톱다리개미허리노린재는 콩과작물과 과수에 경제적 피해를 주는 주요해충이다. 본 연구는 톱다리개미허리노린재의 온도에 따른 산란특성을 규명하고 수정란을 이용한 산란모형과 생명표 매개변수를 추정하기 위하여 15.8, 19.7, 24.0, 27.8, 32.6, 34.0, 35.5℃ 정온조건에서 실험을 실시하였다. 15.8℃를 제외하고 조사된 모든 항온온도조건에서 산란이 가능하였다. 암컷 성충 수명은 15.8℃ (110.5일)에서 가장 길었으며 온도 가 올라갈수록 짧아지는 경향을 보였다(19.7℃에서 76.6일, 35.5℃에서 20.6일). 전체 산란수와 수정란수는 24.0℃ (193.5와 151.2)에서 가장 많았으며 부화율은 27.8℃ (84.0%)에서 가장 높았다. 전체 산란수와 수정란수를 이용하여 산란모형과 생명표 매개변수를 비교하였다. 수정란수 를 이용시 온도별 총산란수 모형의 추정된 총산란수(159개)는 전체 산란수(190개)를 이용했을 때보다 적었다. 생명표분석에서 수정란을 이용하였을 때 개체군순증가율과 평균세대기간은 전체 산란수를 이용한 결과보다 작은 값을 나타내었다. 수정란을 이용한 산란모형 작성과 생명표분석은 실질적인 개체군변이를 이해하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

아메리카왕거저리는 주로 애완동물의 먹이로 사용되고 있으며 대형어, 파충류, 양서류, 조류의 주식 및 간식으로 활용하기도 하며 낚시 미끼로 일부 이용되고 있는 거저리류다. 아메리카왕거저리를 대량 사육하기 위해 성충의 산란율 증가와 균일한 유충을 확보하는 기술이 필요하다. 성충의 산란격리틀을 이동시켜줌으로써 유충 단계가 혼재되어 선발하는데 노동력을 줄이며 높은 수확량과 균일한 유충을 확보하기 위해 5일, 10일, 15일 간격으로 성충을 산란틀로 옮겼을 때 5일 간격으로 성충을 옮기는 처리에서 총부화유충수 7,256마리로 10일이나 15일의 5,439마리, 2,060마리보다 더 많은 유충수를 확보할 수 있었다. 또한 5일과 10일간격으로 산란을 시킬 때 80일째에 유충무게에 대한 변이계수(CV)는 각각 10.08, 10.28로 유충의 무게가 비교적 일률적이지만 15일 간격에서 변이계수는 24.84로 5일과 10일 간격보다 높아 유충이 일률적이지 않았다. 따라서 아메리카왕거저리 성충을 5일 간격으로 산란틀을 옮기면서 산란을 9회 시키면 7,000마리 이상의 유충을 확보할 수 있으며 이때 한 마리당 무게는 0.68g 확보가 가능하였다.

아메리카왕거저리(Zophobas atratus)는 대형 거저리류로, 영양적 가치가 높아서 현재는 식용, 사료용 곤충으로 활용하고자 연구가 진행 중이다. 아메리카왕거저리의 산란율 향상을 위해서 산란에 적합한 광주기 조건을 조사하였다. 9L/15D, 12L/12D, 15L/9D (암수비율 1:2, 온도 30 ℃, 습도 65% RH, 조도 1800 lux) 의 광조건 하에서 산란수 조사 결과, 아메리카왕거저리의 산란수은 약 5주간은 증가하다가 이후 서서히 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 아메리카왕거저리 1마리의 일일 평균 산란수은 15L/9D가 22.9±6.5개로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 9L/15D 16.8±8.5개, 12L/12D 7.5±4.6개 순이었다. 누적 산란수(15주) 역시 15L/9D가 291.1±120.2개로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 9L/15D 200.9±111.3개, 12L/12D 87.7±64.1개 순이었다. 그러나 폐사율은 9L/15D가 53.3%로 가장 높았고, 그 다음이 12L/12D 50.0%, 15L/9D 43.3% 순이었다. 이런 결과로 볼 때 아메리카왕거저리의 산란에 적합한 광주기는 15L/9D로 판단된다.

