새송이버섯 유사종의 재배와 품종개발은 버섯산업의 활 성화를 위해서는 반드시 필요하다. 그러나 국내에서 재배되 기 쉬운 것이 주로 연구된 느낌이며, 외국에서 도입된 품종 에 대한 개발이 주목을 받고 있으나 등한시 되었다. 백영고 및 아위버섯은 중국의 신장성 위구르 지역 사막에서 자생하 는 미나리과 식물 Ferulae속 식물에 기생하는 새송이버섯 유 사종이다. 최근 국내에서 재배에 성공하여 상품으로 판매되 고 있는데 그와 관련된 식품표시나 품종 등록을 위해서는 백 영고 및 아위버섯의 분류학적 위치가 불분명한 것이 문제점 이다. 이것을 해결하기 위해 우리는 미토콘드리아 유전자 및 microsatellite를 이용하여 분자표지를 해석하였다.

벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens)는 한국에서 월동하지 못하고 이주해 오는 종으로 서, 매년 한국의 벼 재배에 큰 손실을 주고 있다. 한국의 지역별로 채집된 벼 멸구의 유전적 변이 및 다양성을 알아보고자 마이크로새털라이트를 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 한국의 다섯 지역, 곤양, 광양, 진주, 남해, 남원에서 벼멸구를 각각 채집하 였고, 마이크로새털라이트 5개의 위치(18, 27, 65, 67, 76)를 기준으로 분석하 였다. 그 결과, 3개의 위치(27, 65, 67)에서 높은 유의성을 확인할 수 있었고, 한국의 벼멸구 개체 간에도 유전적으로 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 마이크로새털라이트 마커를 이용한 방법은 벼멸구의 근원지 및 이동을 결 정하기 위한 실질적인 방법이 될 것으로 생각되며, 이러한 방법을 통해 비래 해충인 벼멸구의 개체군 다양성을 분석함으로서 발생 근원지와 이동경로를 파악할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

베트남내 지역별로 채집된 벼멸구의 유연관계 및 개체간의 다양성을 Micro-satellite marker를 이용하여 조사하였다. 벼의 주요해충인 벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens)는 벼를 직접 흡즙하여 피해를 줄 뿐만 아니라 2차적으로 벼에 virus병을 매개하여 벼 재배지에 심한 피해를 주고 있다. 상세한 지역 간에 유전적 변이를 확인하기 위해 베트남의 네 지역, Haipong, Ha Tay, Can Tho, Cuu long에서 채집한 벼멸구를 마이크로새털라이트 마커를 이용하여 유전적 다양성을 분석하였다. 5개의 위치(18, 27, 65, 67, 76)를 기준으로 분석한 결과, Haipong과 Ha Tay, 그리고 Can Tho와 Cuu long 지역이 각각 유전적으로 비슷할 것으로 나타났다. 이는 북쪽과 남쪽은 지리적으로 멀기 때문에 유전적 교류가 적게 일어나고, 남북의 각 지역 간에는 개체군의 이동이 보다 쉽게 발생하기 때문으로 생각된다. 이러한 정보는 베트남 지역 간에 벼멸구의 이동과 분산의 근원과 경로를 파악하는데 중요한 기초자료가 될 것으로 생각된다. 또한 비래하는 벼멸구의 근원지와 이동 경로를 분석하여 예찰함으로서 벼 재배지에 벼멸구 대발생 피해를 최소화 할 수 있을 것이다. 더 정확한 결과를 위해서는 더 많은 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

