Potato is an important cash crop of Pakistan and widely cultivated in plains and mountains of Punjab. Khyber Pakhtun Khawa Gilgit Baltistan, on an area of 0.313 million hectares in summer, autumn and spring with an annual production of 07.9 million tons. In Pakistan potato yield is 25.2 tons per hectare, which is although above the world average but comparatively low as compare to the potential and other advance potato growing countries because of several reasons. Availability of healthy seeds and advance production technology are the major constraints to achieve the higher potato production goals. It is very alarming that in spite of good position in potato growing countries, we are unable to produce good quality seed. In Pakistan >01% quality seed is available against the seed demand around 0.5-0.7 million tons per annum and mostly depend upon the imported seed 15000-20000 tons per annum. Tissue culture industry has been a proven global technology in potato seed production, so it is dire need of the growing population and climatic change to adopt these modern technologies of potato production for sustainable and higher production and income to contribute potato growing farmers of Pakistan. It is possible with the commercial use of tissue culture and allied techniques as aeroponic potato seed production along with good management and plant protection measures to provide indigenous high vigor and high yield potential potato seed. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council has established Aeroponic Potato Seed Production facility at National Agricultural Research Center with the collaboration of Korean Govt RDA-KOPIA Pakistan. The Aeroponics is a modern technology for growing plants by providing a nutrient solution in the air without soil. Plants grow rapidly in the growth chamber under the aseptic environment, balanced nutrition and sufficient oxygen availability that improves potatoes production in the aeroponic system. This can produce 10 times more yield than conventional production systems. Aeroponics techniques are credited for making potato yield more efficient, and can reduce the number of steps in the potato seed multiplication. Through tissue culture and aeroponics facilities development in Pakistan, first ever more than 200,000 nucleus mini harvested at NARC from the autumn 2021 and spring 2022 planation at KOPIA screen houses. Further seed multiplication from the harvest is under progress at up hills and more than 500,000 tubers (G1) are expected to be harvested during October-November 2022. It is very encouraging, impressive and successful venture of KOPIA at Pakistan for the potato seed production and self-sufficiency to insure food security in the country.

본 연구에서는 게임 동영상의 고화질 변환이 가능한 초해상화 알고리즘을 제시한다. 본 알고리즘은 오픈 소 스 형태의 GPU에서 제공하는 MMU에서 구현될 수 있도록 희소 행렬 연산을 이용해서 설게된다. 이를 위해 서 일반적인 영상 해상도 향상 방법인 이중 일차 및 이중 삼차 보간 법과 심층 학습에 기반한 초해상화 모 델에서 사용하는 컨볼루션 연산을 희소 행렬 연산으로 변환하는 방법을 제시한다. 이는 각 픽셀에 적용되는 필터를 행렬 곱 형태로 표현하고, 이 행렬을 희소 행렬로 표현함으로써 수행되는데, 이러한 과정을 통해서 연산의 효율성을 추구함으로써 안정적인 초해상화 알고리즘을 제공한다. 이러한 희소행렬 연산 형태로 표현 되는 초해상화 알고리즘은 기존의 라이브러리를 이용해서 구현된 초해상화 알고리즘과 유사한 PSNR과 FPS 를 보인다.

The evergreen oak tree, Quercus myrsinaefolia Blume, is not only economically important for wood, medicine, landscape trees, etc., but also becoming more important in terms of ecology due to climate change. However, asexual reproduction was difficult, so this study was conducted to establish the optimum conditions for micropropagation by shoot multiplication. The surface sterilized seeds of Q. myrsinaefolia were successfully germinated in WPM basal medium. BAP (1.0 mg/L) treatment was most effective for inducing multiple shoots. The highest induction rates of adventitious roots from the multiple shoots was shown in the treatment of 1.0 mg/L NAA. Both MS and WPM medium were most effective for growth of multiplied plantlets. For ex vitro acclimatization, the survival rates of multiplied plantlets were 100% in vermiculite and commercial soil. The results of this study can be used for proliferation and supply, and establishment of ex situ conservation of Q. myrsinaefolia elite trees.

