The purpose of this study was conducted in order to analyze the effects of the manual intervention and self-corrective exercise models of general coordinative manipulation(GCM) on the balance restoration of spine & extremities joints with distortions and mal-alignment areas. The subjects were the members who visited GCM Musculoskeletal Prevent Exercise Center from March 1 2012 to December 31 2013 because of spine & extremities joints distortion and mal-alignments, poor posture, and body type correction. All subjects were diagnosed with the four types of the GBT diagnosis. And according to the standards of the mobility vs stability types of the upper & lower body, they were classified into Group 1(40 persons) and Group 2(24 persons). For every other day for three times a week, GCM intervention models were applied to all subjects for four weeks, adding up to 12 times in total. Then the balance restoration effects were re-evaluated with the same methods. The results are as follows. 1) Balance restoration effects of VASdp(Visual analysis scale pain & discomfort) and ER(Equilibrium reaction: ER) came out higher in GCM body type(GBT) Ⅱ·Ⅲ·Ⅳ of Group 1. 2) In case of balance restoration effects in Moire and postural evaluation areas, Group 1 was higher and cervical and scapular girdle were higher in Group 2. The balance restoration of the four GBT types was significant in all regions(p<.05), and the scapular girdle came out as high in the order of GBTⅡ·Ⅳ·Ⅰ. 3) In case of thoracic-lumbar scoliosis and head rotation·facial asymmetric· cervical scoliosis·ribcage forward, the balance restoration effects of the upper body postural evaluation areas came out the highest in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. The balance restoration effects of the four GBT types were significant in all regions(p<.05), and came out the highest in lumbar scoliosis GBTⅢ·Ⅰ, ribcage forward and thoracic scoliosis GBTⅡ·Ⅳ. 4) The balance restoration effects of the lower body postural evaluation areas came out higher in Group 1 and Group 2 for pelvis girdle deviation·patella high·umbilicus tilt and hallux valgus·foot longitudinal arch: FLA·patella direction, respectively. The balance restoration effects of the four GBT types were significant in all regions(p<.05), and came out the highest in pelvis girdle deviation GBTⅢ·Ⅰand patella high-direction GBTⅣ·Ⅱ·Ⅰ. 5) The balance restoration effects between the same GBT came out significant (p<.05) in all evaluation areas and items. The conclusions of this study was the manual intervention and self-corrective exercise models of the GCM about the mal-alignment of the spine & extremities joints across the whole body indicated high balance restoration effects(p<.05) in spine & extremities joints in all evaluation areas.

Microalgae can grow autotrophically with the supply of light, carbon dioxide and inorganic nutrients in water through photosynthesis. Generally, microalgal growth is limited by the concentrations and relative ratio of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) among the nutrients in the aquatic environment. Each microalga has its specific optimum N : P ratio resulting in dominance in a particular water having similar nutrient composition. Algal bloom is an immense growth of certain microalga commonly cyanobacterium and can be sequestrated by reducing the limiting nutrient, generally P in the freshwater. Moreover, dominance of a less toxic blooming strain can be established by manipulating N : P ratio in the water. On the other hand, microalgal biomass of a certain species can be enhanced by increasing limiting nutrient and adjusting the N : P ratio to the target species. The above-mentioned eco-physiological features of microalgae can be more completely interpreted in connection with their genomic informations. Consequently, microalgal growth regulation which can be achieved on the basis of its eco-physiological and further genomic insights would

오늘날 컴퓨터 기술의 발달 및 GIS 소프트웨어의 보급은 주제도 제작의 효율성을 향상시켰다. 그러나 제작 가능한 유형이 소프트웨어에서 제공되는 기능에만 국한되어 주제도 표현의 다양성은 향상되지 못한 실정이다. 특히 도형표현도의 경우 단계구분도와 함께 유용하게 사용되지만 상용 소프트웨어로 제작 가능한 유형이 매우 한정적이며, 소프트웨어마다 지원하는 지도 제작 기능의 정도가 제한적이기 때문에 소프트웨어 사용자의 요구를 모두 충족시키기에는 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 점을 고려하여 범용 GIS 소프트웨어인 ArcGIS를 이용하여 구현하기 곤란한 도형표현도를 선택한 후 이를 구현하고자 하였다. 국내외 국가지도집을 대상으로 도형표현도를 분석한 결과, 가산적 도형표현도와 반원형 도형표현도의 사용 빈도가 높음에도 불구하고 현재 ArcGIS와 같은 범용 GIS 소프트웨어의 기본적인 제작 옵션으로는 구현이 곤란함을 알 수 있었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이 두 가지 도형표현도를 대상으로 하여 속성자료를 변환한 후 GIS 소프트웨어를 이용한 도형표현도 제작 방안을 구체적으로 제시하였다.

