Background: Dehisced ginseng seeds need to be stored at cold temperatures for around 3 months to break their physiological dormancy, and thus, to aid in gemination. In the presence of high moisture in such an environment, seed spoilage and pre-germination may lower seed quality and productivity. To improve seed quality during cold-stratification, the effects of seed dehydration and temperature were tested. Methods and Results: In early December, dehisced ginseng seeds were dehydrated at 4 different levels and stored at 2℃- 2℃, and –20℃ for 3 months. Germination was carried out on the filter papers moistened with distilled water; emergence of root, shoot, and seed spoilage were assessed. Seed viability was examined by the tetrazolium test. More than 90% of the seeds stored at 2℃ and –2 ℃ without drying or endocarp dehydration germinated, but seeds that were dehydrated to have a moisture content (MC) below 31% showed poor germination and lost their viability. In addition, the seeds stored at –20℃ failed to show effective germination. Conclusions: Seed storage after endocarp dehydration might help to improve seed quality and increase seedling's ability to stand during the spring-sowing of ginseng.

This study was conducted to examine the antioxidant activities and physiological activities of mixture extracts (Liriope platyphylla, Schizandra chinensis and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) with different extraction mixing ratios (MEC, 2:1:1; ME1, 1:2:1; ME2, 1:1:2; ME3, 1.34:1.33:1.33). The yield of extracts ranged from 25.33 to 33.87%. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of ME1 extracts were 1.01 g/100 g, 0.07 g/100 g, respectively. The total sugar contents of MEC extract was 22.83 g/100 g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of ME1 extracts at 1,000 μg/mL were 26.79% and 21.08%. The superoxide radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power of ME1 extracts at 1,000 μg/mL were 67.83% and 295.47 μM, respectively. The functionalities of extracts were investigated with L-132 and RAW264.7 cell lines. The extracts on different mixing ratios did not show the toxicity on L-132 and RAW264.7 cell line in 100-2,500 μg/mL. The ME1 extract of 1,000 μg/mL performed better than other extracts protective effects against oxidative stess in L-132 cells (81.22%) and the ME2 extract at 1,000 μg/mL decreased nitric oxide production by 7.48 μM which was more potent than other extracts. There results suggest that the ME1 extracts may be a useful functional food material in the food industry.

Background : Although ginseng has various bioactive compounds in it, there is lack of study on the variations of bioactive compounds in ginseng according to the cultivation soil and the applied fertilizer types (or amount). Therefore, this study aims to examine the variations of 37 fatty acids (FA) and 8 vitamin E (Vit-E) vitamers in 6-year-old ginseng root cultivated in different soil types with different fertilizers regimes. Methods and Results : The profiling of 37 FAs and 8 Vit-E vitamers in 6-year-old ginseng roots was measured by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector, and then these results were statistically analyzed with chemometrics. The FA and Vit-E content in ginseng roots varied significantly with respect to soil cultivation conditions due to organic fertilizer types and amounts used. Unsaturated FA in ginseng is approximately 2.7 fold higher than the saturated FA. Linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids were the most abundant FAs found in the ginseng roots. Also, the major Vit-E vitamer found in ginseng root is α-tocopherol. In particular, the application of rice straw compost or food waste fertilizer was increased to create nutritionally desirable FAs and bioactive Vit-E in ginseng root. In addition, phytonutrient profiling coupled with chemometrics can be used to discriminate the cultivation conditions of ginseng. Conclusion : This study extends our understanding about the variations of FA and Vit-E in ginseng root depending on cultivation conditions. Hence, these results can be useful as basic information for reliable ginseng production containing high amounts of phytonutrients in a paddy-converted field.

