Ginger is generally consumed as food or medicine in Korea and mostly imported from China. During quarantine inspection,genus of nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp., are mainly detected and regulated under the procedure ofquarantine in Korea. We tested the susceptibility and mortality rates of Meloidogyne spp., which are infected in ginger,against a fumigant, Ethanedinitrile (EDN). Juveniles of the nematode showed 100 % mortality against EDN at 2.5 mg/Lfor 2 h at 13°C, meanwhile, egg mass showed 0 % hatching at 5 mg/L for 2 h at 13°C. A concentration × time product(CTP) was determined as 7.24 ghm-3. Under the 35% filling rate of ginger in cold chamber, 100% mortality was observedin both juveniles and eggs at 50 mg/L for 2 h at 13°C. At that condition, CTP was determined as 14.12 ghm-3. Basedon this study, EDN fumigation will be effectively apply to control of nematodes.

Wood pellets are used by Biomass-solid refuse fuel (Bio-SRF) has been imported from many East-Asia countries especially,Vietnam in Korea. Wood pellets are made through grind and high-pressure process shows different physical characterizationlike high methyl bromide (MB) absorption unlike other wood materials. Furthermore, detected pests in wood pellets havesimilarity with detected pests in stored grain. In this study, we analyzed susceptibility on pupa and adult stages of redflour beetle, Tribolium castaneum in wood pellets against mixture of MB and phosphine (PH3). Mixture treatment ofMB and PH3 was more effective than single MB treatment compare with control. Pupal stage showed more tolerant thanadult stage on each fumigant and 100% mortality was determined at 27 mg/L of MB only at 20°C. However, PH3 increasedMB toxicity on pupae that 100% mortality was observed at 100:1 ratio of MB (5 mg/L) and PH3 (0.05 mg/L) at 20°C.Based on this study, mixture treatment of different type of fumigant will be applied to control of quarantine pests.

The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the most serious pests in the greenhouse. They can infest variouscrop plants even in high warm greenhouse condition in summer. To understand the effect of heat acclimation ability ofB. tabaci, mortality was determined at various temperature conditions of the greenhouse. Adult whiteflies survived evenin 63°C in tomato greenhouse. The median lethal temperature (LT50) of the greenhouse colony was 59.9°C however LT50of the lab colony was 47.6°C. The relative expression level of heat shock proteins (hsp23, hsp70 and hsp90) were significantlylower in the greenhouse colony compare to the lab colony. This result suggests B. tabaci has very high thermal adaptability(acclimation) and its mechanism is associated with heat shock protein system.

이유자돈 시기에 자돈의 성장성적을 개선하기 위하여 자돈의 사료섭취량을 극대화하는 것은 중요 하다. 본 연구는 사료섭취량을 증대시키기 위한 방법으로써의 향미제의 사용이 이유자돈의 성장성적 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 평균 체중 6.43±0.955kg의 3원 교잡종 ([Yorkshire×Landrace])×Duroc) 160두를 공시하였으며, 4처리 5반복 펜당 8마리씩 성별과 체중에 따 라 난괴법으로 배치하였다. 처리구는 1)향미제를 첨가하지 않은 처리구, 2)밀크-바닐라향 0.3%를 첨가 한 사료 3)버터향 0.3%를 첨가한 사료 4)어분향 0.3%를 첨가한 사료이다. 실험결과 성장성적, 혈액성 상 및 설사지수에서 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 발견하지 못하였다. 따라서 향미제의 종류에 상관없이 향미제를 0.3% 첨가한 사료는 그렇지 않은 사료에 비해 이유자돈의 성장성적이나 혈액성상에 있어서 아무런 긍정적인 영향을 끼치지 않을 것으로 판단된다.

The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a serious pest and virus vector of many crops. To understand thermal tolerance of B. tabaci at molecular level, effects of rapid and acclimated thermal stress were analyzed by measuring mRNA levels of two heat shock proteins (hsp), hsp23 and hsp90, of B. tabaci using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Mortality of adult whiteflies were 65.5% by 45°C for 1 h but 100% by 50°C for 1 h. However, mortality by subsequent exposures to 35°C for 1 h then 45°C for 1 h was 43.3%. Comparison between rapid and acclimated heat shock treatments showed that different patterns between hsp23 and hsp90 levels. At acclimated condition, hsp90 was higher but hsp23 was lower than rapid heat shock. The results suggest that the heat acclimation response is possibly advantageous to whiteflies that are often exposed to drastic temperature fluctuations.

