This study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition, free sugars, amino acids, and minerals in five Lentinula edodes cultivars collected in Korea. No significant differences in the content of crude fat and crude fiber were found between the samples; however, there was significant variation in the contents of nitrogen free extract, ash, and crude protein. Three kinds of free sugars (fucose, arabinose, and glucose) were identified by HPLC, with the glucose content ranging from 5.94% to 12.08%. Sixteen kinds of free amino acids were identified: the highest content of amino acids was found in ‘Sanlim5ho’ (13,768.33 mg%), while the highest content of free amino acids was found in ‘Sanlim4ho’ (6,790.57 mg%). The minerals detected in the L. edodes cultivars were potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium, the contents of which ranged from 567.16–2,356.09 mg%, 3.85–7.42 mg%, 9.79–20.88 mg%, and 19.60–22.62 mg%, respectively.

본 연구는 칼슘과 철 그리고 철과 아연의 상호작용과 신뢰성있는 영양정보를 제공하기 위해 영양강조표시제품중 칼슘, 철, 아연의 함량을 분석하고 표시량과 분석값을 비교하였다. 칼슘, 철, 아연을 강조표시한 제품(시리얼, 과자, 두유, 초콜릿가공품, 기타코코아가공품, 당류가공품, 과줆채음료, 고형차) 총 42건을 수거하였으며 칼슘, 철, 아연은 무기성분의 건식분해법으로 전 처리한 후 Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICP)로 실험하였다. 칼슘이 강조표시된 제품 42건에 대한 표시량 비율은 87~176%이 었으며, 철이 강조표시된 제품 13건에 대한 표시량 비율은 84~167%, 아연이 강조표시된 제품 6건에 대한 표시량비율은 98~275%였다. 모든 분석값이 표시량 대비 80% 이상으로 식품 등의 표시기준을 충족하였다. 칼슘과 철의 상호작용은 한국인의 칼슘 섭취가 1일 권장량의 68.7% 수준으로 부족하므로 칼슘의 과다섭취로 인한 철의 흡수방해는 우려할 만한 상황은 아닌 것으로 보인다. 또한, 분석한 영양강조표시제품의 철과 아연의 함량 비율이 1.53:1이 최대였으므로 철의 과다섭취로 인한 아연의 흡수방해는 우려할 만한 상황은 아니었다. 그러나 업체에서는 칼슘, 철, 아연을 강조한제품을 생산할 시에 영양소의 상호작용을 고려하여 생산을 해야 할 것이고 소비자에게 정확한 영양정보를 제공하고 적정량의 영양섭취를 위해서는 지속적인 모니터링을 통해 식품표시에 대한 주기적인 관리가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

This study evaluated the effects of TMC (trace mineral-fortified microbial culture) supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality parameters of Hanwoo steers during the last 4 months of finishing period. The TMC was a combination of 0.4% trace minerals, 20.0% Na-bentonite, and 79.6% feedstuffs, which was inoculated with a mixed microbial culture (Enterobacter ludwigii, Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Twenty-four steers were blocked by initial BW (634 ± 16 kg) and randomly allocated to one of two treatments (control vs. 3.3% TMC). The effect of TMC supplementation on the growth performance was not significant. There was no incidence of urolithiasis in TMCfed steers. However 3 out 12 steers (25%) fed the control diet were observed to have urinary calculi. The carcass yield and meat quality parameters were not affected by TMC supplementation, however marbling score was increased in TMC-fed steers (P = 0.08). There was no effect of TMC treatment on the chemical composition of longissimus dorsi muscle (LM). The TMC supplementation increased concentrations of manganese (P < 0.01), cobalt (P = 0.02), iron, and copper (P = 0.06) in LM. In conclusion, TMC treatment did not negatively affect growth performance and meat quality parameters, and positively affected the trace minerals profile of LM.