Neoseiulus womersleyi (Schicha) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is one of the most important predators of spider mites in Japan. Various characteristics have been studied in this species. However, because there is a lack of genetic markers, genetic diversity within and among populations has not been well elucidated. Microsatellites, short stretches of tandem-repeated 1- to 5- nucleotide sequences, are ubiquitously present in eukaryotic genomes and are highly polymorphic. Their high polymorphism makes them suitable markers for studying intra-specific variation. In this study, we developed microsatellite markers in N. womersleyi, and then examined genetic diversity in their populations. Microsatellite enriched genomic DNA library was contracted and sequenced from a single female adult. Of the 40 plasmids sequenced, 31 plasmids showed microsatellite sequences and 24 plasmids were unique. Finally, we could design primers on three loci. When tested their diversity on one wild and two laboratory populations, five to 18 alleles were detected. The wild population showed highest genetic diversity, and this divergence decreased in rearing populations. To investigate the effects of different rearing conditions, genetic diversity in two rearing populations, which were different in population size, were compared with those in the original wild populations. The allelic richness and gene diversity were not significantly different between wild and large-size populations, while the values were significantly decreased in small-size populations. Thus, 40 to 60 females per generation was sufficient to conserve the genetic diversity in N. womersleyi populations during laboratory rearing. In conclusion, the microsatellite markers developed were useful to evaluate genetic diversity in wild and laboratory populations of N. womersleyi.

To estimate the genetic characteristics and cumulative power of discrimination (CPD) existing among Hanwoo (Korean cattle) and exotic foreign population (Angus, Herford, Charolais, Holstein) we used a total of 414 genomic DNAs from five breeds population (Hanwoo, Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Holstein). Genetic characteristics indices including mean allele number among loci, unbiased heterozygosity () within locus and polymorphic information content (PIC) and unbiased average heterozygosity (H) among loci in four breeds were calculated using the generated allele frequencies by each marker. The mean allele numbers for all loci ranged between 5 and 7 while heterozygosity (H) ranged from 0.75 (HW) to 0.64 (HF) among loci and across breeds heterozygosity (H) was 0.69. The generated unbiased average heterozygosity among loci in each breed was integrated to the global formula of CPD resulting in 99.71 % within the populations. The genetic variation of HW (Hanwoo) showed highest estimates among the analyzed breeds.

벼를 가해하는 벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens)는 벼를 직접 흡즙하여 피해를 줄 뿐만 아니라 벼의 virus병을 매개하여 벼 재배지에 심한 피해를 주고 있는 중요 해충이다. 이전의 마이토콘드리아 DNA를 분석한 결과에 따르면 베트남의 남쪽과 북쪽의 개체군이 유전적으로 뚜렷한 차이를 보이고 있지만 이러한 마이토콘드리아 DNA의 변이로는 좀 더 상세한 지역 간에 개체군의 유전적 변이를 검정할 수 없다. 베트남의 네 지역, Haipong, Ha Tay, Can Tho, Cuu long에서 채집한 벼멸구를 마이크로새털라이트 마커를 이용하여 유전적 변이를 검토하였다. 5개의 위치(18, 27, 65, 67, 76)를 기준으로 분석한 결과는 네 개 지역에서 차이가 있을 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 정보는 베트남 지역 간에 벼멸구의 이동과 분산의 근원과 경로를 알아낼 수 있을 것이라 생각된다. 또한 비래하는 벼멸구의 근원지와 이동 경로를 분석하여 예찰함으로서 벼 재배지에 벼멸구 대발생 피해를 최소화 할 수 있을 것이다.

To cletermine the role of mismatch repair in the clevelopment of oral squamolls cell carcinomas (OSCCs) , the prevalence of microsatellite instability (MSI), expression of I뼈LH1 ancll띠SH2 ， ancl hypennethylation of I뻐LH1 ancl hMSH2 were explorecl. Bya panel of five markers (BAT25, BAT26 , 02S123, 05S346, ancl 017~‘250 ， the so-callecl Bethescla markers) for screening of MSI, MSI was observecl in 5 of the 15 sqllamolls cell carcinomas (33.3%). As MSI is callsecl by the clysfllnction of MMR genes, this stucly examinecl the methylation status of CpG sites in the hMLH 1 ancl hMSH2 promoters ancl the expression hMLH1 ancl hMSH2. Becallse of inappr이)riate efficiency of fonnalin-frxecl ancl paraffin-embeclclecl samples for methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR) of hMLH1 ancl hMSH2, the role of promoter hypelmethylation 띠 the clevelopment of MSI ancl expression of hMLH1 ancl hMSH2. meùlylation was failecl to clefìne. However, loss of nllclear staining of 1ψIILH 1 ancl hMSH2 were seen in nine (69.2%) ancl four (30.7%) of 13 OSCCs, while four ancl fìve all corresponcling normal epiùlelial tisslles showecl positive nllclear stι ining ofl마ILH1 and hMSH2. These data suggest that MSI anclloss of expression of hMLH1 ancl hMSH2 play a role in the carcinc핑enesis of oral sqllamolls cell carcinomas thollgh the role of promoter hypermethylation of hMLH1 ancl hMSH2 in MSI and their expresslon IS lIncertam

