본 연구는 숲이 가지고 있는 산림치유인자들과 요인들을 활용하여 방과후 산림치유프로그램 활동이 유아의 친사회적 행동과 자아효능감에 어떠한 효과가 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 실험대상은 청주시 OO동에 위치한 유아교육기관으 로 산림치유프로그램 활동을 실시하는 실험집단과 산림치유프로그램 활동을 하지 않고 유아교육기관에서 운영하는 프로그램에만 참여하는 비교집단 만3세~5세 유아 남녀 각각 20명으로 하였다. 실험기간은 2017년 4월 10일부터 2017 년 7월10일까지 매주 1회씩 12회로 1시간(60분)씩 실시하였다. 산림치유프로그램 활동 실시 전후에 유아를 대상으로 친사회적 행동과 자아효능감 검사를 실시하고 그 자료는 SPSS 18.0 프로그램으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 긍정적인 행동을 수행할 수 있는 친사회적 행동과, 자신감을 나타내는 자아효능감은 통계적으로 유의미하게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 산림치유프로그램 활동을 실시한 유아들은, 자연과 더불어 또래들과 함께 지내며 긍정적인 생각을 하여 자신감이 향상되었다. 또한 생태지식뿐만 아니라 상대에 대한 배려와 협동심이 증가하였다. 친사회성의 하위요인인 개인정서조 절능력과 대인관계형성능력, 유아교육기관 적응능력, 자아효능감의 하위요인인 신체적 효능감이 크게 향상되어 친사회 적행동과 자아효능감에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

The prohibition on torture has attained status as a peremptory norm of general international law. This gives rise to the obligation erga omnes to take action against those who torture. Despite this, most world states routinely conduct torture. Is there really a worldwide prohibition of torture? Argument is framed to demonstrate that the concept of a jus cogens peremptory norm, flowing erga omnes to all nations, is in practice unattainable, preventing any absolute and universal international law prohibition against torture. States cannot declare someone an enemy of all mankind, or bind all other states to that view. Jus cogens is a text writers’ municipal communis opinio, but held administratively to be based in customary international law. Any prohibition against torture appears to remain in municipal customary law form, breaches of which are proved as arguments based on fact, eliminating operation of any absolute peremptory governing norm.

Recently, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) has been widely used in the areas of diagnosis, monitoring treatment efficiency, and prognosis for various heart diseases, especially heart failure (HF). In this paper, we try to estimate the prognostic significance of NT-proBNP as a risk evaluation marker in Non-ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) patients. We selected NSTEMI patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) primarily using a drug-eluting stent within 24 h after the onset of chest pain. We compared incidences of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including death, myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis (ST), and target vessel revascularization (TVR) in two patient groups according to a high or low serum concentration of NT-proBNP, which was measured in the emergency room (ER). We intend to minimize selection bias selecting comparing groups, considering covariate of observed variables together using propensity score matching (PSM) and propensity score weighting (PSW) based on propensity score (PS) to control the difference in baseline characteristics between high- and low NT-proBNP groups. We found that as the log NT-proBNP value increases by 1 through a hazard function of COX’s analysis, the risk of MACE increases by 1.312 times. This result indicated that the NT-proBNP level on ER admission can be used as a significant prognostic indicator to estimate 1 year of MACE in NSTEMI patients who were treated with PCI within 24 h after the onset of chest pain.

Pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) has attracted much attention as potential technology to reduce the overall energy consumption for reverse osmosis(RO) desalination. The RO/PRO hybrid process is considered as the most logical next step for future desalination. The PRO process aims to harness the osmotic energy difference of two aqueous solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. By using the concentrated water(RO brine) discharged from existing RO plants, the PRO process can effectively exploit a greater salinity gradient to reduce the energy cost of processing concentrated water. However, in order to use RO brine as the draw solution, PRO membrane must have high water flux and enough mechanical strength to withstand the high operational pressure. This study investigates the development of a thin film composite PRO membrane and spiral wound module for high power density. Also, the influence of membrane backing layer on the overall power density was studied using the characteristic factors of PRO membranes. Finally, the performance test of an 8-inch spiral wound module was carried out under various operating conditions(i.e. hydraulic pressure, flow rate, temperature). As the flow rate and temperature increased under the same hydraulic pressure, the PRO performance increased due to the growth of water permeability coefficient and osmotic pressure. For a high performance PRO system, in order to optimize the operating conditions, it is highly recommended that the flow pressure be minimized while the flow rate is maintained at a high level.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL1B), IL6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), are known to play important roles in regulating the endometrial function in the uterus during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in several species. However, the expression and function of these cytokines and their receptors in the uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle have not been studied in pigs. Thus, this study determined the expression and regulation of IL1B, IL6, TNF and their respective receptors, IL1R1, IL1RAP, IL6R, GP130, TNFRSF1A, and TNFRSF1B during the estrous cycle in pigs. To analyze levels of each gene expression in the uterine endometrium we obtained from endometrial tissues on Days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 of the estrous cycle. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that levels of IL1B, IL1RAP, IL6R, GP130, TNF, TNFRSF1A, and TNFRSF1B mRNAs were highest on Day 15 or 18 of the estrous cycle, which corresponds to the proestrus period. Levels of IL1R1 were highest on Day 0, while levels of IL6 were biphasic with high levels on Day 6 and Day 15. The abundance of IL1B, IL6, IL6R, and TNF mRNAs was decreased by progesterone, while levels of GP130 were increased by progesterone in endometrial tissue explants. These results showed that expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors changed stage-specifically during the estrous cycle and regulated by progesterone in the uterine endometrium in pigs, suggesting that these pro-inflammatory cytokines may be involved in the regulation endometrial function during the estrous cycle in pigs.

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) processes can be implemented on a number of water types, using different technologies and achieving various power outcomes. In this study, Sewage facility effluent was used for feed solution of PRO and synthetic NaCl water for draw solution. This study was conducted to investigate effect of water quality of pretreatment on power density and flux decline in PRO process. The results show that organic and particulate foulants have to be removed for more stable operation. Flourescence technique with EEM enables to investigate the chemical properties of aquatic organic matter by extracting spectral information. Humic/fulvic matters and soluble microbial by-products were analyzed as the most affecting factors on the PRO performance. As a result of analyzing the whole system based on the energy consumption of the unit process, specific energy consumption(SEC) of the applicable technology for PRO pre-treatment should be about 0.2 kWh/m3 or less.

大韓民国映画史の第一歩を刻んだ映画人の一人として知られる崔寅奎 監督。現在韓国での一般的な彼に対する評価は、日本植民地期には、対 日売国(韓国語では ‘친일’) 映画を作り続けたが、解放後、その売国行為 の免罪符として民族の解放をうたいあげる自由万歳(자유만세)等いわゆ る解放三部作映画を作ったとされる 。筆者は、彼の現存する植民地末期三作品のうち、比較的‘売国(친일)’ 性がはっきりしないとされる『授業料(수업료)』をのぞく二作品、すなわ ち『家なき天使(집 없는 천사)』ならびに日本人監督今井正との共同監督作 品である『愛と誓ひ(사랑과 맹세)』の再解釈を通して、彼のこの時代の映画 が持つメッセージの二重性を指摘する。そしてそのメッセージに含まれ る、朝鮮民族の、大和民族と平等な政治的権利獲得を狙う戦略的意図の 存在可能性を指摘する。最後に、植民地期朝鮮映画研究の課題、すなわ ち社会的認知フレーム考慮の必要性について提起する。

There has been increasing global interest in the environmental pollution problems produced by fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In order to tackle these issues, new renewable energy such as solar, wind, bio gas, fuel cell and pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) have been developed extensively. Among these energy sources, PRO is one of the salinity gradient power generation methods. In PRO, energy is obtained by the osmotic pressure generated from the concentration difference between high and low concentration solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. The development for high power density PRO membranes is imperative with the purpose of commercialization. This study investigates development of thin film composite PRO membrane and spiral wound module for high power density. Also, the influence of membrane backing layer on power density was identified, and the characteristic factors of PRO membranes was determined. Different backing layers were used to improve power density. As expected, the PRO membrane with more porous backing layer showed higher power density.

Precise determination of insemination time is an important factor. However, the detection is intensive labor observing behaviors of sows. Previous researchers have tried to find indicators for easy detection of optimum time of insemination. The one of the indicators is change of temperature for estrous cycle. Therefore, this study was conducted to determined alteration of vulvar and rectal temperature in Duroc sows during estrus period for detection of optimum time of insemination. Experimental animals were twelve Duroc sows 2 parity for winter season. The sows were feeding 5 ml regumate (estrus synchronization agent) during 15 days, and then measured temperature of vulva and rectum when half day by thermal camera and thermometer. Also, conventional method was utilized as control. By the conventional method, estrus was identified at four days after ending supply of regumate. At the same time, temperature of the vulva and rectum was higher than other days. Average temperature in valva and rectum was 38.8 ℃ in estrous sows, wherease non-estrous sows were 38.7℃. This difference of temperature suggested feasibility as indicator inseminating optimum time. Henceforward, ummanned estrous detection system can be useful by economic improvement via reduction of labor in swine farm.