천적의 방사시기 결정은 정착 밀도를 높이는데 중요한 역할을 하며, 조기방사는 빠른 해충 방제효과를 기대할 수 있다. 다포식성노린재인 미끌애꽃노린재를 고추 정식초기에 방사할 경우, 쉽게 정착되지 않고 있어, 그 원인을 찾고자 본 시험을 수행하였다. 천적이 작물 군락내 정착을 하기 위해서는 접종 이후 다음 세대를 형성하여야 하며, 이를 위해서는 적절한 먹이와 산란처가 필요하다. 이에 시설작물인 고추와 천적유지작물로 활용 가능한 바질에 개화단계와 미개화로 나누어 미끌애꽃노린재를 접종하였을 때 산란여부를 조사하였다. 개화여부에 따른 미끌애꽃노 린재의 산란수는 개화바질>개화고추>미개화바질>미개화고추 순으로, 고추와 바질 모두 미개화한 식물보다 개화한 식물에 대한 산란선호도가 높게 나타나 꽃가루 등이 산란에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 식물별로 산란부위 가 다르게 나타났다. 이에 고추 개화전인 정식초기의 포장에 미끌애꽃노린재를 방사할 경우 산란을 위한 먹이원 및 산란처가 제공되어야 정착이 보다 용이할 것으로 판단된다.

뽕나무발효톱밥을 이용한 흰점박이꽃무지의 사육 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 발육 및 산란 특성을 조사하였다. 흰점박이꽃무지 유충의 발육기간은 25, 28, 30℃에서 각각 164.0일, 73.3일, 64.8일로 온도가 높을수록 짧아졌다. 평균 유충 최고 무게는 25℃에서 2.94 g으로 가장 높았으며 온도가 높아질수록 유충 무게는 감소하는 경향이었다. 우화한 암컷 성충의 평균 무게는 25, 28, 30℃에서 각각 0.94 g, 0.51 g, 0.54 g이었 으며 수컷 성충 무게가 암컷보다 무거웠다. 뽕나무톱밥에 밀기울을 10% 또는 30% 첨가하여 발효시킨 것이 흰점박이꽃무지 유충 발육에 양호하 였다. 유충 집단 사육시 2.5 g 이상인 유충의 누적비율이 75% 정도인 사육 후 75일부터 유충 판매가 가능하였다. 흰점박이꽃무지의 평균 산란수 는 83.2개이었으며, 우화 후 3~8주 사이에 전체 산란수의 73%가 산란되었고, 5주째 산란수가 가장 많았다.

본 연구에서는 2017년 4월부터 12월까지 갈색날개매미충 알기생봉의 주요발생지인 구례, 순천을 포함한 총 5개의 지역에서 월동난괴를 채집하여 산란특성 및 월동률을 조사하였다. 야외에서 2차례(12월,4월) 채집해온 월동난괴를 실내조건(25 ± 1℃, 40~60% RH, 16L:8D)에 두고 월동률 및 치사율을 조사한 결과 순천과 구례가 각각 월동률 19.69%, 18.17%, 치사율 5.89%, 4.88%로 높은 수치를 보였다. 평균수명인 약 20일 동안의 산란 분포는 주로 우화 후 1~5일 사이에 전체산란 수 중 대부분을 차지하였고 우화 1일 후에 평균 산란 수 9.2개로 가장 높은 산란력을 나타냈다. 실내에서 하루 중(2시간 단위) 알기생봉의 산란은 주로 20:00-24:00에 분포하였으며 소등(24:00) 후 2:00부터 다시 산란하기 시작하였다.

Riptortus pedestris is one of economically important insect pests in soybean fields. The study was conducted at seven constant temperatures of 15.8, 19.7, 24.0, 27.8, 32.6, 34.0 and 35.5℃. We compared the results from life table parameters and oviposition models of R. pedestris between two data sets. One included the total number of eggs and the other used only hatched eggs. When the total number of eggs were included to calculate the parameters the intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate and mean generation time were 0.066, 58.13 and 61.45 at 24℃, respectively. These values were different only when hatched eggs were applied (0.064, 45.46 and 59.41, respectively). The parameters of temperature-dependent total fecundity and age-specific cumulative oviposition rate from each data set were different.