Background : In this study, a total of 46 breeding lines consisting of native ginseng collections from Geumsan was analyzed and clustered for the selection of Geumsan native ginseng in Korea using DNA markers. Methods and Results : We collected 46 Ginseng breeding lines from Geumsan : GS97-25 - GS00-58. Analyses of the genetic characteristics of the collection were conducted for extraction gDNA using sprout. 46 Ginseng breeding lines from Geumsan could be identified polymorphism using the selected 5 primer. We determained that the 46 breeding lines analyzed could be classified into 5 groups with similartiy value of 0.77 in dendrogram derived from the cluster analysis based on STS-markers. Group 4, which is the largest one, contained 19 collertions (41%). Conclusion : These finding could be used for morphological and genetic characteristics for produced native ginseng in Geumsan area. Futhermore, We could be used diverse genetic resources for Ginseng breeding.

Background : This study aimed to investigate the effect of elevated temperature by climate change on growth and ginsenoside contents of Korean ginseng, which requires low temperature during growth period. Methods and Results : Yunpoong was transplanted in temperature gradient chamber (TGC) for high temperature treatment and then growth characteristics and ginsenoside contents were investigated by growth period. Stem length, petiole length, leaf length and leaf width were increased as the temperature was higher than Ambient Temperature (Amb), but stalk diameter was decreased and small petiole length, number of petiole and leaf were no significant difference. Root growth, whereas, including length diameter and weight were decreased as the temperature was higher than Amb. Compared with Amb, root length, diameter and weight were decreased by 19.6%, 22.4% and 41.5% at Amb+6, respectively. The higher the temperatures are associated with the more ginsenoside contents. Compared to Amb, total ginsenoside contents were increased by 68% and 78% at Amb+4℃ and Amb+6℃, respectively. Almost all contents of individual ginsenoside, with the exception of Rg1, made a significant difference. Conclusion : When temperatures rises during growth period, the growth of ginseng was decreased but, ginsenoside contents were increased.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the changes of the growth of ginseng in the house when the light intensity was increased. Three shading screens were used: shading materials 85%, 77%, and 55% net. Changes in the growth of ginseng and the quality of red ginseng were investigated in these shading materials. Methods and Results : The test site was a three house constructed in the Punggi Ginseng Research Institute, Gyeongsangbuk - do Agricultural Research and Extension Services. The entrance to the house is located east-west, and the structure is double steel frame. The inside of the house is covered with vinyl, and 85%, 75%, 55% shading net is installed for each shading treatment. From the end of June to the middle of August, a 55% shading net was double covered to reduce the high temperature damage. The test material was grafted on March 20, 2013. The management of the irrigation water was from 30 kPa to 10 kPa. The aM-21A data log of Wise Sensing Co., Ltd. was used to measure the cultivation environment in the house. Photosynthesis was measured using Lci Compact Photosyntheisi System, adc, UK. Surveys were carried out in accordance with the inspection standards of the Rural Development Administration. The data were analyzed statistically using SPSS. Conclusion : The summer temperature of shading method was more than 2℃ higher than other treatments in 55% shading treatment and more than 6℃ in autumn. The light intensity of 90 μmol/s/㎡ was lower than that of August, and the light intensity was higher than 400 μmol at the end of September. The 55% shading method showed twice as much light in summer and more than four times in autumn. The amount of photosynthesis increased due to the light intensity of 55% treatment, especially in the morning of May. In the light of shading method, 85% light shading method showed the best growth at 2 years, but 55% at 3 years and more, and 5 years at 5 years.