『신찬자경』은 『일체경음의』·『옥편』·『절운』·『정명요록』·『간록자서』 등 중국에서 전래된 한문 문헌을 저본으로 하여 편찬된 일본의 辭書인데, 다양한 이체자와 속자 자료가 풍부하게 수록되어 있어서 자양학적으로 가치가 높다. 『신찬자경』의 이체자는 일반적인 이체자와 비슷한 형성원인을 보이므로, 그 방법론을 적용해 연구할 수 있다. 한자의 이체자는 크게 글자 구성 원리의 변화, 簡略化, 增繁化, 交替, 異化, 同化, 類化, 記號化, 訛混, 同音借用, 構件轉位, 合文 등의 요인에 의해 다양한 형태로 형성되는데, 필자는 상호 유기적으로 영향을 주고받는 이체자 유형들끼리 모아서『신찬자경』이체자와 일반 이체자의 공통성과 차별성을 탐구하려 한다. 그 첫 번째 단계로 본 논문에서는 간략화와 증번화 유형 이체자를 정리하고 분석하였으며,『신찬자경』이체자의 보편성과 고유성도 함께 고찰하였다.

Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation) is a globally important ornamental plant. Tissue culture techniques have been used for the commercial production of carnation; however, the micropropagation of carnation has been impeded due to the occurrence of hyperhydricity during the shoot multiplication process or micropropagation stage 2. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of rare earth elements on the reduction of hyperhydricity in micropropagated carnation were investigated. Nodal explants of D. caryophyllus ‘13827’ were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1.0 mg·L-1 6-benzyladenine and 0.5 mg·L-1 indole-3-acetic acid with 3.0% (w/v) sucrose and 0.8% (w/v) agar (control medium). The medium was supplemented with lanthanum nitrate, La(NO3)3, cerium nitrate, Ce(NO3)3, or neodymium chloride, NdCl3 at a concentration of 0.05, 0.1, or 0.15 mM. Hyperhydricity was observed in 68.9% of the cultures produced on the control medium. The lowest percentage (42.2%) of hyperhydricity was observed in plants propagated on the medium supplemented with 0.05 mM Ce(NO3)3. Furthermore, the soluble protein concentration was higher in both the non-hyperhydric and hyperhydric plants produced on the medium supplemented with 0.05 mM Ce(NO3)3, whereas the activity of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase was lower in comparison with the media lacking Ce3+. The results of this study suggest that supplementation of the culture medium with 0.05 mM Ce(NO3)3 alleviates oxidative stress and reduces hyperhydricity in carnation during the adventitious shoot multiplication stage.

This study was conducted to establish a propagation system by shoot tip culture of Hosta plantaginea ‘Joseon’, of which production has increased as landscape plants and cut foliage. We evaluated the effects of culture methods (drum shaker in liquid, filter paper bridge in liquid and solid media), media (1/2MS , 1MS, 2MS), cytokinin (BA, kinetin, TDZ), and light quality (fluorescent lamp, red LED, blue LED, red LED + blue LED) on shoot multiplication and rooting. In the treatment by culture methods, the highest number of shoots (2.4 shoots per explant) was obtained on liquid media with drum shaker (BA 4.0 mg·L-1+ NAA 0.2 mg·L-1) and solid medium (BA 4.0 mg·L-1+ NAA 0.2 mg·L-1), but the shoots showed vitrification symptoms in liquid media. In media treatment, underground growth was good in 1/2MS and 1MS: overground growth was good in 1MS and 2MS but shoot length of 2MS tended to be shortened. In the treatment by cytokinin, kinetin 2.0 mg·L-1+ NAA 0.2 mg·L-1 and k inetin 4.0 mg·L-1+ NAA 0.2 mg·L-1 showed the highest number of shoots (3.4 and 3.3 shoots per explant, respectively). In the treatment by light qualities, red LED showed the highest number of shoots, shoot length, leaf number, fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area. Red LED enhanced shoot length elongation, but chlorophyll content was lower. The content of chlorophyll was highest in blue LED, but the number of the shoots was lower. Shoots were rooted easily on basa MS medium without NAA, showing 100% of rooting. As a result, it might be considered that roughly 6,561 plants can be produced through subculture for one year in vitro from only one shoot tip of H. plantaginea ‘Joseon’ in MS semi-solid medium with BA 4.0 mg·L-1+ NAA 0.2 mg·L-1 or with kinetin 4.0 mg·L-1+ NAA 0.2 mg·L-1.

