae. These results may be useful for the establishment of a management strategy to control oriental corn borer in paddy-upland rotation fields for maize and sorghum.

전 세계적으로 인구가 증가함에 따라 유전자변형(GeneticallyModified; GM) 작물의 생산 역시 가파르게 상승하고 있다.국내에서 GM 작물의 재배가 아직까지는 승인된 바가 없지만식품, 사료, 가공용으로 많은 양이 수입되고 있다. 1. 결과적으로 GMO의 수입이 매년 증가하여 수송과정이나가공과정에서 비의도적인 방출이 발생하며, 주변환경에서 자라고 있는 일반 재배품종으로의 유전자이동 등 국내 자연환경에 미칠 수 있는 영향이 우려되고 있다. 2. GM 작물 중 우리나라에 가장 많은 양이 수입되는 GM옥수수의 비의도적인 방출을 확인하기 위해 2009년 7월부터9월까지 국내 곡물항구와 사료공장을 중심으로 모니터링을 수행하였다. 3. 조사는 주로 개방된 항구의 곡물저장고 지역과 사료공장으로 가는 수송경로에서 옥수수 종자와 자라고 있는 옥수수식물체를 수집하여 진행되었다. 4. PCR 분석을 통해 14개의 GM 옥수수 식물체와 수집된종자를 발아시켜 얻은 식물체 샘플 26개에서 GM 옥수수 유전자가 발견되었다. 5. 낙곡에 의한 GM 옥수수 종자의 유출이나 식물체가 자연환경에서 자라고 있는 것이 우리나라의 생태계에 어떠한 영향을 줄지 예측하기는 어렵지만, 법적으로 GMO를 철저히 관리하도록 되어 있으며, 사회적으로도 수입 GMO를 안전하게 관리하고 있다는 인식을 높이기 위해 주기적인 GMO의 모니터링이 수행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

앙골라에 잘 적응하는 다수성 옥수수 품종 육성을 위한 기초지식을 얻기 위해 앙골라 옥수수 재래종 자원 89점을 대상으로 24개의 SSR 마커를 이용하여 유전적 다양성 분석을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 총 254개의 allele가 탐지되었고 마커당 평균 allele 수는 10.6이었다. 마커의 PIC 값은 0.23 ~ 0.92 범위에 있었으며 평균값이 0.64이었다. 앙골라 옥수수 재래종 유전자원들은 매우 높은 유전적 다양성을 보여 계통간 비유사성(dissimilarity) 평균값이 0.643 이었고, 뚜렷하게 소수의 그룹들로 구분되지 않았다. 이러한 고도의 다양성을 가진 재래종 옥수수 유전자원을 이용하여 앙골라에 잘 적응하는 다양한 다수성 품종을 육성할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.