As the demand for large-scale analysis of gene expres- sion using DNA arrays increases, the importance of the surface characterization of DNA arrays has emerged. We com- pared the efficiency of molecular biological applications on solid-phases with different surface polarities to identify the most optimal conditions. We employed thiol-gold reactions for DNA immobilization on solid surfaces. The surface polarity was controlled by creating a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of mercaptohexanol or hepthanethiol, which create hydrop- hilic or hydrophobic surface properties, respectively. A hyd- rophilic environment was found to be much more favorable to solid-phase molecular biological manipulations. A SAM of mercaptoethanol had the highest affinity to DNA mole- cules in our experimetns and it showed greater efficiency in terms of DNA hybridization and polymerization. The opti- mal DNA concentration for immobilization was found to be 0.5 mM. The optimal reaction time for both thiolated DNA and matrix molecules was 10 min and for the polymerase reaction time was 150 min. Under these optimized condi- tions, molecular biology techniques including DNA hybri- dization, ligation, polymerization, PCR and multiplex PCR were shown to be feasible in solid-state conditions. We de-monstrated from our present analysis the importance of surface polarity in solid-phase molecular biological appli- cations. A hydrophilic SAM generated a far more favorable envi- ronment than hydrophobic SAM for solid‐state molecular techniques. Our findings suggest that the conditions and met- hods identified here could be used for DNA‐DNA hybri- dization applications such as DNA chips and for the further development of solid-phase genetic engineering applicatio- ns that involve DNA-enzyme interactions.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of manipulation on the velocity of cerebral blood flow and level of pain in cervicogeinc headache patients. The velocity of cerebral blood flow of 30 cervicogeinc headache patients(male=15, female=15, age=24.00±3.60) and 33 normal subjects(male=15, female=18, age=23.27±3.00) was compared. The 30 cervicogeinc headache patients were divided into suboccipitalis relaxation group, cervical manipulation group, and placebo group, and each were given different interventions. The velocity of cerebral blood flow and pain level was measured before intervention, and 1, 2, 3 weeks after intervention. The velocity of cerebral blood flow was measured with the Transcranial Doppler(TCD), and pain level was measured with visual analog scale(VAS). Blood flow velocity of middle cerebral artery in cervicogeinc headache patients was slower than those in healthy subjects. Physical therapy intervention did not have significant effect on velocity of cerebral blood flow, but slowly decreased at intervention for pain level increased. The suboccipitalis relaxation group and cervical manipulation group showed significant effect in decreasing pain level compared to the placebo group(p＜.05). Directly applied manipulation therapy in the neck area not only has effect on joint of cervical and soft tissue but also on blood vessels and nerves which pass the neck area, and because of those results of manual therapy seems to help recovery.

