A baggage handling system (BHS) in airport is an unified system for moving the passengers’ baggage in designated time. Input baggage from the check-in counter travels to the baggage claim area or cargo handling terminal through this system. In particular, entryway BHS consists of conveyors, X-ray and sorters such as tilt-tray to send the baggage to departing airplane and it could have various problems for handling certain amount of baggage in restricted time such as baggage jamming at certain merge point. This causes systemic error such as delay of the time, omissions of the baggage and even breakdown of the equipment and inefficiency. Also the increasing maximum time of the baggage passing through the BHS could delay the flight schedule and finally decrease the service level. Thus, the algorithm for controlling the flow of the merge is essential to the system. The window reservation algorithm is the one of the most frequently used methods to control the merge configuration. Above all, the reserve location, so called reserve ahead point, that allocates the window is important for the performance of the algorithm. We propose the modified window reservation algorithm and the best reserve locations by changing the reserve ahead point in the induction conveyors. The effect of various reserve ahead points such as the capacity and utility of the system were analyzed and the most effective reserve ahead point combination was found. The total baggage processing time and the utilization of the tilt-tray are properly considered when choosing the optimal Reserve ahead point combination. In the layout of this study, the configuration of four conveyors merged into one tilt-tray is studied and simulation analysis is done by AutoMod®, 3D simulation software. Through the simulation, the window reservation algorithm is effectively operated with the best combination of reserve ahead point which reduces the maximum baggage travel time.

연속류도로 합류영향구간에서는 본선과 다른 교통특성을 가진 연결로교통류의 합류로 차로변경 및 가감속과 같은 차량간의 불규칙한 상호작용이 발생하여 교통류의 난류현상을 야기한다. 따라서, 난류현상은 운행상태를 고려하여 연속된 지점간의 불안정한 교통특성으로 판단하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 합류영향구간에 차로-지점별 검지기를 설치하여 시공간적으로 연속된 교통자료를 구축하였으며, 지점간에 유의한 속도변화를 판단하는 기준으로 최소유의차(LSD) 통계값을 산정하여 난류현상을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 합류영향구간 난류현상은 운행상태에 따라 발생권역 및 심각도가 변화되는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 난류현상에 의한 최대 합류영향권역은 교통량이 증가하는 혼잡전 운행상태에서 보여지며, 속도변화특성에 따라 상류 100m~하류 100m의 "감속구간"과 하류 100m~하류 400m의 "감속속도유지 및 가속구간"으로 구분할 수 있었다.

The approach to the study of language has recently changed in a way to accommodate the findings from its neighboring research fields. Evidence from evolutionary anthropology, genetics and biology has the FL restricted to recursion only, leaving all other mechanisms to the conditions on interfaces. Given that Merge is the most fundamental operation of FL, the labeling has been the target of research on the syntactic objects created by Merge. LA is an algorithm that searches the head property in the minimal domain and names it as a label. LA is part of Transfer and becomes complete at interfaces. This paper re-examines the algorithm of labeling in Chomsky (2013, 2015) to see how it works with the facts provided from areas other than linguistics. It also pursues the possibility that LA can derive coordination, double object constructions, and particle constructions. F-sharing is considered to be subject to parameterization in the minimalist frame though its role is not clear at interfaces except externalization.

Based on theoretical observations that the theory of Movement or Displacement has the problem of Economy, an alternative way of computation called Simultaneous Merge in Multidimension is suggested. Instead of step-wise Merge of full-fledged features and cyclic, or phase by phase derivation of structures, one-fell swoop of Merge in Multi-dimension for occurrences of copies with different sets of underspecified features is assumed. Only specified occurrences survive into interfaces, where they are concatenated under the principle of Inclusion operating on the comparative set properties between occurrences.

Focusing on two symmetric merges, namely {XP, YP} and {X, Y}, mainly related to there constructions, the paper discusses Moro's (1997) and Yang's (1999) approaches and the problems raised in them, and presents the solutions based on Chomsky's (2013) label theory. The paper shows that the movement of a syntactic object successfully solves the linearization and label problem yielded by the non-head symmetry of {XP, YP} but cannot those yielded by the head symmetry of {X, Y}. It will be argued that the head symmetry raised in {X, Y} can be accounted for by adopting Boeckx's (2008) Vector Merge, non-movement approach, which provides a point of origin and a point of end in Merge.

This paper is a revision of my earlier suggestion (2006) that the form of NPs is determined after all the features are specified for the computation under the assumptions of Multiple Spheres Hypothesis. Adopting the DM-based notions of morphological shaping (Heinat 2006, Safir 2011), I develop the proposal, arguing that the choice between the ‘-self’ form and the pronominal form is determined after the computation of root NPs is accomplished by Free Merge operation in multiple Membranes (Im 2013).

