This paper proposes a standardized vehicle body repair manual for vehicles with major damage to the rear side members caused by rear-end collisions. The manual is used to refine the vehicles. Typical work involves replacing large traffic accident modes with new members or modifying and aligning existing members. If repairs are made for various reasons, the members should be attached based on the body of a new vehicle. Unlike new vehicle members, the accident vehicle repair process depends heavily on the operator's skilled skills (i.e., the performance, purpose, level, and quality of the body replacement work due to the nature of the vehicle body replacement work). When repairing or replacing a rear side member of a body repair, three methods of operation are applied because the damage and deformation vary depending on the object of the other party, although the degree of damage varies. There is no standardized manual for side member over-hole replacement, partial replacement, or partial modification, since these repair methods vary depending on the operator's thoughts and angle of view. Therefore, customers should use standardized vehicle repair manuals to ensure that their vehicle receives the same repair when damaged. This study is expected to develop a standardized vehicle repair manual to reduce the drop in used market prices after replacement or repair of rear side members at vehicle repair plants.

This study examined the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)’s illegal trade in UNsanctioned items as revealed in the UN panel of experts report in order to estimate the types of illegal trade in nuclear items, one of the UN-sanctioned prohibited items, and to find efficient ways to block it. Also, The research revealed that DPRK secretly imports UN-sanctioned prohibited items without going through customs through maritime transshipment, conceals or disguises them through identity laundering by falsifying documents at customs clearance, and makes various attempts to escape the international community’s surveillance, such as using a combination of methods such as Re-Flagged and Double-Flagged for identity laundering, and concealing them without operating the Automatic Identification System (AIS) at sea. The DPRK’s Illicit trade cases have been divided into two types of transactions: those that violate customs clearance procedures by providing false information to customs through disguise or concealment, and those that do not go through normal customs procedures, such as smuggling. To block customs violations, technical measures such as increasing the number of inspections of container ships or improving the accuracy of inspections are required, while to block smuggling, since it does not go through physical inspections, there are ways to monitor it through satellite images or strengthen border enforcement such as airport bays and land routes. As a result, DPRK’s nuclear items are designated as sanctioned items under UN resolutions, and it is assumed that DPRK and its networks will attempt to trade illegally through a combination of customs clearance violations and non-customs clearance violations, depending on the circumstances. Furthermore, since DPRK is subject to extensive sanctions from the international community, including the UN, in connection with its nuclear weapons program, illegal trade continues, and efforts should be made to block illegal trade through physical inspection at customs clearance.

Traffic accidents that occur while driving a car are inevitable, and the characteristics of the body repair field are that each vehicle accident has the same damage and no same repair conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to acquire know-how in vehicle body repair simply by theoretical method of textbook, and the repair method must be changed as new materials and new technologies are applied to it. In particular, roof panels are not frequently damaged by traffic accidents, but they are damaged by falling objects from the roof of a building or the opposite lane, resulting in roof bending and vehicle repair using dent repair to minimize VOC and reduce costs. In this study, the optimal maintenance method is proposed by analyzing the time, cost, and waste generation according to the work method when the degree of damage is large and replacement is required

In this study, we studied the method of using general architectural glass instead of using the existing acrylic material for high luminance flat lighting. The flat panel lighting used the side illumination method to increase the ease of installation and aesthetic satisfaction. In general, glass has an amorphous structure with a lower angle of refraction than acrylic, so it is not suitable for use in flat panel lighting as a light guide, but in this study, the role of light distribution characteristics and diffusion patterns in the case of using such a glass light guide. Quantitative simulations were conducted to confirm new possibilities. In the simulation, the backlight estimation method was used, and about 10,000,000 rays were placed within a unit area in order to obtain a result similar to the real thing. As a result of the simulation, the geometry of the diffusion pattern could be specified, and the value of the geometry could be quantified using the ratio of the diameter and height of the pattern. As a result of the calculation, it was found that the maximum amount of light was generated around 75 degrees by quantitatively calculating the ratio and the outgoing light angle at which the maximum value of the outgoing light occurred between 05 and 1.0. As a result of these studies, it was confirmed that it is possible to use ordinary glass at the same time as a transparent window and light-emitting lighting at night.

In this study, a researcher transcribed Korean negation sentences presented on four episodes of the [Love of 7.7 Billion] and analyzed the discourses of foreign panel members by focusing on Korean negation sentences. The aims of this study are to (1) analyze types and accuracy of Korean negation sentences in foreign panel members’ discourse and (2) present pedagogical implications for efficient Korean education on negation sentences. This study was launched as an attempt to analyze how correctly and variously foreign panel members in the program use Korean negation sentences in their discourse. Since discourse is closely related to the ordinary life of humans, discourses which appeared on the [Love of 7.7 Billion] would be suitable data to analyze since it is a discussion-based program. Therefore, discourse is useful from a pedagogical standpoint to look into the Korean language proficiency of them. Through discourse analysis, several implications were found. (1) foreign panels tended to use short negation sentences rather than long negation sentences; (2) panels’ use of Korean negation sentences was not various; (3) panels divided Korean negation sentences into often-used negation sentences and rarely-used negation sentences; (4) the use of negative polarity was not found that much.