Fish mortality is the most important success factor in aquaculture management. To analyze the effect of mortality considering biological and economic condition is a important problem in land-based aquaculture. This study is aimed to analyze the effect of mortality for duration of cultivation in land-based aquaculture. This study builds the mathematical model that finds the value of decision variable to minimize cost that sums up the water pool usage cost, sorting cost, fingerling cost and feeding cost under critical standing corp constraint. The proposed mathematical model involves many aspects, both biological and economical: (1) number of fingerlings (2) timing and number of batch splitting event, based on (3) fish growth rate, (4) mortality, and (5) several farming expense. Numerical simulation model presented here in. The objective of numerical simulation is to provide for decision makers to analyse and comprehend the proposed model. When extensive biological and cost data become available, the proposed model can be widely applied to yield more accurate results.

사과 재배포장에서 점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae Koch)의 월동은 사과나무의 여러 장소에서 5~15마리의 성충 암컷이 개체군을 형성하 여 월동하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 월동중인 암컷들은 대부분 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta) 유충의 고치가 있는 조피사이의 갈라진 틈에서도 발 견되었으며, 부주지 상에 형성된 좁은 조피틈과 과실 수확 후 남아있는 꽃자루에서도 발견되었으나 월동 개체수는 매우 적었다. 또한, 월동중인 암컷들은 결과지의 기부에 형성된 거친껍질 및 눈의 기부, 여러 작은가지의 분지부위 좁은틈에서도 발견되었다. 한편, 수체상에 형성된 일부 점박 이응애 월동장소로 죽은 개각충속, 깍지벌레 빈껍질속, 진딧물의 미라속에서도 발견되었는데, 이들 장소에서의 월동 응애수는 매우 적었다. 2년 에 걸쳐 수행된 본 연구에서 점박이응애의 월동중 암컷 성충의 사망률은 평균 72~80%로 매우 높았으며, 이는 이들 응애가 겨울 동안 추위에 견 디는 저항력이 낮기 때문으로 판단되었다.

양돈 농가의 모돈 1두당 연간 출하두수(MSY; Marketted-pigs per Sow per Year)를 향상시키기 위 해 돼지의 폐사율을 줄이는 것은 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 2014년 6월 초부터 2015년 2월 말까지(여 름, 가을, 겨울철) 총 10곳의 양돈 농가에서 각 사육단계별 돼지의 폐사율에 영향을 미치는 계절별 각 환경요인의 기여도를 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 그 결과,‘여름+가을+겨울’에는 일교차가 분만사와 이유자돈사에서의 폐사율에 영향을 미치고(p<0.05),‘가을+겨울’에는 일교차만이 분만사에서의 페사율 에 영향을 미치는 반면에 평균기온 및 일교차가 이유자돈사에서의 폐사율에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다(p<0.05). 하지만, 육성·비육사에서의 폐사율에는 어떠한 계절별 환경요인도 유의적으로 작용하 지 않음을 알 수 있었다(p>0.05). 따라서 계절에 상관없이 분만사와 이유자돈사의 경우에는 일교차를 적정수준인 2℃ 이하로 유지하고, 상대적으로 기온이 낮은 가을·겨울철에는 예열과정을 거쳐 외부의 찬 공기가 직접 돈사 내부로 유입되는 것을 방지하고, 난방 등을 통해 돈사 내 평균기온을 적절하게 유 지한다면 이유자돈의 폐사율을 낮춤으로써 농장의 모돈 1두당 연간 출하두수를 향상시킬 수 있을 것으 로 판단된다.

Bean bug, Riptortus pedestris is an agriculturally serious pest in north eastern Asian countries, damaging to several legumes and fruit trees. Chemical pesticides have been largely used to control the pest but it encounters insecticide-resistance and environmental toxicity issues. Alternatively different mode of action and environmentally sound pest management system can be found in entomopathogenic fungal insecticides. Herein we developed a platform to optimize the fungal production to express their maximum virulence against bean bug, by focusing on solid culture system for thermotolerance, formulation to select effective surfactants to carry the fungal conidia on the cuticles, and relationship between environmental abiotic factors and fungal mortality. First to produce highly thermotolerance fungal conidia, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates were cultured on several granular cereal substrates, which could be subjected to formulation process. Among the tested media, four media (millet, non-glutinous italian foxtail millet, glutinous italian foxtail millet, brown rice) were superior to the other grains in the spore production and thermotolerance. Next to efficiently deliver the fungal conidia on the cuticles of bean bug, total of six surfactant (CO-2.5, CO-12, LE-7, PE-61, TED-3 and Siloxane) was used to experiment. CO-12 was superior to the other surfactant in mortality of 100 ppm consistence. This work suggests that solid culture system and formulation and application should be seriously considered to reach an optimal level of mortality by inducing their maximum virulence.