In this study, the proximate composition of Pyropia dentata was compared by the analysis of minerals and amino acids that were produced at Seocheon, Chungcheongnam-do and at Wando and Jangheung, Jeollanam-do. Moisture, ash and crude proteins were analyzed using the AOAC method, and crude lipid was analyzed using the Soxhlet method, and inorganic analysis was performed using ICP-OES. Amino acid was used for the amino acid analyzer. The proximate composition analysis, moisture content, maximum values were displayed in Wando while the maximum content of ash appeared at Jangheung's Pyropia. Crude proteins was appeared at Seocheon's Pyropia and the maximum amount of crude lipid, carbohydrate was appeared in Wando's Pyropia. Inorganic analysis, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc were analyzed from the Seocheon's Pyropia, however, cobalt, chromium, and nickel was not detected in Wando's Pyropia. For amino acid analysis, a total of 17 amino acids were detected: leucine, valine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and the amount of alanine accounted for about 57 % of total amino acids(26.1-28.7 %). The proximate composition, minerals, and amino acid of Pyropia dentata were different depending on the coastal ecological habitats.

Calcium phosphate minerals are biologically important because of their application in the fields of orthopaedics and dentistry. Herein we have tried to synthesize calcium phosphate minerals from biowaste clam shells. A simple microwave method was used to synthesize a mixture of calcium phosphate minerals such as hydroxyapatite, tri-calcium phosphate, and monetite. The microwave induces vibration of the dipole ions in the reagent. The heating and rearrangement of ions and atoms occurs during the process. The phases obtained in the final powder were ascertained by X-ray diffraction; the morphology of each sample was checked using a scanning electron microscope. We were able to obtain a mixture of calcium phosphate minerals using the microwave method; the calcined powder showed a brick like morphology, which is different from the rod shape morphology of the hydroxyapatite obtained using the hydrothermal process.

본 연구에서는 식품공전에 제시되어 있는 microwave digestion 전처리방법과 유도결합 플라즈마 방출분광기을 이용하여 식품 중의 9종의 무기질(Na, Ca, K, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn 및 Zn)을 측정하는 분석법에 대한 직선성, 정밀성 및 정확성 등의 분석법 유효성 검증을 실시하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 표준시료는 Certificated reference material1849a 조제분유로 미국 national institute of standards & technology에서 구입하였다. 직선성은 표준품을 사용한 표준검정곡선 측정농도범위에서 상관계수 0.9999 이상의 양호한 결과를 나타내었다. 검출한계는 0.1005 mg/kg, 정량 한계는 0.3351 mg/kg 으로 각각 나타났다. 또한 정밀도는 상대적표준편차(relative standard deviation)가 일내(withinday, n=3), 반복측정의 경우 0.09~4.80%, 일간(between-day, n=12)의 경우 1.19~18.19%로 양호한 결과를 나타내었으며 정확성은 회수율 90.35-110.63%로 매우 양호한 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 microwave 전처리방법과 유도결합 플라즈마 방출분광기 측정법은 식품 중 9종의 무기질을 측정하는데 매우 유용할 것으로 사료되며 국민 건강 증진을 위한 식품성분표 데이터베이스 구축, 유통식품의 품질평가 등 공익적 분석사업에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