Molecular genetic markers were genotyped used to detect chromosomal regions which contain economically important traits such as growth traits in pigs. Three generation resource population was constructed from a cross between the Korean native boars and Landrace sows. A total of 193 F2 animals from intercross of F1 were produced. Phenotypic data on 7 traits, birth weight, body weight at 3, 5, 12, 30 weeks of age, live empty weight were collected for F2 animals. Animals including grandparents (F0), parents (F1), offspring (F2) were genotyped for 194 microsatellite markers covering from chromosome 1 to 18. Quantitative trait locus analyses were performed using interval mapping by regression under line-cross model. To characterize presence of imprinting, genetic full model in which dominance, additive and imprinting effect were included was fitted in this analysis. Significance thresholds were determined by permutation test. Using imprinting full model, four QTL with expression of imprinted effect were detected at 5% chromosome-wide significance level for growth traits on chromosome 1, 5, 7, 13, 14, and 16.

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng) is an important medicinal tree found in northeast Asia. In this study, we analyzed the genome-wide distribution of microsatellites in E. senticosus. By sequencing 711 clones from an SSR-enriched genomic DNA library, we obtained 12 polymorphic SSR markers, which also revealed successful amplicons in E. senticosus accessions. Using the developed SSR markers, we estimated genetic diversity and population structure among 131 E. senticosus accessions in Korea and China. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 11, with an average of 7.4 alleles. The mean values of observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were 0.59 and 0.56, respectively. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.51 in all 131 E. senticosus accessions. E. senticosus accessions in Korea and China showed a close genetic similarity. Significantly low pairwise genetic divergence was observed between the two regions, suggesting a relatively narrow level of genetic basis among E. senticosus accessions. Our results not only provide molecular tools for genetic studies in E. senticosus but are also helpful for conservation and E. senticosus breeding programs.

The objective of the study was to identify 52 Asian pear accessions, two primary pear species, and one reference pear Asian pear with 12 microsatellite markers to maintain pear germplasm collection. The number of alleles of 12 microsatellites detected ranged from eight at CH03d12 to 18 at CH01f07. Gene diversity ranged from 0.7053 at CH01d08 to 0.9224 at CH01f07. The lowest value of PIC was 0.6600 at CH01d08 and the highest was 0.9171 at CH01f07. A group consisting of ‘Ooharabeni,’ ‘Bartlett,’ and P. calleryana was out-grouped and served as a reference to determine the relationship among Asian pear accessions. Except for the out-group, 50 Asian pears were segregated into two groups. Group I was divided in two small groups. Each small group was characterized by P. bretschneideri and P. ussuriensis, respectively. Group II was characterized as P. pyrifolia, and the group was divided in four small groups. The eigenvalue, difference, proportion, and cumulative of six principal components based on PCA to 12 microsatellite. The eigenvalue of the first principal components was 5.5850. The proportion of the first principal component was 0.9308. The cumulative value of the first two principal components was 0.9801. Consequently, nearly all of the results were elucidated by the two principal components. The results from analysis of the standard set of microsatellites in this study may be used as basic materials for the management of Asian pear germplasm collections, and the data might be useful in the development of a core collection.