The common octopus, which has a high growth rate and high market price, is a prime candidate for commercial marine aquaculture operations. We evaluated the effectiveness of two types of shelters (pipe and tire types) for juvenile common octopus growing out in flow-through seawater tanks. Growth rates were evaluated in two experiments. The first experiment (Experiment 1) ran for 72 days, and the second (Experiment 2; replicated) ran for 46 days. Each trial included 40 octopuses fed a diet of frozen sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) and swimming crab (Portunustri tuberculatus) at 3–8% of body weight once every 3 days. In the two experiments, the respective specific growth rates were 0.3 and 0.04%/day in pipe-type shelters and 0.00 and 0.88%/day in tire-type shelters, while the respective percentage survivals were 80 and 80% in pipe-type shelters and 70 and 90% in tire-type shelters. Shelter type had little influence on the growth rate (P < 0.05).

밤재배원에서 발생하는 밤바구미를 물리적으로 방제하기 위하여 침지처리 온도 및 시간별로 유충에 대한 방제효과와 밤 종실에 미치는 성 분변화 등을 조사하였다. 밤 종실내의 밤바구미 유충을 방제하기 위하여 다양한 온도조건(30, 35, 40, 45, 50℃)과 시간별(1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 22, 24시간)로 처리하여 방제활성을 조사하였다. 침지처리에 의한 밤 종실의 변화 조사로는 밝기(lightness), 적색도(redness), 황색도(yellowness) 등의 색도의 변화와 발아율, 부패율과 같은 생리적 변화, 경도(hardness)와 같은 물리적 변화, 수분함량과 유리당, 탄닌과 같은 성분변화를 조사 하였다. 침지처리를 이용한 밤바구미 유충의 방제 효과는 30℃에서 2시간 후부터 70%이상의 살충효과를 보였으며, 7시간 후부터는 100% 방제 효과를 보였다. 40℃에서는 2시간 후부터 90%의 효과를 보였으며, 45℃ 이상에서는 침지 처리 1시간 후부터 90%이상의 살충효과를 나타내었 다. 밤 종실에 대한 색도의 변화는 30℃와 35℃에서는 큰 유의차가 없었으나 40℃ 이상의 온도에서는 시간이 증가할수록 밝기, 적색도, 황색도 에 영향을 미쳤다. 발아율의 경우 침지처리에 대한 영향은 크지 않은 것으로 조사되었으나, 40℃ 이상의 온도조건에서는 침지시간이 증가할수록 부패율이 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다. 경도는 온도와 침지처리 시간이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 침지처리에 의한 종실 성분의 변화는 온도와 침 지처리 시간이 증가할수록 유리당함량이 감소하였다. 이상의 결과들은 적절한 온도와 시간조건에서의 침지처리가 밤바구미 유충 방제에 효과적 이며, 밤 종실의 상품성에도 큰 영향을 미치지 않음을 보여주었다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 밤 종실의 침지조건을 선별하는데 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

One of the major problems in the modern pig industry is infectious disease. Susceptibility to infectious diseases is influenced by both constitutional (e.g. genotype, age, gender, and reproductive status) and environmental factors (e.g. nutrition, management, infections, and other forms of stress). Genetic variations within individual animals or herds can cause differences in the execution of immune functions against infectious agents in domestic pigs. The objectives of the present study were to identify genetic factor(s) responsible for piglet survival and mortality under commercial field conditions with infectious diseases as well as determine QTL regions for immune capacity in a pig reference family. Sex ratio was examined between normal grown and presumed dead groups of F2 animals generated by Korean native pigs (KNP) and Yorkshire (YS) breeds. The ratio of males was significantly higher in the presumed dead group than in the normal grown group. In order to study genetic factors associated with presumed mortality under disease outbreak, allelic frequencies of 239 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were compared between normal grown and presumed dead groups. Exactly 22 SNPs showed significant differences in their allelic frequencies between the two groups, and four of them were validated with another commercial population divided by normal and emaciated pigs. Furthermore, the relationships between 239 SNPs and immune-related traits were studied. These results demonstrate that identification of genetic components of animal immune systems and susceptibility to infectious diseases is possible and will be useful to improve disease resistance in individuals as well as in breeding programs.