This study was done to analyze the contents of minerals and to investigate the ratio of measured values to labeled values and to analyze the ratio of calcium to other minerals in 68 specimen with minerals - fortified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products. Content of calcium, iron and zinc in samples after microwave digestion was analyzed with an ICP-OES. The measured values of calcium were ranged 82.2~293.1% of the labeled values in 38 samples composed calcium - fortified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products. The measured values of iron and zinc were ranged 83.3~301.0%, 90.1~314.1% of the labeled values in minerals - fortified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products, 42, 24 samples. The Ca : Fe ratios were 90.55 (50.55~220.64) in fruit & vegetable juice, 850.41 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 553.49 in blended beverage, 179.07 (118.37~238.01) in soy milk, 204.39(41.64~397.52) in noodle, 296.97(121.64~868.88) in fried noodle, 30.89(15.69~ 62.05) in cereal and 7.73(0.22~49.92) in grain product. The Ca : P ratios were 1.44(0.96~1.98) in fruit & vegetable juice, 1.92 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 1.66 in blended beverage, 4.23(2.25~7.72) in soy milk, 1.14(0.28~1.97) in noodle, 1.88(1.17~2.42) in fried noodle, 1.29(0.87~2.92) in cereal and 0.30(0.06~1.57) in grain product. The Ca : Mg ratios were 1.85(0.87~5.04) in fruit & vegetable juice, 28.72 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 2.97 in blended beverage, 5.27(2.93~9.36) in soy milk, 3.97(1.34~7.57) in noodle, 6.77(4.63~10.78) in fried noodle, 4.40(2.30~12.55) in cereal and 1.17(0.23~7.48) in grain product. These results suggest calcium contents and the ratio of calcium contents to other minerals in calcium-fortified food products should be strictly controlled. Moreover, to avoid problems with Excessive nutrition, there must be initiatives for better understanding on food labelling and nutrition for fortified food.

In order to use as a new functional honey, we analyzed the chemical components including the organic compounds, minerals and vitamic C of hairy vetch that is knowing as eco-friendly green manure crop recently in South Korea. The condensed rate of methanol extraction in honey was 84.48% and main organic compounds that extract by organic solvents in GC-MS analysis were trichloromethan, acetidin, propyl carbinol, methylolpropane, cyclopentane, dipropylmethane etc. Also, main aromatic compounds that extract by organic solvents in SPME analysis were hydrazine, n-dimethylhydrazine, carbamide resin, benzoguanamine, gentanol, cyclotrisiloxane, enanthaldehyde, heptaldehyde, silane, cinchoninaldehyde, quininaldehyde and so on. As proximate composition, crude ash content was higher than acacia honey(0.05%) by 0.2613%, and crude protein was higher than acacia honey (0.10%) by 0.28%, and crude fat was higher content than acacia honey(0.44%) by 0.57%. Free sugar that analyze by HPLC consisted of fructose 35.31%, glucose 26.96%, and total sugars was 62.27%. Minerals by ICP analysis were detected total 22 kinds, K 4.9185ppm > Na 3.4915ppm > Zn 3.178ppm > Ca 1.8575ppm > B 0.8495 ppm > Mg 0.5635ppm etc. Vitamin C was not detected and antioxidation test result by DPPH freeradical scavenge effect was slight compared to acacia honey.

In order to use as a new funtional food material, we analyzed the chemical components including the organic compounds, minerals and Vitamic C of jujube honey which were produced in South Korea. The condensed rate of methanol extraction in honey was 87.02% and main organic compounds that extract by organic solvents in GC-MS analysis were trichloromethane, triptane, 2-formylbutane, acetoxyethane, butyraldehyde, butanoic acid, cyclopentane, propanoic acid and so on. Also, main aromatic compounds that extract by organic solvents in SPME analysis were octacosane, pyrobenzol, hexatriacontane, cyclopentasiloxane, pelargonaldehyde, 3-azabenzonitrile, 4-pyridinecarbonitrile, nicotinonitrile, cyclohexatriene and many more. As proximate composition, crude ash content was higher than acacia honey(0.05%) by 0.698%, and crude protein was higher than acacia honey(0.10%) by 0.27%, but crude fat was lower content than acacia honey(0.44%) by 0.26%. Free sugar that analyze by HPLC consisted of fructose 37.47%, glucose 25.22%, and total sugars was 62.69%. Minerals by ICP analysis were detected total 19 kinds, K 12.575ppm > Na 1.8155ppm > Zn 1.3325ppm > Ca 0.6335ppm etc. Vitamin C was not detected and antioxidation test result by DPPH freeradical scavenge effect was hardly but high somewhat compared to acacia honey.