Desalination is getting more attention as an alternative to solve a global water shortage problem in the future. Especially, a desalination technology is being expected as a new growth engine of Korea’s overseas plant business besides one of the solutions of domestic water shortage problem. In the past, a thermal evaporation technology was a predominant method in desalination market, but more than 75% of the current market is hold by a membrane-based reverse osmosis technology because of its lower energy consumption rate for desalination. In the future, it is expected to have more energy efficient desalination process. Accordingly, various processes are being developed to further enhance the desalination energy efficiency. One of the promising technologies is a desalination process combined with Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) process. The PRO technology is able to generate energy by using osmotic pressure of seawater or desalination brine. And the other benefits are that it has no emission of CO2 and the limited impact of external environmental factors. However, it is not commercialized yet because a high-performance PRO membrane and module, and a PRO system optimization technology is not sufficiently developed. In this paper, the recent research direction and progress of the SWRO-PRO hybrid desalination was discussed regarding a PRO membrane and module, an energy recovery system, pre-treatment and system optimization technologies, and so on.

Recently, reverse osmosis (RO) is the most common process for seawater desalination. A common problem in both RO and thermal processes is the high energy requirements for seawater desalination. The one energy saving method when utilizing the osmotic power is utilizing pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process. The PRO process can be used to operate hydro turbines for electrical power production or can be used directly to supplement the energy required for RO desalination system. This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of both single-stage PRO process and two-stage PRO process using RO concentrate for a draw solution and RO permeate for a feed solution. The major results, were found that increase of the draw and feed solution flowrate lead to increase of the production of power density and water permeate. Also, comparison between CDCF and CDDF configuration showed that the CDDF was better than CDCF for stable operation of PRO process. In addition, power density of two-stage PRO was lower than the one of single-stage. However, net power of two-stage PRO was higher than the one of single-stage PRO.

The main objective of this paper is to develop computer simulation program for performance evaluation and cost estimation of a reverse osmosis (RO) and pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) hybrid process to propose guidelines for its economic competitiveness use in the field. A solution-diffusion model modified with film theory and a simple cost model was applied to the simulation program. Using the simulation program, the effects of various factors, including the Operating conditions, membrane properties, and cost parameters on the RO and RO-PRO hybrid process performance and cost were examined. The simulation results showed that the RO-PRO hybrid process can be economically competitive with the RO process when electricity cost is more than 0.2 $/kWh, the PRO membrane cost is same as RO membrane cost, the power density is more than 8 W/m2 and PRO recovery is same as 1/(1-RO recovery).

역삼투(RO) 해수담수화 공정에 필요한 많은 에너지를 절감하기 위해 최근에 다양한 연구개발이 추진 중이다. 그 중에서 농도차에 의해 발생하는 삼투현상을 이용한 정삼투(FO)와 압력지연삼투(PRO) 기술을 접목한 하이브리드 해수담수화 공정들이 대표적이다. 특히, PRO 기술은 해수담수화 플랜트에서 배출되는 농축수와 하수처리수를 PRO 시스템의 유도용액과 원수로 각각 활용하여 두 용액의 염도차에 의해 발생되는 에너지를 회수함으로써, 기존 역삼투 해수담수화 공정 대비 25% 이상의 에너지 절감이 가능하며, 해수담수화 플랜트의 고농도 농축수를 희석 방류함으로써 해양생태계 파괴 방지 및 농축수 처리비용 절감 등의 효과를 기대할 수 있다.

정삼투와 압력지연삼투 공정에서 용매의 투과율은 용매와 막이 접촉하는 방식에 의존한다. 각각의 공정에서 막의 활성층이 고농도 용매와 접촉하는 경우를 압력지연삼투 방식이라 하고, 고농도 용매가 막의 다공성 지지하층과 직면해 있는 경우를 정삼투 방식이라고 한다. 압력지연삼투 방식과 정삼투 방식은 각각 희석형 그리고 농축형의 내부농도 분극 현상을 유발하는데, 동일한 조작 조건에서 정삼투 방식보다 압력지연삼투 방식이 높은 투과율을 나타내는 현상이 실험적으로 관측되었다. 본고에서는 정삼투방식과 압력지연삼투 방식에서 발생하는 본질적인 투과율 불균형을 수학적 귀류법을 이용하여 증명하고, 물리적인 원인을 규명한다.