Correlated evolution of biology and morphology of related organs of insects is an intriguing yet poorly understood topic. Gigantic member of phytophagan, the subfamily Cerambycinae provide us a unique opportunity to understand the topic because they have wide range of host plants, oviposition strategies and various forms of ovipositors. The evolutionary pathway of these traits is totally unknown because no robust internal phylogeny has been studied. Here we construct a multilocus phylogeny of Cerambycinae (134 taxa, 9 gene regions, 5211bp) focusing on wide range of oviposition strategies, host plant and ovipositor length. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses show that shortened ovipositor in Cerambycinae evolved at least four times independently; host plant use evolved from stressed hosts to dead and living host, broad leaved trees to conifer and herbaceus plants. Continuous mapping of ancestral state reconstruction shows extremely shortened ovipositor evolved independently at least four times. The correlated evolution test revealed the only correlation is between the ovipositor length and the oviposition strategy. This study unveiled the complex evolutionary history of ovipositor, oviposition strategy, host plant usage and their correlation within Cerambycinae for the first time.

좁은가슴잎벌레의 각 태별 발육기간은 25℃에서 알기간 6.8일, 유충기간 1령 2.4일, 2령 2.2일, 3령 5.4일, 번데기기간 4.1일로 알부터 번데기까지의 기간은 20.6일이 소요되었다. 유충 및 번데기 발육기간 중 생존율은 25℃에서 1령 유충은 87.5%이고 2령, 3령유충과 번데기는 83.3%가 생존하였다. 성충의 산란과 수명은 25℃에서 산란전기간 10.6일(6 ∼10일), 산란기간 130.6일(13∼269일), 산란수 566.4개(13∼1,237개), 성충수명 189.0일(25∼365일)이었다. 또 성충의 최대 산란기간이 10, 15, 20℃에서 각각 650, 682, 402일로 매우 길었으며 산란기간 동안 일정한 시기에 산란수가 없거나 급격히 낮아지는 기간이 나타나는 생리적 현상에 대하여 보다 정밀한 추가 구명이 필요하다.

Metcalfa pruinosa was first reported in 2009 in Gimhae persimmon farms in Korea, and in Chungnam province in 2011, they first occurred in Dangjin and Taean. M. pruinosa adults are known to lay eggs among the crevices beneath the bark of the host plants, and they are reported to lay mainly on Robinia pseuroacacia trees. However, in order to solve the problem that the time and effort are too much to investigate by moving the 10 cm branch of R. pseudoacacia and removing the whole bark, we investigated the number of wintering eggs at different parts of branches from R. pseudoacacia and surveyed occurrence of them in Chungnam province. 14.5 times and 5.4 times more eggs were observed in the hair tissues of the twigs and thorms bases than the surface of R. pseudoacacia trees, respectively. There was no difference in the number of branches according to the thickness of branches. M. pruinosa in Chungnam province were mainly occurred in Taean, Geumsan and Dangjin, and showed patterns that occurred mainly in highways.

Evolutionary relationship between ovipositior and oviposition behaviour in insect is an intriguing yet poorly understood topic. Gigantic member of phytophagan, the subfamily Cerambycinae provide us a unique opportunity to understand the topic because they have diversified but specialized host plants, oviposition strategies and ovipositors. The evolutionary pathway of these traits is totally unknown because no robust internal phylogeny of Cerambycinae has been studied. Here we construct a multi-locus phylogeny of Cerambycinae (134 taxa, 9 gene regions, 5211bp) focusing on wide range of oviposition site, host plant and ovipositor length. Ancestral state reconstruction analyses show some general trends in cerambycine evolution: i) host plant use evolved from stressed broad leaved trees to conifers and herbaceus plants; ii) oviposition site evolved from bark crevice to wood fissure or plant surface; iii) extremely shortened and elongated ovipositor independently evolved at least four times, respectively. Correlated evolution test show that ovipositor length and oviposition strategy evolved with very strong correlation, while any of other two traits did. This study unveils the complex evolutionary history of ovipositor, oviposition site, host plant use and their correlation within Cerambycinae for the first time.

Conventional chemical ecology approach for identification of semiochemicals from natural sources is based on isolation of active ingredients after fraction and bioassay. Instead, we identify potential semiochemicals using reverse chemical ecology approach. In this way, we discovered an odorant receptor (CquiOR136) for DEET, which was not know how and why it work. Additionally, we identified a link between this synthetic repellent and methyl jasmonate, thus suggesting that DEET might work by mimicking defensive methyl jasmoante from plant. Moreover, we serendipitously found that a receptor, CquiOR36, responded to an old sample of nonanal in ethanol. Careful investigation led us to identify the active ligand as acetaldehyde (derived from ethanol) from “contaminants” in the old nonanal sample. We explored that acetaldehyde in a wide range of dose both attracts gravid mosquito and stimulate them to lay eggs in oviposition trays.