This study was carried out to find out the effect of water stress (RDI) on multiplication of plant parasitic nematodes on grapevines. The responses to irrigation treatments were not significantly different in relation to new root growth, root dry weight and total number of parasitic nematodes, however significant differences in the density of Meloidogyne javanica in the soil between daily irrigation and the treatment with water stress (RDI). The main effect of inoculum type was significant, and the water treatments significantly affected total root growth between the nematode treatments, as well as M. javanica density in the soil in the nematode treatments. The daily irrigation treatment with Pratylenchus spp. had the least root growth but was not significantly different to root growth in the RDI treatment with Pratylenchus spp. Similarly with RDI, there was no significant difference in root growth in treatments receiving combined nematode inoculum between daily irrigation and RDI. However, root growth in treatments receiving M. javanica in RDI was significantly greater than those receiving M. javanica with daily irrigation. Under RDI treatment, the number of M. javanica recovered from soil receiving M. javanica inoculum was significantly greater than under daily irrigation. However, there was no significant difference between daily irrigation and RDI in the number of M. javanica or Pratylenchus recovered from soil receiving the combined treatment or in Pratylenchus recovered from soil in the Pratylenchus treatment.

귤녹응애(Aculops pelekassi (Keifer))는 제주감귤의 중요한 해충이다. 본 연구는 귤녹응애의 연간 발생소장을 구명하고자 수행하였으며, 습도와 잎의 연령이 밀도증식에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 상대습도는 통계적으로 유의하게 귤녹응애 성충의 수명 및 산란에 영향을 주었다. 상대습도 33, 75, 84%에서 수명은 각각 7.5, 14.5, 14.6일 이었고, 산란수는 5.4, 21.5, 27.1개 이었다. 감귤 잎의 연령에 따라 귤녹응애의 증식정도는 유의하게 차이가 있었다. 연령이 40일된 잎에서는 귤녹응애 밀도증식이 가장 높았으며, 4주 후에는 10일된 잎에서 증식된 것과 비교하여 3배 이상 높았다. 눈 인편 틈에서 월동한 귤녹응애 성충은 4월 하순부터 활동을 시작하여 5월 중순경부터 봄에 발아하여 전개되는 잎(봄 잎)에서 발생하기 시작하였고, 6월 중순에는 과실에서 발생이 시작되었다. 잎에서 발생소장은 6월 하순에서 7월 발생최성기를 보였고, 과실에서는 8월 상순 발생 최성기를 보였다. 본 연구결과는 감귤원에서 귤녹응애 방제에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.

This study was conducted to investigated the distribution and ecological character of Black Soldier Fly(BSF), Hermetia illucens, to determine effects of BSF on composing ability to waste-food. The distribution of BSF was defined in all parts of the country in Korea. Its main habitat was found to be areas near cattle sheds, manure sheds, living waste dump grounds, and food waste dump grounds. Observed characteristics of BSF by developmental stage may be summarized as follows: eggs were a long oval shape of 886.9±19.7 ㎛ in major axis and 190.1±9.7 ㎛ in minor axis; they were 24.0±1.6 ㎍ in weight. One adult insect laid 1001±247 eggs in quantity; days to hatch from eggs (27℃, 60% R.H.) were 81.3±12.5 hours. Larvae which were hatched appeared to be close to white and turned into pale yellow as being last instar larva. Last instar larva ranged from 20.7±1.1 mm in size, the length of larval stage was approximately 15～20 days. Pupae exhibited red brown, 19.2±1.1 mm in size; pupal state lasted 15.5±1.4 days for female, 14.7±1.4 days for male, exhibiting the tendency of males having shorter period than females. Adult insects were sized about 13～20 mm and colored black.