본 연구에서는 대추나무 육종 연구 및 품종식별 등에 활용 가능한 microsatellite DNA표지를 개발 하였다. 또한 개발된 표지를 이용하여 국내 대추 3품종 8점(복조, 이조, 슈퍼왕대추)과, 중국에서 수집된 11품종을 분석하여 품종별 고유 DNA profile를 작성하고 품종 간 유연관계를 분석하였다. 대추나무 엽시료에서 DNA를 분리하고, Glenn과 Schable(2005)의 방법에 따라 microsatellite enrichment 라이브러리를 작성하였다. 작성된 라이브러리로부터 microsatellite repeat을 가지는 62개 contig 서열(Genebank Acc. No. KJ156642 - KJ156703)을 확보하고 이로부터 총 22개의 primer를 디자인 하였다. 이 중 품종 간 변이가 있고 재현성이 높은 15개 primer를 최종 선정하여 분석에 사용하였다. 대추나무 14품종 19점 시료를 분석한 결과 유전자좌에 따라 2개에서 7개의 대립유전자가 관찰되어 모든 유전자좌에서 다형성이 확인되었다. 국내 품종인 복조, 이조 및 슈퍼왕대추는 품종 내 개체 간 변이는 전혀 관찰되지 않았고, 품종 간에는 유전적 거리가 0.43-0.63사이 값을 보여 품종 식별에 활용 가치가 높은 것으로 판단되었다. UPGMA dendrogram을 통한 품종 간 유연관계를 분석한 결과 최근 우리나라에서 인기 있는 ‘슈퍼왕대추’는 중국에서 수집된 다른 대립종들과 유전적으로 유사한 경향을 보였다. 우리나라에서 널리 재배되는 ‘복조’ 품종은 중국 섬서성에서 수집된 ‘대백령’과 유전적으로 가장 가까웠다. 본 연구에서 개발된 microsatellite 표지는 대추나무 품종 유전·육종 연구 뿐 아니라, 품종 식별을 통한 유통단속에도 널리 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

부안지역 소나무 집단의 화분유동과 교배양식 모수를 추정 하기 위하여 7개 microsatellite 표지로 모수, 주변 성목 및 종자 에 대한 유전변이를 분석하였다. 이형접합도 기대치(He)와 근 교계수(F)는 각각 모수에서 0.614과 0.018, 종자에서 0.624과 0.087이며, 각 세대간에 차이는 없었다(P ＞ 0.05). MLTR로 추 정한 타가교배율(tm)은 0.967이며, 양친간 근연계수(tm-t s)는 0.057, 부계상관(rp)은 0.012로 나타났다. 기존에 보고된 소나 무의 동위효소 분석 결과에 비하여 타가교배율은 높고 근친교 배 및 부계상관은 낮았으나, microsatellite 표지를 이용한 소나 무류의 결과들과는 유사하였다. TwoGener로 추정한 최적 화분 비산 모델은 유효밀도(d = 220 trees/ha)를 가정한 정규확산모 델로 판명되었으며, 평균 화분비산거리(δ )는 11.42 m로 계산되 었다. 화분원 유전적 분화(Φft)는 0.021이며, Mental 검증에서 모수간 지리적 거리와 화분원의 유전적 분화는 상관성이 없는 것으로 나타났다(r = -0.141, P ＞ 0.05). 부안지역 소나무 집단 은 대부분의 화분이 가까운 거리에서 공급되지만, 화분수의 유 전다양성이 높고 화분원의 유전적 차이가 작은 상태로 추정된 다. 이러한 조건에서 완전한 임의교배가 이루어지기 때문에 종 자의 유전자형이 다양하며 세대간 유전변이의 감소가 없는 것 으로 사료된다.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is crucial legume crop as source of high quality vegetable protein and oil, and Korea is regarded as a part of center of soybean origin. To expand the information of conserved genetic diversity, we analyzed the genetic variability of soybean collection mainly introduced Korean accessions using 75 microsatellite markers. A total of 1,503 alleles with an average value of 20.0 alleles were detected among 644 accessions. Korean collection revealed average allele number of 13.4 while Chinese, Japanese and Southeast Asian accessions showed 9.0, 5.4 and 6.5 mean alleles, respectively. Especially, Korean accessions showed more number of private allele per locus as 3.4 contrary to other geographical groups. The mean expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content was 0.654 and 0.616, respectively, and expected heterozygosity values were not significantly distinguished according to the geographical groups. The phylogenetic dendrogram and deduced population structure based on DNA profiles of 75 SSR loci showed Korean accessions formed distinct gene pool against Chinese accessions, and could be divided into five subpopulations. Korean soybean accessions have specific genetic diversity and might be serve the valuable alleles for bio-industry as a part of the center of soybean origin.