벼에 반점미를 유발하는 흑다리긴노린재 [Paromius exiguus (Distant)]의 온도에 따른 산란 특성을 17.5~35°C 8개 항온조건 광주기 14L:10D에서 조사하고 산란모델 구축을 위한 단위 함수 개발 및 생명표 분석을 수행하였다. 성충 수명은 17.5°C에서 123.8일로 가장 길었고, 32.5°C에서 23.6일로 가장 짧았으며 온도가 올라감에 따라 수명도 짧아졌다. 암컷 한 마리당 총산란수는 30°C에서 585.2개로 가장 많았으며, 17.5°C에서 21.5개로 가장 적었다. 온도에 기반한 산란 모델 개발을 위해 성충노화율, 총산란수, 성충생존율 및 누적산란율 단위모델을 추정하였 다. 총 산란수(r2 = 0.83~0.85)를 제외한 3개의 단위모델 모두에서 높은 수준의 모델 적합성을 보였다(r2 = 0.92~0.98). 온도에 따른 흑다리긴노 린재 생명표 매개변수들을 추정하였다. 순증가율(R0)은 30°C에서 118.21로 가장 높았다. 평균 세대기간(T)은 32.5°C에서 32.99일로 가장 짧았 으며, 개체군 배수기간(Dt)은 30°C에서 5.69일로 가장 짧았다. 내적자연증가율(rm)과 기간증가율(λ)은 30°C에서 가장 커 각각 0.122, 1.129였다.

Under natural conditions, black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), colonizes in warm temperateregions. Information on black soldier fly rearing, which is affected by seasonal factors in Korea, is limited. Ovipositionby black soldier flies is dependent on light intensity and wavelength. Therefore, continuous mass rearing of this fly requiresdetermination of optimal artificial conditions of illumination. In this study, we compared the number of eggs laid underan artificial light source (750 watt HPL lamp) versus nature sunlight. Our results showed that compared to ovipositionunder natural sunlight, the use of one or two lamps for 7 hours, resulted in only 43 and 76%, of the total number ofeggs laid under natural sunlight, respectively. The hatching rate under the former was much significantly lower than underthe latter.

The Azuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis L., is a common insect pest of stored products in the world. Radio-frequencydependent oviposition, development and adult performances of C. chinensis were examined at five radio-frequencies of0 (control), 5, 10, 20, and 30 kHz on azuki bean, cowpea, and mung bean seeds. The effects were studied on two successivegenerations of C. chinensis. The results showed that radio-frequency application have significant effects on the life variablesof C. chinensis. Radio-frequency exposures on three seed species not only impacted on developmental time, adult longevityand adult weight but negative effects were also transmitted to the successive generations. Longer developmental time andthe least adults of C. chinensis were emerged with shorter longevity in case of radio-frequency treatment than untreated.Decreasing the radio-frequency level further reduced the adult longevity and increased time for development of adults.The least adult emergence and short longevity was recorded for 5 kHz treatment. Radio-frequency treatments have alsoaffected on the adult performance such as weight of adult. The life variables of C. chinensis are discussed in terms oftargeting susceptibilities to radio-frequencies in storage as an alternative to chemical treatments.

Effects of temperature on development and ovipistion of Amblyseius eharai, were examined at 11 constant temperatures (18.0, 20.1, 21.6, 24.0, 24.1, 27.4, 28.6, 30.2, 32.0, 33.2 and 35.9 °C), and six constant temperatures (18.0, 21.6, 24.1, 27.4, 30.2 and 33.2 °C) by using Tetranychus urticae as prey. Developmental rates were fitted with a nonlinear Briere 1 model, which estimated optimal temperatures for the development as 30.6 °C for total immature stage. In a linear model, the lower thresholds and thermal requirements (DD) were 13.2 °C (71.94 DD) for total immature stage. Fecundity was well described with the Extreme value function, which indicated optimal temperatures for the oviposition as 24.3 °C. Overall, findings herein provide comprehensive data and explanations on the temperature-dependent development and oviposition of A. eharai, and prove the probability of A. eharai as a good biological agent for T. urticae in early or late crop seasons, and/or at low temperature cultivation farm lands.