The research model of panel data analysis in this study was used as the dependent variables and the business characteristics of the welding industry were reflected in the research model for systematic analysis of the effect of welding technology on the welding industry. As a result of the existing research, the domestic welding technology is seriously encroaching on the domestic welding industry between the United States, Japan and China. There is no quantitative statistical analysis on this aspect. In this study, the panel data analysis is used to indicate differences in explanatory power by numerical values of POLS model, fixed effect and random effect. And the prior studies on the current status of welding industry related to arc welding, special welding, multiple welding, welding and bonding technology are applied by the panel data analysis. Therefore, the problems of existing research are diagnosed while presenting the future research directions.

FRP is a new material that has light, high strength and high durability characteristics and is emerging as a third construction material in and out of countries. However, very few studies have been done on curved FRP construction materials that can be used for tunnels or arched bridges. In particular, many joints are required for the application of curved panels to the open cut tunnel. Experimental data on the performance of the joint is required due to insufficient design criteria. The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural performance of real size, composite materials curved panels. To achieve this goal, curved panels were constructed and bending performance was tested. A numerical analysis was also performed and compared with the results of the test. The results of the test showed that the average load was 757.6 kN and the average displacement of bottom was measured at 53.12 mm. Compression stress on the upper flange and tensile stress on the lower flange were within acceptable limits of 50% of the allowable stress.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the resistance performance and the sensitivity of the panels placed on the free surface of the water using the potential-based Rankine source panel method. The potential-based Rankine source panel method was applied to predict a flow phenomena around a ship and the exact nonlinear free surface boundary conditions were adopted. The trim and sinkage state of the ship also were taken into account. In order to deal with complex geometries of the planing ship the panel cutting method was adopted. The R/V Athena ship was adopted as the high speed ship. Numerical analysis was carried out by systematically changing the range and number of panels in the free surface area, and the results were compared with each other.

A behavior of FRP(Fiber Reinforced Polymer) panel in a steel frame structure was evaluated through the finite element analysis in this study. In order to numerical analysis, a experimental test results was used to develop a three dimensional finite element model of steel frame specimen. Numerical results of the steel frame specimen was well predicted the experimental behavior of steel frame specimen. Based on the developed three dimensional finite element model of steel frame specimen, the behavior of FRP panel in the steel frame specimen was evaluated. From the numerical analysis results, strength of the steel frame specimen with FRP panel was governed by FRP panel. Also, diagonal compression behavior governed the FRP panel in the steel frame specimen in the numerical analysis results.

As CFRP with only a single material shows the various fracture properties, it has been applied to the many areas through the whole industry. The method bonding with adhesive has been recommended to apply the CFRP to structure. But it is inevitable that the mechanical joints with bolt, nut and rivet have been used sometimes. This study investigates the effect that these joints influence the CFRP panel through the analysis result. The analysis models as CFRP panels with the thickness of 5 mm have four kinds of layer angles which are 30°, 45°, 60° and 75°. The fracture property is examined when the pressure by the mechanical joint is applied to the upper panel. As the joint pressure is distributed most effectively in case of the layer angle of 60°, it is shown that this pressure becomes lower and the deformation of panel becomes lowest. On the basis of this study result, it is thought that the foundation data for the design of CFRP structure can be provided and contributed to the safety design of structure.

As CFRP with only a single material shows the various fracture properties, it has been applied to the many areas through the whole industry. The method bonding with adhesive has been recommended to apply the CFRP to structure. But it is inevitable that the mechanical joints with bolt, nut and rivet have been used sometimes. This study investigates the effect that these joints influence the CFRP panel through the analysis result. The analysis models as CFRP panels with the thickness of 5 mm have four kinds of layer angles which are 30°, 45°, 60° and 75°. The fracture property is examined when the pressure by the mechanical joint is applied to the upper panel. As the joint pressure is distributed most effectively in case of the layer angle of 60°, it is shown that this pressure becomes lower and the deformation of panel becomes lowest. On the basis of this study result, it is thought that the foundation data for the design of CFRP structure can be provided and contributed to the safety design of structure.

Solar power is being spotlighted recently as a new energy source due to environmental problems and applications of solar power to curved structures are increasing. Solar panels installed on curved surfaces have different efficiencies depending on its position and the efficient positioning of solar panels plays a critical role in the design of solar power generation systems. In this study, the changing characteristics of solar irradiance were analyzed for hemispherical dome with a large curvature and the positioning of solar panels that can efficiently utilize solar energy was investigated. With an icosahedron-based hemispherical dome consisting of triangular elements as target model, a program for calculating solar irradiance using a normal vector of the solar module on each face was developed. Furthermore, the change of solar irradiance according to the sun’s path was analyzed by time and season, and its effects on shades were also examined. From the analysis results, the effective positioning could be determined on the basis of the efficiency of the solar panels installed on the dome surfaces on solar irradiance.