In a previous study, aggregation pheromone trap added with refrigerated eggs of Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) in a netted pouch was found to enhance parasitism by its egg parasitoid Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in soybean fields. However, the eggs released in the netted pouch would not be well exploited by the egg parasitoid due to reduced encounter of the eggs and elevated inter- or intraspecific competition among the parasitoids in clumped condition of released eggs inside the pouch. To solve this problem, new trap was developed with twelve separate cells for egg placement. Efficiency of this new trap was evaluated in a soybean field in Songcheon, Andong. Newly developed trap and formerly designed trap each with 180 refrigerated eggs were placed at a distance of 15-20m in the field. The released eggs were collected every week, and the experiment was replicated for three weeks. In addition, comparison was carried out by placing eggs in different density in the cell (120 in total per trap) for three weeks. Parasitism in newly developed trap (32-35%) was higher than that in the former trap (16-20%). Parasitism in the trap where eggs were released in six cells was the highest, followed by three cells, one cell, and eggs released in the pouch. From these findings, newly developed traps is better than previous design in enhancing the parasitism in soybean fields.

In order to establish artificial indoor rearing techniques for the black soldier fly (BSF), we developed indoor rearing instructions and collection manual for each developmental stage of the fly. The fly collection was conducted between June and October at 1 month interval. Calf feed and food waste were most effective to attract adults. Collection efficiency is higher from the trap installed in a shady spot than that in an open spot. It was highest to collect flies in August and September. As the egg-laying medium for the artificial egg collection, calf feed and food waste were most effective. The optimal number of the medium (W*D*H=60*40*15cm) was 8 for 2000 adults (male:Female=1:1) in the egg-laying net (W*D*H=4*2*2m). Flower foams and wooden blocks with holes were used as egg-laying sites. Adult females preferred the holes on average 3～5mm in diameter and 7～10mm in depth for oviposition. Larvae reared in low density (2～4 individuals/㎠) showed superior practical traits than those reared in an overcrowded environment (6～10 individuals/㎠). It is important to place the fly pupae in moist sawdusts (humidity: 20~40%), since a pupa tends to hide in a refuge. Adult insects should be employed for laying eggs for food waste processing immediately after emergence. When treated at 10℃ for 10 days after pupation, emergence rate of the insect was still 93.3%. By keeping pupae at the low temperature, emergence timing could be manipulated with about 10 day flexibility.

에크네시아의 뿌리로부터 유도된 캘러스에서 부정근 을 유도하고 이를 액체배양을 통해 효율적으로 증식하 는 배지조건을 조사하였다. 실생뿌리로부터 캘러스를 유도하는 조건은 NAA 0.1mg·L-1가 함유된 MS 기본 배지에 sucrose 30g·L-1, 한천 10g·L-1를 처리 한 것 이 가장 양호하였다. 캘러스로부터 부정근의 유도에는 NAA 0.01mg·L-1를 단독처리 한 배지에서 가장 양호 하였으며, NAA에 BA를 첨가하면 오히려 NAA의 부 정근 유도 효과를 감소시켰다. NAA처리는 동일한 농 도의 IBA보다 부정근의 수와 생체중의 증가에 효과적이었으며, 액체배양 후 약 6주후에 생체중이 최고에 달하는 것으로 나타났다. 무기염류는 SH배지 보다 MS배지가 효과적이었는데, 농도는 기본배지의 50% 성분량을 처리하였을 때 가장 양호하였다. 탄소원으로 는 glucose보다 sucrose가 효과적이며 60g·L-1를 처리 하였을 때 가장 효과적이었다. 질소원으로 KNO3와 NH4NO3의 첨가비를 비교한 결과 KNO3와 100%, NH4NO3는 50%를 첨가한 배지가 부정근의 생체중 증 가에 효과적이었다.

곤충병원선충(Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser) 기주 증식을 위해 실내 대량사육이 용이한 파밤나방(spodoptera exigua (Hubner))과 담배거세미나방(Sp. litura (Fabricius))유충에서 병원성과 증식선충수를 조사하였다. 반수치사 병원선충수는 두 기주간 또는 발육시기에 따라 차이가 없었으나 기주내에 증식된 선충수는 기주의 크기에 비례하였다. 온도에 따른 선충의 증식은 온도가 증가함에 따라 기주내 최대 감염태 선충수(담배거세미나방 5령충에서 약 500,000마리, 파밤나방 5령충에서 약 100,000 마리)를 보이는 소요기간이 에는 접종 후 6일이나 에서는 12일로 길어졌다.