북한선교는 현실적으로 다양한 제약점이 있다. 북한의 폐쇄성으로 선교의 문을 여는 것 자체가 힘든 상황이다. 이러한 상황 속에서 북한선교는 급진적으로 이루어질 것이 아니라 순차적 단계를 밟아나갈 필요가 있다. 그 첫 발걸음이 접촉점을 확산시켜 나가는 것이다. NGO는 접촉점 확산에 있어서 중요한 문이자 선교전략이 될 수가 있는데, 지금까지 대북 NGO 활동은 인도주의적 구호 활동과 개발지원사업에 집중되어왔다. 본 연구는 직접적 선교 활동을 할 수 없는 한계적 상황 속에서 NGO를 통한 새로운 북한선교 전략으로 음악적 NGO 활동을 제안한다. 음악과 친숙한 북한 주민들, 특히 자라나는 어린이나 청소년들에게 다양한 악기를 보급하고, 찬송가, 복음성가와 같은 기독교음악의 선율적 특성을 접하게 하는 것이다. 이것은 향후 직접적인 복음 전파가 가능할 시점에 친숙함을 느끼고 마음 문을 열게 하는 선교적 기초 작업이 될 것이다.

This study is the process of finding answers to the following questions. Cultural content is needed to study Vietnamese language? Do Vietnamese language learners feel the need for classes using cultural content? Do Vietnamese teachers use cultural contents in class? In order to find out the answer, I conducted a questionnaire survey on Vietnamese students in Chungnam Foreign Language High School, interviewed teachers and analyzed the case examples. As a result of the questionnaires and interviews, it was found that the necessity of cultural contents development in Vietnamese language education is a requirement for both teachers and learners. Based on these results, we developed a case study on cultural education contents for Vietnamese language education. However, the model of teaching Vietnamese language utilizing cultural contents needs to be developed through more diverse academic analysis. Its effectiveness should also be investigated in depth. We will propose this as a future research project.