본 연구는 도시지역 도로측구 등에 설치할 비점오염원의 정화장치 개발을 위해 여과재의 개발에 연구의 초점을 맞추었다. 필터는 다양한 미세기공을 갖고 있어 물리적 흡착능력이 뛰어나며, 결정 구조 안에 다양한 양이온이 배위되어 있어 화학적 흡착이 탁월한, 다공성 점토광물을 직경 3mm 볼 형태로 제작하였다. 성형한 필터에 도시지역 강우 직후 발생한 오염 원수를 통과시켜 SS, COD, T-P, T-N의 제거 능력을 폐수정화에 흔히 이용되는 첨착활성탄(Impregnated Activated Carbon) 필터와 비교 분석하였다. 다공성 점토광물 필터와 첨착활성탄 필터의 T-N과 T-P 여과능력은 거의 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다.

This study was done to analyze the contents of minerals and vitamins to compare the measured values of minerals, vitamins with labeled values of them in food labeling and to investigate the ratio of measured values to labeled values in 437 specimen with minerals and vitamins - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas. Content of calcium and sodium in samples after microwave digestion was analyzed with an ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer) and vitamins were determined using by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The measured values of calcium were ranged 80.3~142.6% of the labeled values in 21 samples composed calcium - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas. In case of sodium, measured values were investigated 33.9~48.5% of the labeled values in 21 sports beverages. The measured values of vitamin C, vitamin B2and niacin were ranged 99.7~2003.6, 81.1~336.7, 90.7~393.2% of the labeled values in vitamins - fortified commercial beverages and liquid teas, 57, 12, 11 samples. To support achievement of the accurate nutrition label, there must be program and initiatives for better understanding and guidances on food labelling and nutrition for food manufacture.

This study was performed to investigate patterns of fortified food (FF) consumption and intake of vitamins and minerals from FFs among 577 Korean children (12.4 years of age) who attended elementary or middle school. FFs eaten by children as a snack were surveyed using the food record method during 3 days, including 2 week days and one weekend. As a result, 114 FF items were eaten by the children, and several kinds of nutrients such as vitamin A, D, E, B complex, C, calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) were fortified in these foods. Ca-FFs (65.8%) were most frequently consumed, followed by vitamin C-FFs (33.4%) and vitamin D-FFs (33.3%). The number of FF items in each food group was the most in the milk group (n=24, 21.0%), followed by the beverage group (n=19, 16.7%), and the cookie/bread/cake group (n=17, 14.9%). Fortified nutrients in FFs were in various combinations, but the major combination patterns were Ca, Ca plus vitamins, Ca plus vitamins plus other minerals, and Ca plus other minerals. Daily mean intakes of vitamins and minerals from the FFs were 66-300% more than those of the recommended nutrient intake (RNI ) or adequate intake (AI) for most vitamins and minerals. Daily maximum intakes (95th percentile) of vitamins and minerals from FFs were 1-15 times the RNI or AI for most vitamins and minerals. Vitamin and mineral consumption ratios from each FF group were different according to the kind of fortified nutrient. For example, vitamin C was mostly eaten in fortified beverages (46-54%), and Fe was mostly eaten in fortified cookie/breads/cakes (87%). The above results show that FF consumption varied widely among the children, and that most of the children's foods were fortified with several vitamins and minerals without a common rule; thus, subjects risked over consuming vitamins and minerals by eating FFs. Therefore, practical guideline on FF use for children's optimal nutrition and health should be provided through nutrition education.

The purpose of present study was to analyze mineral contents in various tissues and investigate theirs relation with bone mineral density (BMD) in rats. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were fed standard diet for 4 weeks. Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency ratio were 41.00 g/week, 171.15 g/week, and 0.24 respectively. Among 12 minerals in serum, Ca is the highest with 6.86 mg/dl. Serum Mg, Se, and Cu were 2.52 mg/dl, 0.23 mg/dl and 0.22 mg/dl respectively. Mg contents in liver, spleen, and kidney were 246.36 μg/g, 105.01 μg/g, and 273.38 μg/g respectively. Tibia contents of Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and V were 194.91 mg/g, 23.10 mg/g, 0.60 mg/g, 0.35 mg/g and 0.14 mg/g respectively. BMDs of right tibia and spine were 122.04 mg/cm2 and 153.61 mg/cm2. There were significantly positive correlations between tibia BMD and Se (p<0.05), tibia BMD and V (p<0.01), spinal BMD and V(p<0.05), respectively. It's expected that these results are used as a reference data in following study to elucidate physiological function of minerals.