Background : This study is designed to select the best shading materials for the 4-year old ginseng K-1 variety by examining the light volume, photosynthesis and growth characteristics of ginseng. Methods and Results : The ginseng seedling was transplanted in the 7 lines x 9 rows (63 plants)/ 1.65 ㎡. The shading materials were installed in the form of rear line with 170 ㎝ high for front pole and 100 ㎝ high for rear pole. The installation of shading materials were installed in combination of polyethylene, blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene, polyethylene + polyethylene, polyethylene + aluminium screen 70%, polyethylene + aluminium screen 100%, aluminium shade plate to inspect the photosynthesis and ginseng's growth characteristics. The photosynthetic rate was measured on the middle of small leaf using the photosynthetic tester (L1-6400, Li-COR) a t 10 : 00 – 14 : 00 on a clear day with the light volume of 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000, 1,400, 1,800 μmol s-1m-2.For the ginseng K-1, which is 4-years old, the aerial parts growth (such as survival rate, height of plant, length of stem, diameter of steam and length of leaf) and underground part (length, diameter and weight of root) were examined in 2016. As for the PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), the aluminum shade plate showed the best performance while the polyethylene + polyethylene showed the least. As for the photosynthetic rate, the following order was shown in the decreasing order: blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene > polyethylene > aluminium shade plate ≒ polyethylene + aluminium screen 100%, > polyethylene + polyethylene > polyethylene + aluminium screen 70%. As for the survival rate for 4-year old ginseng, the polyethylene + aluminium screen 70% showed the highest survival rate with 91.0%. As for the growth of aerial part of ginseng, the polyethylene and polyethylene + polyethylene showed the best growth. As for the underground part of ginseng, the polyethylene, blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene, and polyethylene + polyethylene showed the best growth in the length of roots and length of main root while polyethylene and blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene showed the best growth in the weight of roots. Conclusion : In conclusion, considering the characteristics of photosynthesis and the underground parts of ginseng, it was found that the best shading materials for K-1 4-year old ginseng is blue polyethylene sheet + polyethylene.

Background : This study was carried out to distribute superior cultivars to farmers by analyzing growth characteristics of ginseng and effectively set the target for breeding by investigating annual agronomic characteristics of ginseng. Methods and Results : As a plant materials, Chunpoong (CP), Yunpoong (YP), Gopoong(GP), Gumpoong (GU) and Sunun (SU) were transplanted in Eumseong (ES), Geumsan (GS) and Yeoncheon (YC) on March 2013. Cultivation and management were conducted on the basis of the standard guidelines. According to stem and petiole by region, YC represent the largest stem diameter, leaf length and petiole length of cultivars, followed by those in ES and those in GS. Leaf growth of cultivars was overall the best in YC. Although CP had long and narrow leaves in all regions, YP and SU had short and narrow leaves. Root weight of all cultivars was the best in YC, but there was no significant differences by them. Growth of CP, YP and GP was generally good in ES. Growth of cultivars was relatively even in GS, but it was poor compared to cultivars which were cultivated in ES and YC. Conclusion : There were considerable differences in root growth of cultivars. However, this results suggest that CP of 4-year-old is produced stably in some regions because it had a small coefficient of variation.

Background : Stable ginseng production is highly dependent on specific climate conditions. Recently, ginseng yield and quality are negatively affected by climate changes, particularly global warming. Thus, it is imperative to apply a new systematic cultivation method and to develop new varieties with enhanced heat resistance to cope with elevated temperatures. Up to date, ginseng breeding program has mainly focused on the quantity and process ability of red ginseng. New varieties with increased resistance to diverse abiotic stresses need to be developed. Methods and Results : In this study, 13 varieties and 100 germplasms were screened for resistance to heat stress. To measure heat resistance, seedlings were transplanted to a pot 3 times in threes. Two months later, the pot was placed in a temperature chamber at 46℃ for 1 hour, a critical condition that ginseng appears to stop cellular respiration. After waiting for 1 day, the pot was examined for survival rate and fluorescent reaction. Fluorescent reaction was tested according to Nedbal et al. (2000) and Park et al. (2010) and with an image fluorometer. After testing chlorophyll fluorescent reaction, Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm and Rfd were used as screening indices for high temperature resistance. It was found that the adequate values for Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm and Rfd were over 2.2, over 0.55 and over 0.8, respectively. Also, the degree of the above-ground damage is investigated in the 4-year old field. Under our heat stress conditions, susceptible varieties (Chunpoong) and germplasm lines showed drooping and wilting leaf phenotypes, whereas the leaves of a resistant line (named Eumseong 11) remained healthy. Eumseong 11 had the highest values with 2.3, 0.61 and 0.98 in fluorescent test. In addition, compared to the susceptible lines which were wilted in 4-year old field, no detrimental phenotypes were observed in Eumseong 11. Conclusion : ‘Eumseong11’ was selected as a superior line with increased resistance to heat stress. We are now testing how Eumseong11 responds to other abiotic stresses. Our effort will contribute to increase the farmers' income.