This study aims to empirically analyze the relationship between climate change elements and catch amount of coastal fisheries, which is predicted to be vulnerable to climate change since its business scale is too small and fishing ground is limited. Using panel data from 1974 to 2013 by region, we tested the relationship between the sea temperature, salinity and the coastal fisheries production. A spatial panel model was applied in order to reflect the spatial dependence of the ocean. The results indicated that while the upper(0-20m) sea temperature and salinity have no significant influence on the coastal fisheries production, the lower(30-50m) sea temperature has significant positive effects on it and, by extension, on the neighboring areas’s production. Therefore, with sea temperature forecast data derived from climate change scenarios, it is expected that these results can be used to assess the future vulnerability to the climate change.

교류형 플라스마 디스플레이에서 Vt 폐곡선이라는 3 전극의 벽전압 분석에 의해 셀 내부의 벽전하 상태를 측정하고 Vt 폐곡선을 이용하여 구동파형에 따른 오방전의 발생하는 원인을 유도한다. 플라스마 디스플레이는 셀 내부에서 플라스마 방전에 의해 화면을 표시하는 소자이고, 플라스마 방전에 의해 각 전극에 쌓여진 벽전하는 외부 인가전압과 별도로 셀 내부에 전극 간의 벽전압을 형성한다. 교류형 플라스마디스플레이의 전극은 일반적으로 3개이기 때문에 셀 내부의 벽전하 상태를 측정하는 것은 어려우나 Vt 폐곡선이라는 벽전압 분석 법을 이용하면 셀 내부의 상태를 예측할 수 있다. 본 논문은 먼저 Vt 폐곡선의 모양, 외부 인가전압에 대한 전압 벡터, 측정방법 등에 대하여 소개를 하고, 플라스마 디스플레이의 종래와 테스트 구동파형에서 초기화 기간의 하강 경사파 전압에 따른 Vt 폐곡선을 각각 그린다. 초기화 기간 중 최종 전압을 종래보다 많이 낮게 인가한 테스트 구동 파형에서 발생하는 오방전의 원인을 측정된 Vt 폐곡선에 의해 발견할 수 있다.

본 연구는 Primary Anchor의 비선형 유한요소해석을 통해 구조적 성능을 파악하는데 목적이 있다. Primary Anchor Unit은 ALC 패널 커튼월과 RC 슬래브 또는 주골조 사이에 연결장치로 사용할 수 있다. 항복강도, 초기강성과 최대 하중과 같은 구조적 특성을 구하고 자세히 비교분석하였다.

본 연구에서는 복강판-모듈러 시스템과 같이 구조 기준에 명시되지 않은 새로운 시스템의 반응수정계수를 산정하는 절차를 제안하였다. 기본 개념은 구조성능 실험결과를 바탕으로 모델링 된 시스템의 비선형 정적 해석 곡선으로부터 세부 구성요소인 초과강도계수와 연성계수의 도출하고, 단자유도 시스템으로 간주하고 평가된 반응수정계수를 다자유도 동적 거동을 고려한 다자유도 밑면전단 수정계수로 수정하여 시스템의 최종적인 반응수정계수를 결정하는 것이다. 제안한 절차에 따라 이중골조시스템으로 설계된 2층부터 5층까지의 복강판-모듈러 시스템에 대해 평가한 결과, 최종적인 반응수정계수는 5층(층고 4m기준)을 복강판-모듈러 시스템의 적용 가능한 층수의 상한으로 하여 4로 결정하는 것이 타당할 것으로 판단하였다.

최근 전자 디스플레이에서 각광받고 있는 터치스크린은 급속한 정보화 사회 속에서 비약적인 발전을 거듭하고 있다. 터치패널은 키보드나 마우스와 같은 입력장치를 사용하지 않고, 화면에 나타난 문자나 특정 위치에 사람의 손 또는 물체가 닿으면 그 위치를 파악하여 특정한 기능을 처리하도록 한 패널이다. 이러한 터치스크린에서의 터치패널용 Ag 페이스트는 대부분 열 경화형 페이스트를 사용하고 있다. 이러한 열 경화형 페이스트는 건조공정에 따른 열에너지 소비와 유기용제에 따른 작업환경 개선의 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존에 사용되는 열 경화형 Ag 페이스트가 아닌 친환경적이고 경제적인 UV 경화형 페이스트를 제조하였다. 현재 시판중인 열 경화형 바인더 대신 UV 경화형 올리고머를 사용하였고 유동특성을 부여하기 위해 단관능 모노머를 첨가하여 전도성 Ag paste 패턴형성을 할 수 있었다. 그 결과 열 경화형 Ag 페이스트만큼 접착력, 경도, 내성 등이 우수하였으며 미세패턴의 재현이 가능했으며 스크린 인쇄를 이용한 친환경적인 패터닝 기술로서의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

Bonding glasses is one of the important PDP (Plasma Panel Display) manufacturing processes. Bonding process includes aligning front and rear glasses with fixing clips. In this process, clips have to maintain perfect alignment between the front and rear gl