Asitic apple leafminer, Phyllonorycter ringoniella Matsumura, is an important pest in apple orchard, however its reproductive characteristics and seasonal adaption is poorly understood. The longevity and fecundity of P. ringoniella were investigated at seven constant temperatures (13.7, 15.6, 20.5, 23.7, 26.1, 30.2, and 32.3℃), 60-80% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Female adult longevity increased as the temperature decreased. The highest fecundity was obtained at 15.6℃ (65.2 eggs/female), and the fecundity decreased as temperature increased. The oviposition model were comprised by four components: adult aging rate model, total fecundity model, age-specific oviposition rate model, and age-specific survival rate model. Female adult aging rates were well described by an inverse second-order polynomial function and the total fecundity model was well described by an extreme value function. Age-specific cumulative oviposition rate was well fitted to a three-parameter Weibull function and age-specific survival rate to a sigmoid function, respectively. The model would be useful in developing population model for P. ringoniella and establishing management strategy against P. ringoniella in apple orchards.

To investigate the oviposition preference and development of azuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L.), the following six different leguminous seeds were used in this study: red bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi), black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), seoritae (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), small black bean (Rhynchosia nulubilis) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis Alef.). In the study of oviposition preference, the numbers of eggs per leguminous seed on red bean, black soybean, soybean, seoritae and small black bean were 1.23, 0.61, 0.69, 1.05 and 1.13, respectively. The maximum daily number of eggs was observed at 48 hours and the minimum was at 96 hours. According to each host leguminous seed, developmental time for each host seed was different. The shortest adult emergence time was on red bean (25.27 days). The other five leguminous seeds increased or doubled the adult emergence time. Adult emergence rates feeding on red bean, seoritae, black soybean, soybean, small black bean were 83.33%, 28.23%, 27.87%, 20.44%, and 11.59%, respectively. Emergence rate on red bean was four times higher than the rate on other seeds. The longevity of emerged female adults was almost all longer than that of males. The male adults weighed the lowest of feeding on small black bean. Female adults weighed the lowest of feeding on soybean. Adult weights were the heaviest for both males and females feeding on red bean. As a result, hosts of azuki bean weevil could decrease oviposition rate, emergence rate, adult longevity, and adult weight but increase emergence time. Especially in kidney bean, adult was not completely emerged. No eggs were laid. These results suggest that there might be emergence inhibitors in kidney bean. These imformation might be used to control damages caused by azuki bean weevils.

Amblyseius eharai is a good candidate for biological control agent for major agricultural pest mites such as twospotted spider mites, rust mites, etc. in orchard systems. A. eharai is a native predatory mite of East Asia, and is one of the abundant predatory mites in orchards in Korea. However, ecological studies on this species including its reproductive ability have not been studied yet. Thus, in this study, temperature-dependent developmental rate of adult A. eharai, and three major oviposition related models were studied using six constant temperatures (18.0, 21.6, 24.1, 27.4, 30.2 and 33.2 ℃) with Tetranychus urticae as prey. Temperature-dependent developmental rate, survival rate and oviposition rate of A. eharai adults were well described with a non-linear equation (r2=0.99), a reverse sigmoid function (r2=0.94), and a Weibull function (r2=0.98), respectively. The fecundity was fitted with an Extreme value function (r2=0.99) and the highest in 24.3 ℃. These results would be helpful to verify the abilities of A. eharai as a bio-control agent in the fruit trees.

The development of resistant seeds to manage this pest is a big challenge for breeders. We investigated the oviposition preference and development of C. chinensis on two susceptible mungbean cultivars (Seonwha and Gyeongseon) and one previously reported resistant cultivar Jangan, compared to the susceptible cowpea, Yeonbun, by offering a multiple choice test and a no-choice test. Additional, insect stage wise development of C. chinensis was also examined at four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35℃). The both choice tests results showed that the cowpea is the most suitable seed host for oviposition. Total developmental time from egg to adult stage ranged from 27.01 to 38.2 days, and developmental time was shortest on the cowpea and longest on Jangan mungbean. However, no successful development of C. chinensis on Jangan mungbean occurred at all constant temperatures. Higher rate of adult emergence and longer adult longevity were found on cowpea and mungbean except Jangan mungbean. Results suggest, higher performance of C. chinensis on cowpea and mungbean might be governed by physical as well as chemical attributes of the seeds. Thus, Jangan mungbean could be stand as a resistant one against bruchids and it could be a resistant sources for successful breeding.