Introduction The over population of wild and feral animals is increasing as an environmental problem in many parts of the world due the pressure on native flora and ecosystems. (BBC, 2013; Hall, 2015; Kaji, Saitoh, Uno, Matsuda, & Yamamura, 2010). Examples include deer in Northern Japan and Northeast USA, the urban fox in England, possums in New Zealand and the crown of thorns starfish in the Great Barrier Reef. This phenomenon is also happening in Australia. Recent news reports of huge kangaroo populations devastating grazing land in western Queensland (Arthur, 2015) and a spike in Koalas eating away their habitat in the Cape Otway area of Victoria (Paul, 2015) have highlighted this problem. While the overpopulation of koalas is causing environmental damage to natural gum trees, to the point that they will not regenerate, it is difficult to enforce population control because these animals hold such as positive place as an Australian symbolic animal. Hence, there is some controversy whether they should be culled by environment advocates as part of an ongoing population/environmental management program. To help facilitate appropriate wildlife management in light of the controversial environmental problems, Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) play an essential role as a conduit between government and local citizens. For example, Australian Koala Foundation contributes to the conservation and management of the wild Koala through conducting strategic research for Koala management, conservation and community education in Australia (Australian Koala Foundation, 2015). However, NGOs are currently faced with challenges, such as acquisition of funds to support such work and gathering supporters for volunteer activities. This is because the competitiveness in the not-for-profit-sector has intensified due to an increase in the number of NGOs and oligopoly of donation share by high-profile NGOs (Foster & Fine, 2007; Sunder, 2015). To deal with these challenges NGO’s are resorting to more commercial types of marketing communications such as the use of celebrity endorsement or using celebrities as spokespeople. Although using celebrities as spokespeople for the NGO sector has become a common advertising strategy (De los Salmones, Dominguez, & Herrero, 2013; Wheeler, 2009), research into what kind of characteristics of spokesperson would lead effectively to change customer's attitude and behavioural intentions is limited. This celebrity/cause match is especially important for many environmental NGOs who have to deal with controversial environmental problems (e.g. wildlife management for overpopulated animals). This research examines the differences between the relevant expertise and perceived attractiveness of the celebrity spokesperson and its effect on the public’s perception of trustworthiness of the NGO. As the role of the celebrity spokesperson to encourage the public’s intentions to donate increases another issue arises: can the same strategy be used to solicit the donation of time (by volunteers)? This latter dilemma is something that is rarely experienced in the for-profit or commercial sector. This study presents a conceptual model that may help to identify answers to these questions and will extend the current research on celebrity endorsement. It should also bring out new academic insights about the process of building source credibility and a detailed evaluation of the spokesperson’s role in creating a two dimensional approach to behavioural intentions. Literature review Celebrity endorsement is a common advertising technique used by many organisations to build an association between a well-known and well-liked personality and the company’s brand in order to increase consumer’s awareness and liking for the brand (Spry, Pappu, & Bettina Cornwell, 2011). By utilizing the endorsement of a celebrity spokesperson, the product/service, band and/or company is able to leverage the positive attributes and characteristics of the spokesperson to the advantage of that product, band and/or company image (Erdogan, 1999; Ohanian, 1990). Recently, this strategy of utilizing celebrities as credible spokespeople has been adopted by many socially purposed organisations and NGOs (De los Salmones, et al., 2013; Samman, Auliffe, & MacLachlan, 2009; Wheeler, 2009). In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the spokesperson, source credibility is used as a key measure. The source credibility is defined as ‘a communicator's positive characteristics that affect the receiver's acceptance of a message’ (Ohanian, 1990, p. 41). The concept of source credibility has been established through the development of two important models: source credibility model and source attractiveness model. The source credibility model, proposed by Hovland, Janis, and Kelley (1953), suggests that the effectiveness of a message depends on perceived level of expertise and trustworthiness in an endorser (Erdogan, 1999). Hovland, et al. (1953) analyze the factors which lead to the perceived credibility of the spokesperson and defined that two essential items of source credibility namely, expertise and trustworthiness. Moreover, the source attractiveness model, takes a social psychological perspective (McGuire, 1985) and is defined as another important factor that is likely to affect customers’ perception of the brand. The source attractiveness model explains that the effectiveness of a message depends on source's 'familiarity', 'likability', 'similarity', and 'attractiveness' to the respondent (Erdogan, 1999). This model brings about the idea that attractiveness is also a factor determining source credibility. Ohanian (1990) combines these two models and defines the construct of endorser source credibility as consisting of three sub-dimension items (i.e. expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness). By adopting the source credibility model, researchers have studied the effects of spokesperson on customer's attitudes and behavioural intentions in various research settings and conditions (Amos, Holmes, & Strutton, 2008; Erdogan, 1999; Lafferty & Goldsmith, 1999; Ohanian, 1991). However, a comprehensive review of the literature reveals that some gaps still exist in the work that has been undertaken in this field. Firstly, rather than source credibility consisting of three independent variables (expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness) Busch and Wilson (1976) and Johnson and Grayson (2005) suggest that for trust building within service marketing and sales research, the constructs of expertise and attractiveness are regarded as antecedent factors of trustworthiness. This approach has not been used in research into celebrity endorsement. Secondly, although most studies have dealt with concept of behavioural intentions as a unidimensional concept, this unidimensional way could make the actual effects of spokesperson unclear because different behavioural intentions may hold different meanings, for different