Background : Recently, some of the previous stuies reported that was useful technique on growth and yield of organically grown ginseng transplantation in a rain shelter greenhouse. This study was conducted to investigate the optimum method of greenhouse shading for ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivaton in the northern area of Ganwon, Korea. Methods and Results : We carried out to select optimal shade materials and light-penetrated ratio among polyethylene film with two-layered polyethylene net(PEF+PEN) and blue-white duplicated PE film(BWD-PEF) in the condition of greenhouse for ginseng cultivation. The order of light-penentrated ratio by shade meterials was PEN(75%)+PEF 〉 PEN(85%)+PEF 〉BWD-PEF(85%) 〉BWD-PEF(90%) and the order of air temperature was BWD-PEF(85%) 〉BWD-PEF(90%) 〉PEN+PEF(85%) 〉PEN+PEF(75%). The net photosynthetic rate was higher in PEN(75%)+PEF than other shading material treatments during growth season including summer high-temperature period. The root weight and yield were increased by 31.2~55.0% and 25.6~52.2%, respectively under PEN+PEF(75%) compared to other shading materials. Conclusion : We concluded that the PEN+PEF(75%) could be a good shading meterails of the greenhouse for organic 4-year-old ginseng cultivation in northern area of Gangwon, Korea.

Background : The natural stable isotope ratio of common bio-elements like carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or sulfur (S) varies with diverse isotope fractionation processes in nature. Therefore, measuring the variation of these stable isotope ratios in ginseng roots can be a feasible tool to discriminate the geographical origins of ginseng in Korea. Methods and Results : The 3-year-old six Korean ginseng cultivars were cultivated at the five regions in Korea, and then used for measuring the stable isotope ratios of C, N, O, and S by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The mean C, N, O, and S stable isotope ratio values in the ginseng roots significantly differed according to the cultivation regions (p < 0.05). However, these isotope ratios in ginseng roots had relatively weak discriminative power against to the ginseng cultivars at each cultivation region. The interaction of the cultivation region and ginseng cultivar type also significantly affected to the C, N, O, and S stable isotope ratio in ginseng roots (p < 0.0001). The two-dimensional plots associated with the N stable isotope ratio can effectively separate the ginseng roots in Jinan compared to those in the other regions. The partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed more significant separation between ginseng geographical origins compared to the principal component analysis. Conclusion : Our findings improve our understanding of how the isotope composition of ginseng roots varies with respect to cultivation regions and cultivars, and suggest that the analysis of the stable isotope ratios combined with chemometrics can be used as a feasible tool to discriminate geographical origin of ginseng in Korea.