국화는 개화를 위해서는 30일의 지속적인 단일 처리가 요구되는 원예작물인데 본 연구에서는 국화의 화형별 홑꽃 타입의 ‘Limelight’, ‘Sunlight’, ‘Candle Light’, ‘Firebrand’, ‘Twilight’와 겹꽃 타입의 ‘Spirit’, ‘Sunburst Spirit’, ‘Mandalay’, ‘Illini Harvest’가 단일 (SD)−장일 (LD)−단일 (SD)의 일장 처리가 생장 및 개화조절 반응에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 수행되었다. 30일간의 단일 처리와 5일 또는 10일 동안의 장일처리 후 5일 또는 10일 동안의 단일조건을 각각 처리하였다. 품종별 차이는 없었으나 5 SD−10 LD−25 SD 처리는 개화를 지연 시키고 설상화 수가 증가되었다. 특히 ‘Firebrand’와 ‘Candlelight’ 품종의 설상화 수는 각각 40개와 60.8개로 대조구에 비해 현저히 증가되었다. 또한 SD−LD−SD 처리는 개화를 6일에서 7일정도 지연시키는 것 외에는 큰 효과를 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 ‘Illini Harvest’와 ‘Limelight’의 설상화 수는 어떤 SD−LD−SD 처리에 의해서도 증가되지 않았다. 따라서 추후 새로운 품종별 일장처리에 따른 추가적인 연구 분석이 뒤따라야 할 것으로 판단되며 본 연구 결과는 국화의 신품종 육성을 위한 자료에 유용함을 알 수 있었다.

우리나라 증권거래법에는 미국의 34년법 제10조 b항이나 SEC Rule 10b-5와 같은 광범위한 사기금지 규정이 존재하지 않고, 다만 1982년 증권거래법의 개정으로 동법 제188조의 4 제4항을 신설하여 동조 제1항 내지 제3항의 규율대상에서 제외되는 사기적 거래행위를 규율하도록 하고 있다. 그러나 동 조문이 미국의 34년법 제 10조 b항과 SEC Rule 10b-5에 대응할 수 있는 규정이라 할 수 없다는 데 그 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 그러한 한계를 갖고 있는 제188조의 4 제4항에만 초점을 맞추어 해석론과 입법론을 전개하였다. 제188조의 4 제4항에 대한 해석을 놓고 견해가 갈리고 있는데, 현재의 규정 하에서라도 이 조항들을 적극적으로 운용함으로써 동법 제188조의 4 제1항 내지 제3항의 규율대상에서 제외되는 사기적 거래행위를 모두 규율할 수 있는 규정으로 보자는 견해가 대세인 것으로 보인다. 그러나 성문법 국가인 우리나라에서 법 규정을 지나치게 확대 해석하는 데는 한계가 있고, 포괄적 사기금지규정으로 해석하려는 노력 이전에 입법론적인 해결이 선행되어야 한다고 본다. 이는 제207조의 2의 규정에 관한 해석론에 대해서도 마찬가지라고 보며, 시세조종행위에 의한 손해배상액의 산정방법도 정형화된 손해액의 산정방법을 따르기보다는 개별 사례에 따라 다양한 산정방식을 따르는것이 옳다고 본다.

생물학적인 셀 인젝션 기술은 유전자 주입, 시험관 배양, 인공수정 및 신약개발 분야에서 광범위하게 사용되어오고 있는 기술이다. 생물공학에서 다루는 셀 인젝션 기술은 크게 착생세포 인젝션과 서스펜디드 셀 인젝션으로 구분할 수 있다. 최근 상용화 장비로 출시되고 있는 것들은 착생세포에 대한 자동 인젝션 시스템이 대부분을 차지하고 있다. 반면, 서스펜디드 셀 인젝션 시스템의 경우는 비교적 최근들어 자동화 장비 및 방법론의 개발에 대한 논의가 이루어지고 있는

삼각형 메쉬는 게임 모델을 표현하는 가장 널리 사용되는 방법이다. 이러한 삼각형 메쉬를 효율적으로 처리하기 위한 여러 연구가 수행중이며, 그러한 연구의 중심에는 삼각형 메쉬의 기하학적인 특징을 추출하는 방법론이 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 특징들 중에서 삼각형 메쉬의 각 꼭지점에서 주곡률 및 주곡률 방향을 구하는 새로운 방법론을 제시한다. 본 논문에서 제시하는 방법론은 각 꼭지점은 각각 하나의 최대 주곡률과 최소 주곡률을 갖으며, 그 방향이 서로 수직하다는 미분기하학의 기본 지식을 이용하여 제시된다. 또한 삼각 함수를 이용해서 각 꼭지점에서 임의의 방향으로의 주곡률을 측정하는 방법론을 제시한다. 이 방법론에 대한 검증으로 원환면에 대해서 이론적인 방법으로 주곡률을 측정한 다음, 원환면을 여러 해상도의 삼각형 메쉬로 근사한 다음, 그 삼각형 메쉬의 각 꼭지점에서 본 논문에서 제시하는 방법으로 주곡률을 측정하여 이를 비교한다. 또한, 임의의 삼각형 메쉬에 대해서도 본 논문에 서 제시하는 방법으로 주곡률 방향을 측정한 결과를 제시한다.