potential sponsors resulting in different forms of donation. In service quality research Zeithaml, Berry, and Parasuraman (1996) confirm that different types of service quality may influence differently any one of five different behavioural intentions (i.e. loyalty, switch, pay more, external response, and internal response). Thus, different types of celebrity endorser (expert or attractive) could also influence different types of behavioural intentions. For example the attributes of celebrity endorser may have an influence on whether someone would be more inclined to donate money, to donate time (volunteer for the organisation), and/or spread positive word of mouth. Conceptual framework & hypotheses development Although this study investigates the effects of the various combinations of endorser's characteristics on customer’s attitudes and behavioural intentions, research shows that different endorser’s characteristics do affect different customer attitudes and behaviour (Eisend & Langner, 2010; Lord & Putrevu, 2009). Lord and Putrevu (2009) find that attractiveness drives customer's behavioural intentions when customer's motivation is transformational (i.e. affective), whereas expertise and trustworthiness are influential when their motivation is informational (i.e. cognitive). Eisend and Langner (2010) reveal that attractiveness is a determinant of positive customer attitudes in the immediate condition (i.e. ad effects after just 60 seconds), whereas expertise is effective in the delayed condition (i.e. ad effects after one or three days). They also found that a high-expertise and high-attractiveness endorser is particularly effective towards customer attitudes in both conditions. Thus, considering the different effects on customer’s attitudes by different endorser’s characteristics our research objective is to examine which type of spokesperson is more effective in influencing a customer's attitudes and behavioural intentions for NGOs dealing with controversial environmental problems. In addition to solving the research objective, the research will also fill the research gaps indicated through the literature review. Our model (See Figure 1) shows that both the expertise and attractiveness of a celebrity spokesperson will lead to consumers’ perception of the trustworthiness of that spokesperson. Considering the insights from the perspective of trust building processes in the services marketing and sales literature, the celebrity’s expertise and/or attractiveness as antecedent factors of trustworthiness should also have an effect on organisation credibility through trustworthiness as a mediator. Moreover, we propose that the effects of a spokesperson’s expertise and/or attractiveness will influence differently the organisational credibility depending on the level of issue controversy they deal with. For example, Wheeler (2009) found that a celebrity endorser that showed a logical connection with the organisation increased organisational credibility and behavioural intentions. Therefore it is expected that for an environmental NGO that has to deal with controversial issues (such as reducing numbers of animals in habitats under stress from overgrazing) an expert spokesperson may well be a better fit and gain more trust and therefore more credibility for the organisation than an attractive one. However, where the issue the spokesperson is dealing with is not controversial this pattern may well reverse with an attractive celebrity being the more effective spokesperson. From this point of view, the level of issue controversy that the NGO deals with is hypothesized as a moderator between both expertise and attractiveness and trustworthiness. The customer’s perception of both the trustworthiness/credibility of the celebrity chosen as spokesperson and the credibility of the organisation will influence their (the customer’s) attitudes toward the organisation. In the model we follow Amos, et al. (2008) and Erdogan (1999) in asserting that positive organisational credibility will positively influence attitudes toward the firm. From the view that a unidimensional behavioural intention could make actual outcomes unclear, three behavioural intentions (i.e. donation of time, donation of money, word of mouth) options are proposed. This distinction is especially important when considering that many NGOs unlike for-profit organisations have a need to both increase financial resources and human resources. The NGO/celebrity endorser conceptual model is presented in figure 1. Conclusion & future research direction The conceptual model developed in this study research has implications for both academics and managers. Firstly, as an academic contribution, the idea that expertise and attractiveness contributes to trustworthiness, which is reported in trust building in service marketing, should raise new considerations about source credibility building process in celebrity endorsement research. Moreover, the moderating influence of the degree of controversy will play an important part in that relationship, especially for NGOs having to deal with controversial issues such as culling wildlife to protect the environment. The approach that multiple types of behavioural intentions are important outcomes may also enable a more detailed evaluation of the effects of celebrity spokespeople. The interactions between spokesperson characteristics (e.g. expertise, attractiveness) and the three behavioural intentions should be further investigated within the celebrity endorser field of research. Secondly, since the literature which evaluates the effect of celebrity endorsement for NGOs in the context of controversial social issues has been still under-researched, the outcomes of this research will be valuable for most NGO managers struggling with same issues. Moreover, by applying multiple behavioural intentions, more detailed insights how to increase each behavioural intention (i.e. donation of money, donation of time, positive word of mouth) through assigning different spokesperson with different characteristics (i.e. attractiveness and expertise) may enable NGOs to more flexible in assigning a suitable spokesperson. The characteristics of the spokesperson may need to change depending on the resource acquisition requirements the NGO has at that time. Hence, this research will provide meaningful insights from the both academic and managerial perspectives. As a future research direction, in order to validate this conceptual model it is suggested that a between subjects experiment be conducted. The experiment could consist of a scenario whereby a spokesperson is trying to gain public support for the activities of an environmental NGO. Here one could manipulate the expertise (high vs low) and the attractiveness (high vs low) of the spokesperson and the message (controversial vs non-controversial) to establish if differences in the spokesperson characteristics would have an effect on the different behavioural intentions of the respondents.