Background : This experiment was carried out to improve the labor-intensive task to construct of the traditional ginseng shading system in Korea. In this experiment the selected shading materials was new 6 kinds that HDPE - knitted- monofilament and taped PE Net, with taking into account of the amount of light and the amount of leakage to screen the UV stabilized 0.3% - 0.6%. Compared with the traditional shading material, the black-shading material (wt. 200g/㎡) and the yellow shading material (wt. 300g/㎡) was suitable for the ginseng growing environments in Korea. Methods and Results : The installation of shading system was the 45 degree slope -2 meter height from the ground with the selected shading materials for the wide structure ginseng cultivation. Temperature and light intensity was measured with a week interval from the surface to a height of 30cm. The two kinds of the 1st selected materials and the traditional black + blue two layer shading materials, aluminum screen, Canada Gintec shading material, total 5 kinds of materials were installed in wide structure. The growing environmental analysis was measured using data logs (watchdog 1600series). Conclusion : In the first selection of shading materials for Ginseng wide structure, the levels of light intensity were higher in order of blue-shading> Aluminum- shading> black-shading order. The temperatures of the under wide structures were lower in order of the black-shading< aluminum-shading screen< blue-shading order, especially the temperature of the black shading material was lower than the outside temperature. For the second selection of shading material of the ginseng wide structure, the black and yellow shading material were superior to the other materials, in the amount of light shading material and growing conditions and the degree of leakage etc. The temperatures of mid-May in wide structures of ginseng cultivation were higher in order of aluminum-screen> Canada shading materials (Gintec Co.) 2 layer material> Yellow shading> black shading order, and also the amounts of light intensity also was shown to be with the same manner

Background: Crop rotation plays an important role in improving soil chemical properties, minimizing the presence of disease pathogens, and assists in neutralizing autotoxic effects associated with allelochemicals. Methods and Results: Five rotation crops of sudan grass, soybean, peanut, sweet potato, and perilla were cultivated for one year with an aim to reduce yield losses caused by repeated cropping of ginseng. In 2-year-old ginseng grown in the same soil as a previous ginseng crop, stem length and leaf area were reduced by 30%, and root weight per plant was reduced by 56%. Crop rotation resulted in a significant decrease in electrical conductivity, NO3, and P2O5 content of the soil, whereas organic matter, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn content remained-unchanged. Soil K content was increased following crop rotation with sudan grass and peanut only. Rotation with all alternate crops increased subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, whereas root weight per plant significantly increased following crop rotation with perilla only. A significant positive correlation was observed between root rot ration and soil K content, and a significant negative correlation was observed between ginseng root yield and the abundance of actinomycetes. Crop rotation affected the soil microbial community by increasing gram negative microbes, the ratio of aerobic microbes, and total microbial biomass whereas decreases were observed in actinomycetes and the ration of saturated fatty acids. Conclusions: In soil exhibiting crop failure following replanting, crop rotation for one year promoted both soil microbial activity and subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, but did not ameliorate the occurrence of root rot disease.

Background: Developing new ginseng cultivars is a significant time-consuming process owing to the three years of growth required for ginseng to flower. To shorten the ginseng breeding process, it is necessary to establish rapid progression through each generation. In this study, we examined it was possible to rapidly break ginseng seed dormancy using gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment and alternating temperature. Methods and Results: Seeds were obtained from local variety. Seeds were treated with either GA3 at a concentration of 100 ㎎/ℓ, constant temperature (−2℃ and 2℃), alternating temperature (2℃ followed by −2℃, followed by 2℃) or a combination GA3 and temperature treatment. Following experimental treatment, seeds were sown into trays and placed in a greenhouse. Low germination rates were observed in seeds that did not receive GA3 treatment, which were similar following 2℃ and −2℃ constant temperature treatment. Germination rates increased in proportion to GA3 and more so when combined with alternating temperature treatment. In additon, stem and leaf lengths of the resulting ginseng plants were increased following GA3 treatment, although no synergistic effect was observed with alternating temperature treatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that a combination GA3 and alternating temperature treatment enhances ginseng seed germination, which can contribute to shortening the time required to progress through a single ginseng generation for breeding.