본 연구는 SWRO/PRO 조합공정에서 PRO 공정 유입수로써 적합한 유입수질 조건과 전처리 기술을 알아보고자 하였다. 실험에 사용된 유입수로는 P시의 하수처리장 방류수를 사용하였으며, 유도용매는 역삼투막 농축수를 활용하였고, 이때 사용한 PRO막은 Toray사의 CTA재질막을 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 응집-침전, 모래여과, DMF, 활성탄여과, 정밀여과공정, 역삼투공정 등 총 6가지 전처리공정을 선정하여 평가하였고, PRO 공정 성능에 영향을 크게 주는 것으로 확인하였다. 향후 SWRO/PRO 조합공정에서 안정적인 에너지 절감 효과를 기대할 수 있는 최적 공정을 도출할 계획이다.

염도차가 있는 두 용액을 멤브레인을 통해 혼합시 염도차에너지를 생산할 수 있다. 특히, 삼투현상을 기본으로 하는 압력지연삼투(PRO) 공정을 사용하면 염도차에너지를 수력에너지로 변환할 수 있다. 이 압력지연삼투 기술의 핵심은 PRO 멤브레인으로, 이 멤브레인의 성능에 따라 생산되는 전력량이 결정된다. 본 연구에서는 개발중인 PRO 멤브레인 모듈의 성능인 물플럭스 기반의 전력밀도(W/m2)를 분석하여 평가를 수행하였다. PRO 멤브레인 모듈의 성능은 삼투압차가 클수록 커지지만, 삼투압차에 비례하지는 않았다. 이론적으로는 삼투압차의 절반 정도에서 최고의 전력밀도를 보이지만, 실제로는 멤브레인의 특성에 따라 최적 압력은 영향을 받는 것으로 보였다. 삼투압차와 압력차외에도 두 용액의 유량은 성능에 영향을 미쳤다.

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process is one of membrane processes for harvesting renewable energy by using salinity difference between feed and draw solutions. Power is generated by permeation flux multiplied by hydraulic pressure in draw side. Membrane fouling phenomena in PRO process is presumed to be less sever, but it is inevitable. Membrane fouling in PRO process decreases water permeation through membrane, resulting in significant power production decline. This study intended to investigate the effect of hydraulic pressure in PRO process on alginate induced organic fouling as high and low hydraulic pressures (6.5 bar and 12 bar) were applied for 24 h under the same initial water flux. In addition, organic fouling in draw side from the presence of foulant (sodium alginate) in draw solution was examined. As major results, hydraulic pressure was found to be not a significant factor affecting in PRO organic fouling as long as the same initial water flux is maintained, inidicating that operating PRO process with high hydraulic pressure for efficient energy harvesting will not cause severe organic fouling. In addition, flux decline was negligible from the presence of organic foulant in draw side.

Hamcho (Salicornia herbacea) extracts were evaluated for total polyphenol content, antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities. The total polyphenol content was 1.81 g and 0.72 g per 100 g of dried sample in water and ethanol extracts respectively. Both water and ethanol extracts of Hamcho significantly exhibited antioxidant activity. The scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical was 13.8~26.2% and 14.2~16.0% in water and ethanol extracts respectively. The inhibitory effect of conjugated diene formation was 24.6~39.1% and 28.4~39.6% in water and ethanol extracts respectively. However, pro-oxidative effect was also observed in the Hamcho extracts. The Hamcho water extract showed the pro-oxidant effect by enhancing the formation of hydroxyl radical and conjugated diene. The ethanol extract of Hamcho induced conjugated diene formation at 0.5 mg/mL but not at 1 mg/mL. The hydroxyl radical formation was not induced by the Hamcho ethanol extract. Taken together, these results show that Hamcho extracts can act as pro-oxidants by generating hydroxyl radical or conjugated diene in addition to their antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study suggests that the physiological properties of Hamcho and its use as food materials should be considered with caution because antioxidant dietary plants such as Hamcho possess possible adverse effects induced by pro-oxidant activity.