This article aims to describe about filling the gaps in the system of combating human trafficking and forced labor in Poland on the basis of the NGO La Strada. This system has been built for many years. We can consider it as relatively effective at the operational level in aspects such as investigation and support for victims but it is far from sufficient at the general concept of prevention. Looking at institutional level, it is obvious that one of the law enforcement agencies existing in Poland, namely Border Guard, plays rather limited role in combating THB in comparison with its potentialities (the main actor is Police). The main causes of human trafficking in Europe, Asia or Africa are universal factors such as poverty, migration and globalization. Poland and Asian countries experienced Communism. For this reason I will try to present an example of identifying the victims of human trafficking.

The church’s world propagation effort through Christian NGOs is a missionary strategy that appropriately meets the cultural trend of the globalization age. Among different kinds of NGOs, international development NGO is unique because one can effectively attain its missionary goal through implementation of regional development programs in the targeted region. Furthermore, NGOs are very useful in gaining access in certain parts of the world where there is no freedom of religion. Christians and churches have played a central role in the history of NGO in Korea that history of NGO in Korea can legitimately called the history of Christian NGO. Few examples of Christian NGO activities in Korea include: a) Independent movement under the Japanese colonial rule, b) relief efforts in the 1950’s before and after the Korean civil war, c) citizens’ democratization movement under the military regimes in the 1970’s and the 1980’s, and d) North Korea aid activities through northsouth exchanges. Today, moving beyond the basic Christian missionary work, the Korean Christian NGOs are propagating into the world to satisfy the needs of the local people and the need for world missions. Despite the successful Christian NGO activities, churches should always keep in mind that the establishment of NGOs without a purpose that centers on evangelical propagation or church building can result in adverse outcomes. Churches should operate Christian NGOs professionally with proper philosophical understanding and academic knowledge. Today’s Christian NGOs have tremendous amount of responsibilities that include: a) clarifying their identity as Christian, b) consisting up of members with strong Christian view of the world, c) equipping their operation with expertise and regularity, d) being effective in receiving countries, and, above all, e) revealing the excellence of Christianity throughout the whole world through transparent and ethical management centered on human rights. The relationship between the church and Christian NGOs and missionary organizations and Christian NGOs should never be a competition for resources. Rather, their relationship should always be a cooperation to bring God’s kingdom to this world and accomplish the Great Commission for world missions. Apart from church, Christian NGOs will lose their purpose of existence.

During the past decades, the island city of Jeju, through considerable multi- sectoral efforts, has grown to be a shining example of an environmental hub model. The origin of Jeju’s growth as a global environmental hub can be traced primarily to two major characteristics: 1. The willingness of the people of Jeju to share their island’s vibrant cultural heritage and unique natural beauty with the rest of the world, and 2. The tireless endeavors of Jeju Special Self-GoverningProvince to manage Jeju’s environment, and share its environmental best practices to urban centers across the world. These endeavors are expressed as the principal of policy that conservation is prior to development. In order to achieve its goal of a World Environmental Hub status, Jeju Special Self- Governing Province is promoting 1) institutional strategies, 2) supplementation of its existing master plan, and 3) restructuration of existing social system. The first includes the promotion of this project on a joint base with IUCN and the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea, establishment of head office of world environmental hub promotion in Jeju Governmental organization, and enactment of world environmental hub special law by the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. The second is considering collaborations with the members of IUCN commissions, domestic experts, and consultants who will be recruited from overseas. The third is for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the master plan through the restructuring of exiting socio-economic system to a new one focusing on maximizing the eco-efficiency and environ- mentally friendly behavior.

在全球范围内,非政府组织己经成为人们改善生活状况的有效组织方式,在中国,党建设和谐社会、小康社会的目标亦要求非政府组织承担起更多的社会责任。中国的非政府组织在性质上是政府支持甚至培养的与政府有着共同的促进中国社会发展目标的社会组织,具有经济服务的功能、社会支持的功能、代表民意的功能以及参与精神文明建设等功能, 发展行业协会、培养社会保障组织、加强社区建设是当前的工作重点。然而中国毕竟是一个起步较晚,经济制度尚不完善,政治体制有别于西方社会的国家,中国非政府组织具有不同于其他国家的特点,也不可避免与其他任何新生事物一样存在着发展上的问题, 其中又以制度环境的不适宜、法律体系的不健全、尚未形成充分的社会认同、公益不足导致无法有效调动社会力量这几方面最为突出。本文从新中国成立以来不同时期的非政府组织(NGO/NPO)制度分析入手,找出每时期非政府组织制度的特征,分析主要非政府组织的功能与技能。首先介绍1998年前的非政府组织制度。然后分析1990年代非政府组织制度的变化的主要内容，探索各类非政府组织的相关法规、特点比较研究。本文还详细分析中国NGO的国际化程度与其特征，最后论述了NGO制度的发展展望。