Background: The photosynthetic efficiency cool-season, semi-shade ginseng is normal at low morning temperatures, but drops at high afternoon temperatures. Therefore, optimal plant performance would be ensured if it were possible to control daily light transmission rates (LTR). Methods and Results: Plants were grown in a controlled light environment that replicated 11 AM conditions and comparatively analyzed against plant grown under normal conditions. Growth in the controlled light environment resulted in a 2.81 fold increase in photosynthetic efficiency with no change in chlorophyll content, although LTR were high due to low morning temperatures. Increased aerial plant growth was observed in the ginseng plants adapted to the controlled light environment, which in turn influenced root weight. An 81% increase in fresh root weight (33.3 g per plant on average) was observed in 4-year-old ginseng plants grown in controlled light environment compared to the plants grown following conventional practices (18.4 g per plant on average). With regard to the inorganic composition of leaves of 4-year-old ginseng plants grown in controlled light environment, an increased in Fe content was observed, while Mn and Zn content decreased, and total ginsenoside content of roots increased 2.37 fold. Conclusions: Growth of ginseng under a favorable light environment, such as the condition which exist naturally at 11 AM and are suitable for the plant's photosynthetic activity creates the possibility of large scale production, excellent-quality ginseng.

Background: This study examined the use of new bio-materials with enhanced value and functionality, which were derived from fermented wild ginseng cultures. Methods and Results: To examine the antioxidant activity associated with biological functions, radical scavenging analyses (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, ABTS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity analyses were conducted. Furthermore, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of wild ginseng fermented with microorganisms (Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus licheniformis and B. subtilis subsp. inaquosorum) were evaluated to determine the antioxidant activity increment. Regarding ginseng fermented with B. licheniformis, values of 70.6 ± 1.4%, 44.3 ± 1.7%, and 88.4 ± 1.3% were measured using DPPH, ABTS, and SOD-like antioxdiant activity analyses, respectively. The total phenolic content in ginseng fermented with B. licheniformis was 184.5 ± 0.9 ㎍• GAE/㎖, and the total flavonoid contents was 108.5 ± 1.8 ㎍• QE/㎖ in ginseng fermented with L. mesenteroides. Conclusions: Of the four types of lactic acid bacteria examined, the use of B. licheniformis to ferment ginseng resulted in greatest increase in antioxidant activity. Therefore, ginseng fermented by microorganisms might be used to produce functional bio-materials.

Background : New ginseng variety “Geumwon” is appropriate for the cultivation in Chungnam. As an effort to develop new ginseng variety for regional specialization, it was collected from the Geumsan ginseng fields, selected and fixed and then was registered as new ginseng variety in 2015 through the verification of production capacity, farm demonstration and regional adaptation test. It is excellent in underground growth, disease-resistance and yield-ability compared to candidate varieties. Methods and Results : Regional adaptation tests were conducted for new ginseng variety “Geumwon” in 3 regions(i.e. Geumsan, Gochang and Icheon). The results suggested that the leaf length and width of 2-year old ginseng was 7.9cm and 4.2cm in 3 regions on an average basis. Anthrax incidence rate was about 2.5%, which was smaller than that of candidate variety(3.6%), and the underground root weight was 5.6g, which was 34% higher than that of candidate varieties. The leaf length and width of 3-year old ginseng was 9.4cm and 4.5cm, and anthrax incidence rate and leaf soot incidence rate was 0.8% and 1.2% respectively, which was lower than that of candidate varieties. The the root weight, root diameter and hull length of “Geomwon” were superior to that of candidate varieties by about 24%, 6% and 9% respectively. In addition, red discoloration and root rot incidence rate were also lower than that of candidate varieties. The growth of 4-year old ginseng was also superior to that of candidate varieties in the order of Geumsan, Ichoen and Gochang, and the anthrax and leaf soot incidence rate was also lower than that of candidate varieties(about 2.2.% and 2.3 %, respectively). Conclusion : The results of this study suggested new ginseng variety “Geumwon” is easy to cultivate in Chungnam because of its superior underground growth and excellent quality, and it was also evaluated to be an excellent variety that would contribute to the specialization of the ginseng cultivated in Geumsan.