대구의 동남부지역에 위치한 망월지에서 2007년부터 2009년 사이에 일어난 두꺼비 유생의 집단폐사에 관한 연구이다. 망월지두꺼비를 대상으로 미생물학적 조직학적 검사를 시행하여 Aeromaona hydrophila를 분리해낼 수 있었다. A. hydrophila는 수계환경에 광범위하게 분포하는 기회감염균이다. 2007년~2009년 상승된 기온변화가 망월지내의 수온을 상승시킴으로서 어패류 및 양서류의 병원성 세균인 A. hydrophila의 급속한 증식이 유발되어 두꺼비유생을 감염시켜 집단폐사로 이어진 것으로 사료된다.

The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), damages various cultivated crops and is also occasionally a serious pest of turfgrass, especially on golf courses. Essential oils have potential as alternative control agents for insect pests. Sixteen essential oils (anise, camphor, cinnamon, citronella, clove, fennel, geranium, lavender, lemongrass, linseed, neem, peppermint, pine, thyme, turpentine and tea saponin) and paraffin oil were assessed in the laboratory and the green house for their efficacy against black cutworm larvae. Treatment of potted perennial ryegrass with anise, cinnamon, neem, paraffin or turpentine reduced black cutworm damage in a greenhouse trial. Neem oil (2000 ppm) reduced growth of black cutworms feeding on treated clippings within 3 and 5 days. Treatment of perennial ryegrass in pots resulted in 100, 100 and 46% mortality of black cutworm at 4000, 2000 and 1000 ppm, respectively. Weight of survivors at the 1000 ppm rate was 5 fold less than weight of comparably-aged controls.

공공사업이나 자동화 생산시스템 등에 있어서 설비 자산이 차지하는 비중은 매우 크며 이러한 설비들의 경제적 설비 대체 분석을 위하여 설비에 대한 수명분석이 이루어져야 한다. 본 논문에서는 설비들의 폐기 자료가 불충분한 경우의 수명분석에서 Iowa형 생존곡선을 기초로 한 CM 방법을 제시하였다. 기존의 SPR 방법이 평균 수명만을 추정하는데 비하여 제시된 CM 방법은 설비의 수명분포를 추정함으로써 평균 수명뿐만 아니라 폐기 자료의 폐기곡선과 폐기율을 추정할

연안개발에 의하여 해양으로 유입되는 부유토사는 해양생태계에 많은 영향을 미칠 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 참전복, Haliotis discus hannai 치패를 이용하여 부유토사 농도 변화에 따른 폐사율 및 글리코겐 함량 변화에 대해 알아보았다. 0~2,000 mg/L의 부유토사 농도구에서 96시간 동안 노출을 행한 결과 전복의 폐사는 일어나지 않았으나 연체부의 글리코겐 함량에 있어서는 1,500 mg/L 이상의 농도구에서 유의하게 감소하였다. 본 연구결과로부터 부유토사가 전복의 폐사에는 직접적인 영향을 미치지는 않으나 부유토사에 의하여 건강상 장해를 일으킬 수 있을 것으로 판단되며 장기적으로 발생할 수 있는 부유토사의 영향을 고려하여 양식장으로의 토사유입을 방지 할 수 있는 대비책을 마련해야 할 것이다.

Sediment microcosm experiments were conducted for 14 and 28 days using Zn spiked sediment to examine chronic toxicity (mortality) of Diporeia spp. as a function of density and time. Mean cumulative Diporeia mortality in 28 day sediment microcosms was 25%

Effects of three packing materials and exposure time on the mortality of Plodia interpunctella and Tribolium castaneum were studied using CO₂-modified atmosphere control. Materials used were triple layered craft paper (KKK), triple layered craft paper with one laminate coating layer (KLK), and triple layered craft paper with one HD film coating layer (KHK). In the test balls (ø 1.2 m) containing 85% CO₂-modified atmosphere, concentration of CO₂ in small packing envelopes (9.8×9.8 ㎝) made of the materials after one day was higher in KKK (26.67±0.58%) than KLK (23.33±0.58%) or KHK (20.67±0.58%). Both P. interpunctella and T. castaneum showed higher mortality in KKK than in either KLK or KHK. Similar results were obtained by larger space (9×4×3 m) and packing volume (20 ㎏) studies. The effect of the packing materials was clearer on T. castaneum more tolerant to CO₂ than P. interpunctella. Regression of the insect mortality on cumulative concentration time (∫<SUP>t</SUP>₀c × tdc ≈ ∑concentration × time) was highly significant. Control of P. interpunctella and T. castaneum by CO₂-modified atmosphere were discussed in relation to packing materials, cumulative concentration time of CO₂ and food products.