오늘날 우리 사회가 산업화로 인해 점점 다원화 되어가고 시민 사회가 활성화되어감에 따라 복잡하고 다양한 사회문제들도 발생하고 있다. 그로 인해 NGO의 역할이 정부 및 기업의 성공적인 운용에 중요한 이슈로 부각되고 있으며 소비자 행동주의의 발달과 함께 국내의 다양한 NGO들 역시 기업 활동의 감시자로서 기업의 사회 책임성을 비롯한 다양한 이슈에 많은 관심을 가지고 지켜보고 있으며, 그 중에 사회복지 분야에서 차지하는 비중은 점점 커지는 실정이다. 그러나 아직까지 우리나라에서 NGO는 역사가 그리 오래되지 않았으며 아직 연구의 시작단계라 할 수 있다. 기존의 연구들은 단일 이슈를 중심으로 활동한 단체들에 관한 연구들이 대부분이며 종합적인 대책으로 지역사회복지의 측면에서 접근하는 연구는 부족한 현실이다. 따라서 이러한 문제점을 해소하고 국내 복지 분야 NGO가 발전하기 위해서는 NGO 자체가 명확한 목표와 비전을 가지고 다양한 프로그램 개발을 통한 조직의 전문화를 도모하고 전문성과 사명감을 지닌 실무자를 확보 지역의 요구를 대변하는 활동 기반을 구축하여야 하며 외부평가도 필요하겠지만 자체적으로 조직의 투명성과 도덕성을 확립하여야 한다. 또한 정부와의 협력 및 견제를 위한 대안 마련이 필요하며 기타 비영리민간단체 지원법 개정을 통한 정부 차원의 간접지원방안 확대 등의 검토가 필요하다. 무엇보다도 정부는 이제 NGO에 대한 새로운 인식과 접근방법의 변화를 가져와야 할 것이다.본 연구는 민간사회복지의 기능과 역할이 날로 커지는 오늘날 NGO에 대한 개념과 발전과정 선진국에 NGO 현황과 복지활동을 알아보고 우리나라 사회복지에서 NGO의 현황과 과제에 대한 연구를 통해 앞으로 사회복지 분야에서 NGO가 나아 갈 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

The article deals with the roles of Chinese Christian NGOs for social service and the implications for North Korea. The article consists of 4 parts: Chinese NGOs and the roles for social service, possibility of Chinese Christian NGOs for social service, the implications for North Korea, and missionary tasks of Korean Churches for both China and North Korea. The first part discusses necessity of NGOs for social service in China which has been in sufferings such as gap of the rich and the poor, and unemployment due to the economic reform policies of China. The reform policy motivated to establish many kinds of NGOs in Chinese civil society. Under the socialist political rule Chinese NGOs are characterized with the supplementary roles for Chinese authority or mediation roles between the authority and people. The second part analyzes the Chinese Christian NGOs and their social roles. Under the religious policies of the Chinese regime, the history and theology of the three-self church and so-called the home-based church are described. Their social roles are analyzed in the perspective of NPO which is existed for public service. Particularly the activities of the Amity Foundation, an excellent Christian NGO in China are emphasized. The third part describes some possibilities of Christian NGOs for social service in North Korea which has just started to exercise the economic reform policy. During implementing the policy most of North Korean people have been suffered from social problems such as gap between the rich and the poor. NGOs can contribute to relieve North Korean from social poverty. Also the society needs some Christian NGOs. In conclusion the article suggests two tasks to the Korean Churches in the perspective of NGO. First, the Churches are asked to support to establish Christian NGOs in North Korea such as the Amity Foundation in China. Second, the Churches should reflect their mission policies for China which emphasized on conversion and church planting. Instead the Churches are asked to support to develop Christian NGOs in China.

이 연구는 대한민국에서 국제난민지원단체를 설립하고 20여 년간 난민 보호활동을 하고 있는 이호택 대표의 생애사 연구이다. Atkinson(1998a, 1998b)의 내러티브 탐구의 생애 이야기 면담 방법으로 7회에 걸쳐 생애사 텍스트를 생성하고, Adriansen(2012)이 제시한 ‘타임라 인 면담 분석’으로 코딩한 후, Lieblich 등(1998)이 제시한 ‘통합적 내용 접근’으로 리코딩 했다. 그의 생애 이야기의 독자성을(Lieblich et al., 1998) 일곱 가지 주제 곧, 난민처럼 인생의 가장 약한 지점에서 시작되는 이야기, 활동가의 길을 가게 한 생의 분기점과 결정적 만남, 대한민국 소수자 보호활동의 개척사를 쓴 개척자, 타인을 위해 생명을 나누고자 하는 사명자, 세상을 이해하며 삶이 뒷받침되는 공부를 추구하는 이유, ‘난민들의 피난처’라는 의미, 대한민국 활동가로서의 생애 비전과 좌우 이념을 오가는 통합 방식 등으로 구성할 수 있었다. 대한민국 1세대 난민 활동가의 생애사를 통해 대한민국 사회에서 난민 코드를 탈북 코드와의 접합 속에서 개인적, 구조적으로 정당화할 수 있었다.