The genus Vicia comprises 166 annual or perennial species distributed mainly in Europe, Asia, and North America, also extending to the temperate regions of South America and tropical. However, utilization of SSR markers have not been investigated extensively in Vicia species as compared to other crop species. Here, we have assessed the potential for transferability (cross-species amplification) of cDNA microsatellites markers developed from common vetch (Vicia sativa subsp. sativa). In total, 226 alleles were detected in 36 microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per marker ranged from one to 20, with an average of 6.3. The gene diversity and polymorphism information content value averaged 0.540 and 0.503, with a range of 0–0.85 and 0–0.84 respectively. For transferability of the SSRs, amplification was carried out with selected from two to 8 accessions of 22 different Vicia species. For individual species, the successful amplification rate ranged from 32.6% in V. ervilia to 81.9% in V. sativa subsp. nigra, with average of 48.8%. As the rate of successful amplification of microsatellite markers generally correlates with genetic distance, these SSR markers are potentially useful in the analysis of genetic relationships between or within Vicia species.

Bulb onion (Allium cepa), which belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae, is one of the oldest vegetative crops known to humans. Despite its high economic value, only a few reports are available on the use of molecular markers in genetic diversity analysis of Allium cepa for its improvement. Molecular genetic markers have been widely used as powerful tools for analyzing the plant genome. In particular, Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers are tandem repeats of one to six bp in length and have been proven to be the most powerful polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA markers in plant diversity analysis. In this study, the genomic DNA was isolated from different Allium cepa lines. The ESTs and gDNA sequences of onion were collected from National Center for Biotechnology information. The SSRs with two to five motifs over a length of 12 bp, were identified using SSRIT (Gramene) software. The PCR products of 100 to 350 bp in length containing SSRs, primers was designed using Primer3 with lengths of 20 to 24 bp and a melting temperature of 60℃. The SSR markers with high polymorphism-information content (PIC) levels was useful for collecting progeny with high genetic homogeneity for onion breeding, and to obtain representative marker sets for genetic tests. The SSR Finder program and the developed SSR markers could be a useful resource for genetic diversity and purity testing in onion.

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaudich.) is a hardy perennial herbaceous plant of the Urticaceae family and has been grown as a fiber crop in several countries including Korea for many centuries. Ramie leaves also have been traditionally used as a major ingredient of a type of rice cake called ‘Song-pyun’ in the Southwest area of Korea, especially Yeong-Gwang province. Despite its economic importance, the molecular genetics of ramie have not been studied in detail yet. Genetic resources of ramie were widely collected from domestic local sites by Bioenergy Crop Research Center (RDA) and Yeong-Gwang Agricultural Technology Center. For the systematic and efficient management of the genetic resources, we developed microsatellite molecular markers of ramie. To do this, we generated microsatellite-enriched genomic DNA libraries using magnetic bead hybridization selection method. 216 contigs containing microsatellite repeat motif were generated using nucleotide sequences of 376 clones from the libraries. Primer sets were designed from the flanking sequences of the repeat motif. Finally, we selected 26 microsatellite markers, possibly showing polymorphism among the genetic resources. Results on the genotype analysis of the ramie genetic resources using the microsatellite markers will be presented.