Background : The authors of this study analyzed the effect of the green manures cultivated in the soil of the preparation field in order to select the green manures suitable for ginseng cultivation and the effect of the green manures on the variation of ginseng growth development, the content of crude saponin and yield ability with the aim to use the results as the primary data for improving the quality of ginseng. Methods and Results: To analyze the effect of the application of green manures on the growth of ginseng, the authors cultivated 4 varieties of green manures and installed blue polyethylene sheet and one-layered black polyethylene net+three-layered blue polyethylene net(OBPNTB) and sun-shading material on the managed soil by re-applying green manures and then cultivated ginseng. The results suggested that the growth of ginseng was excellent in the barley+hairy, barely and rye cultivation plot in the plot treated with OBPNTB rather than the cultivation plot teated with Blue polyethylene sheet(BPS) and two-layered blue & two-layered black polyethylene net(TBTBPN), and the growth of leaf length and stalk diameter was excellent in barely + hairy vetch material. For the underground root weight, the growth was the most excellent(30.19g) in the barley+ hairy vetch cultivation plot treated with OBPNTB. For the underground red discoloration and root rot, the incidence rate was the lowest in the plot treated with BPS in which the water leak in a levee was small than in the test plot treated with sun-shading net. For the ginsenoside content in the cultivation plot treated with TBTBPN, the ginsenoid content was the highest in the rey cultivation plot, and it was the highest in the cultivation plot treated with OBPNTB. Conclusion : The results of study suggested rye among green manures is the most suitable for the growth of ginseng; underground growth was the most prominent in the plot treated with sun-shading net material (black 1 + blue 3) and the underground ginsenoside content was the most prominent in the rye cultivation plot and the plot treated with the sun-shading sheet.

Background : Green house hydroponic ginseng in the production cycle is shorter than the open field cultivation growers and attention. In particular, this part of the Aerial is a study on the active ingredients and contents. Ginseng has been focused on the past producing soil cultivation, producing hydroponic ginseng aerial part is known to have a high content of ginsenosides, and the active ingredient. Irrigation method, the culture soil and nutrient management are the impacts associated with the product's performance on ginseng growth. Ginseng growth stage is divided into five stages: emergence, foliation, root elongation, root enlargement and defoliation. because ginseng requires a water adjustment for each growth stage. It has been trying to control bottom surface irrigation and nutrient concentrations. Methods and Results : Ginseng seedling has been used for experiments to screen a healthy seedling of around 0.8g. Each of the seedling transplanted box was water supplied to the timer and the individual nozzle was 4ℓ amount per hour. All growth measures and sampling was carried out four times a seedling transplantation from 30 to 120 days. Soil sampling each time was a chemical analysis. In addition, the plant was used to analyze the ginsenosides. Conclusion : 12 of total ginsenosides ingredients were highest in the aerial part is 90 days, total ginsenosides of the 10 components in the root part was the highest in 30 days. The results were different this ginsenosides content from time to time, there were differences with previous reports. Results are shown to be due to the difference in the cultivation method and environment.

Background : An important feature of the nutrient solution is that they affect not only the growth but also quality of crops by changing nutrient uptake, especially due to changes of EC in nutrient solution. This study was carried out to investigate effect of EC in nutrient solution on growth and ginsenoside of ginseng. Methods and Results : EC in nutrient solution was controlled with 0.68, 0.84, 1.23, 1.41 dS/m. The root weight of ginseng treated by low EC levels in nutrient solution was higher during the initial of growth. However, the higher EC levels, the more increased the change rate of root weight from the initial to the middle of growth. The highest amount of ginsenoside was changed by growth period. Although the total amount of ginsenoside in root is highest treated by EC 0.68 dS/m at 45 days after treatment. the total amount of ginsenoside in root is highest treated by EC 1.23 dS/m at 135 days after treatment. Conclusions : EC in nutrient solution should to be controlled depending on the stage of growth and the part of use, i.e. root and leaves, when ginseng is cultivated through nutri-culture.