경북 포항의 장기층군에서 산출된 규화목의 산출상태로부터 판단하면 규화목은 모두 이지성 화석임을 지시한다. 장기층군에는 규화목과 함께 탄화목, 목탄도 발견되며, 일부의 규화목에는 껍질부분에 갈탄화된 유기물이 일부 남아있는 것도 있다. 규화목의 X선 회절 분석으로부터 Opal-CT, Opal-C, 석영+크리스토발라이트의 3가지 유형이 확인되었다. 이러한 광물의 존재는 규화작용이 비교적 낮은 온도에서 일어났음을 지시한다. 실리카(SiO2)의 주공급원은 응회암으로 추정된다. 규화목의 구성광물의 종류와 조직 보존 상태로부터 판단하면 규화작용은 주로 치환에 의해 일어난 것으로 추정된다.

고랭지에서 재배되는 주요 양채류의 기능성 향상을 위한 적정 셀레늄처리 방법을 구명하고자, sodium selenate처리 농도, 처리시기 및 처리 횟수에 따른 작물생육과 작물체내 무기성분, ascorbic acid, nitrate 및 셀레늄 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. Sodium selenate 1, 2, 5 및 20mg·L-1처리구에서 공시작물 모두 초기생육은 큰 차이가 없었으나, 처리 60일 후부터 5mg·L-1 이상의 고농도에서는 생육이 크게 억제되어, 무처리구에 비해 5mg·L-1처리구에서도 결구상추는 33%, 브로콜리는 47%, 파슬리는 74% 생체중이 감소한대 비해 비트와 셀러리는 고농도에서도 생육억제 현상이 크지 않아 20mg·L-1농도에서 생체중이 20%와 15% 감소하였다. sodium selenate 처리에 따른 작물체내 ascorbic acid 함량은 결구상추의 경우 셀레늄처리 농도가 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보여 20mg·L-1처리구는 무처리구에 비해 약 1.2배 높았고, 셀러리와 비트도 같은 농도에서 약 10% 정도 함량 증가를 보였으나, 브로콜리와 파슬리는 셀레늄처리에 따른 통계적 유의차는 없었다. 식물체내 nitrate함량은 무처리구에 비해 모든 작물에서 감소하였으며, 처리농도가 증가할수록 감소의 폭은 큰 경향을 나타내었다. 작물별 질산염의 함량 저하는 결구상추에서 가장 현저하였으며, 그 다음이 비트, 셀러리 순이었다. 무기성분 K, Ca, Mg의 함량은 공시작물 모두 처리농도가 높아질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 성분별로는 K성분이 모든 작물에서 고도의 부(負) 상관관계를 나타냈으나, Mg와 Ca함량이 감소는 농도간의 차이에 유의성이 없었다. Sodium selenate 처리에 따른 식물체내 셀레늄함량은 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 모든 공시작물에서 비례적으로 증가하여, 고농도인 20mg·L-1 처리구에서 브로콜리는 무처리구 보다 24.4배, 셀러리는 76.4배, 파슬리는 560배의 높은 함량을 보였으며, 결구상추, 비트도 같은 경향을 보였다. 작물의 생육단계별 처리에서는 생육초기에 후기보다 결구상추는 1.3배, 브로콜리는 1.4배 높았으나, 파슬리와 셀러리는 생육중기에 처리한 것이 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. 처리 횟수별 Se 함량은 파슬리, 셀러리 및 결구상추는 처리 횟수에 비례하여 증가하다가 10회 이상이 되면 셀레늄의 축적량이 둔감해지는 경향을 나타냈으나, 브로콜리는 처리횟수가 많으면 많아질수록 셀레늄의 축적량도 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다.