The cross-linguistic divergence of copula constructions does not necessarily imply that there is no universal structure for the constructions. Since the introduction of the notion, "small clause", the degree of categorial differentiation for copulas found in many languages has no longer been a bothersome phenomenon for linguists. Some recent works on the copula structure based on Merge theory claim that one of the pair {XP, YP} must move to satisfy the canonical order of the construction in the spirit of LCA. This paper attempts to explain how we can choose the one from the pair that must escape from the first Merged structure. Under the assumptions of Multiple Membrane Hypothesis (Im 2013), and employing the cartographical order of functional categories (Rizzi 1997, Cinque 1999, Starke 2001, 2006, among others), I argue that the syntactic object left in small clause has its own intrinsic [Focus] feature that induces the VP-internal location of the object at the interfaces. The morpho-phonemic realization of √BE is followed to meet the legibility condition at the interfaces.

Pseudogapping is treated as a combination of movement and ellipsis by many researchers. After reviewing some arguments based on movement analysis, I argue for a merge-based approach with the assumptions of Multiple Sphere Hypothesis (Im 2004-2012). The remnants in VP are not moved and elided but merged in Ω-sphere evading the PF deletion rule posited with the notion of E-GIVENness (Merchant 2001).

Chomsky’s (1995) theory of movement is mainly based on the determinism in the sense that a derivation is determined by featurechecking under the last resort condition. An alternative theory of movement would be based on the non-determinism in the sense that a derivation is not determined by feature-checking under the last resort condition but accounted for in terms of various interpretive systems. In fact, various attempts for the non-determinism have been proposed even within the deterministic frameworks. For example, even if Chomsky (2008) basically maintains the deterministic basis of feature checking for the theory of movement especially for A-movements, he tries to adopt a non-deterministic approach for some A'-movements without much success within his deterministic framework. On the other hand, recently Chomsky (2008) has proposed the notion of “free merge”, which I claim crucially supports the non-determinism even if he does not specifically claim so, probably due to his current deterministic position. This paper shows that the non-determinism based on the theory of unmarked vs. marked internal merge (IM) is more explanatory than the determinism along with the probe-goal feature checking (Chomsky 2000, 2001). The non-determinism based on the theory of unmarked vs. marked internal merge naturally captures the fact that a most significant distinction in movement is the one between unmarked vs. marked internal merge. That is, the unmarked internal merge (IM) is predominant over the marked internal merge across languages. It will be argued that along with the notion of merge the non-determinism is better motivated than the determinism not only for phase-internal optional movements like clause-internal Scrambling in Korean but also for phase-internal obligatory movements like Subject-Raising in English. In fact, it will be claimed that every operation of merge is to induce some new interpretive effects so that the interpretive effects induced by every merge should “justify” the merge itself (EM and IM) (Barbiers 1995). Furthermore, the interpretive effects like topic and focus are not determined by certain head positions (Rizzi 2006) but by the operation of merge itself within the non-determinism. Indeed, the canonical interpretive effect like the scope effect is never dependent on any head. This paper will present a theory of movement in the broader context of the theory of merge, which would contribute to the theory of movement that would conform with the theory of language design (Chomsky 2005). In other words, I will try to answer the question why movement works the way it does through investigation of why merge works the way it does.

Dongseok Kim & Yong-Ha Kim. 1999. Cost of Merge and Move. Studies in Modern Grammar 17, 33-66. In this paper we argue against Chomsky`s (1995, 1998) assumption that Merge preempts Move, and claim that Merge and Move have the same status with respect to economy. We assume, following Collins (1997), that Merge involves copy and Merge just like Move, and the unique difference is that Move involves copying an already introduced element, whereas Merge involves copying a new element from the lexicon. Under this assumption, Numeration is unnecessary and Procrastinate is eliminated in favor of local economy. On the basis of Object Shift and multiple specifier constructions in Korean, we have shown that Merge as well as Move apply as Last Resort, and that whether to apply Merge or Move is contingent on the properties of the features that must be satisfied at each stage of a derivation. As a principle to decide between them, we have proposed Narrow Domain Principle and proved it successfully works on a wide range of relevant constructions.

Congestion and traffic accidents occur on the merge and diverge sections in the interchange of the freeway. Studies have been conducted to reduce the traffic delay and accidents on the merge section in the freeway since 1960s. but a study was not conducted to estimate the speed variation on the merge section construct models estimated for the speed variation and suggest the appropriate measures. The purpose of this study was to identify the traffic flow characteristics on the merge section in the freeway construct the models estimated for the speed variation on the merge section in the freeway and finally establish the appropriate measure for reduction of traffic delay and accidents on the merge section in the freeway. The following results were obtained: I) Speed variations in the urban freeway appeared to be about 3.2mph, 6.5mph and 7.4mph based on the morning peak period, afternoon peak period and 24-hours period but those in the suburban freeway appeared to be about 8.0mph, 11.1mph and 10.1mph based on the same periods respectively. So different speed reduction signs need be installed to reduce delay and accidents on the merge section in the freeway based on the areas and periods as the freeway traffic management system(FTMS). ii) These models estimated for speed variation need to be studied with the changeable message sign(CMS) technique based on the real-time data so that the traffic flow could be maximized and the traffic delay and accidents be on the merge section in the freeway as more efficient freeway traffic management system(FTMS) in the near future.