The purpose of the current experiment was to describe interlimb coordination when swing limb conditions are being manipulated by constraining step length or by adding a 5 or 10 pound weight to the swing limb distally. Subjects were asked to begin walking with the right limb to land on the primary target (normal step length) that is 10 cm in diameter. However, if, during movement, the light was illuminated, then the subject had to step on one of the secondary targets (long and short step length). These three step length conditions were repeated while wearing a 5 pound ankle weight and then when wearing a 10 pound ankle weight. Ground reaction force (GRF) data indicated that there were changes in the forces and slopes of the swing and stance Fx GRFs. Long stepping subjects had to increase the propulsive force required to increase step length. Consequently, swing and stance toe-off greatly increased in the long step length condition. Short step length subjects had to adequately adjust step length, which decreased the speed of gait initiation. Loading the swing limb decreased the force and slope of the swing limb. Swing and stance toe-off was longest for the long step length condition, but there was a small difference of temporal events between no weight and weight condition. It appears that subjects modulated GRFs and temporal events differently to achieve the peak acceleration force of the swing and stance limb in response to different tasks. The findings from the current study provide preliminary data, which can be used to further investigate how we modulate forces during voluntary movement from a quiet stance. This information may be important if we are to use this or a similar task to evaluate gait patterns of the elderly and patient populations.

We newly designed and manufactured a new arranging system for a three-dimensional artificial crystal of monosized micro particles. In this system, a robotic micro-manipulator accurately locates the spherical particle onto the lattice point, and subsequently fiber lasers micro-weld the contact points between the neighboring particles. Actually, one- and two-dimensional arrays were constructed using monosized tin particles with the diameter of 400 m. Moreover, due to optimization of the process parameters, we successfully constructed the artificial crystals of simple cubic and diamond structures. In particular, the diamond structure which can represent a large photonic band gap is expected to progress toward a practical photonic crystal device.

Safety of present food has been accepted on the basis of extensive use and experience for a long time. Many food resources have been developed by traditional techniques without any significant adverse impacts on the safety of food. Recently recombinant DNA techniques are being used to develop new food resources. These techniques enable developers to make specific genetic modifications in food resources that introduce substances that could not be introduced by traditional methods. With these techniques food resources are being to resist pests and disease, to tolerate herbicides, and to have improved characteristics for food preservation and nutritional contents. Because the properties of an organism result from interaction between biochemical pathways controlled by many genes, the genes conferring these traits usually encode directly responsible proteins for the new trait as well as proteins that indirectly modify carbohydrates or lipids in food. Therefore, this kind of food is regarded as new food that has not been existed before, and the safety of the food developed by recombinant DNA techniques should be evaluated upon scientific basis. In this paper, the issues upon safety of the food developed by gene manipulation are discussed in terms of composional changes that can be introduced, potential food safety harzards that might arise, present status of safety regulations in various countries and international organizations, and suggestions for the safety regulation in Korea.

Recently the researches to enhance the hand function of brain injured clients are increased. One of those aspects is related to in-hand manipluation. In-hand manipulation is divided to four types: that is finger-to-palm translation. palm-to-finger translation, shift, and rotation. The purpose of this study was to find type of in-hand manipulation in normal adults in six activities and to differentiate the pattern of in-hand manipulation between normal adults and children with cerebral palsy. The participants were consist of twenty normal adults and twenty cerebral palsy. children. As a results, cerebral palsy children significantly used at lower frequence than normal adults in 3 activities. Also, in the other items, there are some pattern to differenciate between normal adults and cerebral palsy children but that was not significant statistically. The development of in-hand manipulation skills involves improvement in the dimension of activities of daily living skills training and more detailed evaluation method will be needed.