New buildings have been designed using different seismic design standards that have been revised. However, the seismic performance of existing buildings is evaluated through the same performance evaluation guidelines. Existing buildings may not satisfy the performance targets suggested in the current guidelines, but there are practical limitations to discriminating the existing buildings with poor seismic performance through a full investigation. In this regard, to classify buildings with poor seismic performance according to the applied standard, this study aimed to evaluate performance-based investigation of the seismic design proposals of buildings with different design standards. The target buildings were set as RC ordinary moment frames for office occupancy. Changes in seismic design criteria by period were analyzed, and the design spectrum changes of reinforced concrete ordinary moment resisting frames were compared to analyze the seismic load acting on the building during design. The seismic design plan was derived through structural analysis of the target model, compared the member force and cross-sectional performance, and a preliminary evaluation of the seismic performance was performed to analyze the performance level through DCR. As a result of the seismic performance analysis through the derived design, the reinforced concrete ordinary moment frame design based on AIK 2000 has an insufficient seismic performance level, so buildings built before 2005 are likely to need seismic reinforcement.

This study compared and analyzed the difference in performance between the existing soot probe and the improved one that was applied to the actual inspection vehicle at the actual inspection site, which has been developed under the specific conditions based on the excellent results through the performance evaluation. As the results, probe(b) involves a structure designed close to the center of the circumference of the exhaust pipe, and the suction efficiency was improved by adding a center unit. The improved probe(b) can enhance the effectiveness of the inspection when applied to total and regular tests inspections, and the possibility of contributing to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions generated in the transportation sector has been confirmed.

Failure to comply with the performance test requirements for the centrifugal pumps at power plants often results in performance dissatisfaction as a result of field tests. This study proposed a method of reducing the uncertainty of the field test results by evaluating the systematic error in the measurement system caused by failure to follow the test requirements using the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) technique. As a result of the evaluation of the systematic error and reflecting it in the performance test data, it was confirmed that the error occurred at a constant rate with respect to the flowrate and that the pump, which showed a difference in performance actually had the same performance.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to reduce greenhouse gases and prevent potholes on roads by evaluating the performances of hot and warm mixed asphalt mixtures. METHODS : Quality tests were conducted using an appropriate aggregate ratio of the asphalt mixture. The tests for comparing the warm mixed asphalt mixture are the indirect tensile strength and toughness, Marshall stability and flow, tensile strength ratio, and dynamic immersion test. A performance evaluation was conducted using a mixture that satisfied the quality test results. A performance evaluation test was also conducted using the dynamic modulus and Hamburg wheel tracking test. To analyze the performance based on the amine content, the performance was compared with that of a hot mixed asphalt mixture. RESULTS : All tests for the mixture results satisfied the standard values. The optimal amine content was analyzed through the high and low frequencies of the dynamic modulus test results and stripping inflection point with the final rut depth of the Hamburg wheel tracking test. The dynamic modulus test results demonstrated better crack resistance and plastic deformation when a high amine content ratio was used. The Hamburg wheel-tracking test showed water resistance and plastic deformation resistance. The test results of the Hamburg wheel tracking indicated better deformation resistance and water resistance when a high amine content ratio was used. CONCLUSIONS : The plastic deformation and crack resistance increased with an increase in amine content. Analysis of the comprehensive test revealed that the optimal amine content was between that of additives B(50%) and C(65%). Tests with a granular amine content are planned to confirm the specific components. Also planned are a simplified viscoelastic continuum damage test and a semicircular bending test to evaluate the performance better.

Abstract Biosensors are a group of measurement systems and their design is based on the selective identification of analyses based on biological components and physical and chemical detectors. Biosensors consist of three components: biological element, detector, and converter. The design of biosensors in various fields of biological sciences, medicine has expanded significantly. Biosensor technology actually represents a combination of biochemistry, molecular biology, chemistry, physics, electronics, and telecommunications. A biosensor actually consists of a small sensor and biological material fixed on it. Because biosensors are a powerful tool for identifying biological molecules, today they are used in various medical sciences, chemical industry, food industry, environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical production, health, etc. In fact, these sensors are a powerful tool to identify biological molecules. In fact, biosensors are analytical tools that can use biological intelligence to detect and react with a compound or compounds, and thus create a chemical, optical, or electrical message. The basis of a biosensor is to convert a biological response into a message. In this category, the use of telecommunication engineering technology and electromagnetic waves and frequency and radio spectrum is growing more and more to detect, measure, and determine the desired parameters in microbiology and laboratory sciences. The use of radio, optical, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and infrared wave detection technology is part of the applications of telecommunication science in this field. Even image and audio processing systems have been instrumental in the discussion of biosensors in microbiology. The science of using fiber optics and waveguides, micro-strip antennas, and microelectromechanical technology is also very efficient in the construction and design of these biosensors.

우리나라는 연안해역을 집약적으로 활용하기 때문에 폐기물로 인한 해양사고 발생률도 높은 편이다. 항해하는 선박의 추진기 에 해양부유물, 폐로프, 폐어망 등이 감기는 사고를 부유물감김사고로 정의하고 있다. 이러한 사고를 예방하기 위해 본 연구에서는 국내 에 상용화되어 세이버 타입(Shaver type)의 로프절단장치를 유한요소법을 이용하여 구조안전성 검토와 수조시험을 통해 절단 과정 및 성능 평가를 진행하였다. 그 결과 로프절단장치를 구성하는 모든 파트는 0.5s 도달하기 전 파손되었으며, 인장강도 대비 발생한 최대응력을 기 준으로 각 파트의 안전계수는 최소 2이상으로 나타났다. 수조시험에서는 세이버타입의 절단장치의 절단 과정을 살펴보았고, 실제 해상에 서 부유중인 폐로프가 다양한 각도로 진입하는 것을 고려하여 케이스 별로 설치 각도를 설정하였다. 그 결과 모든 케이스에서 절단이 되 었으며, 절단 날이 어떠한 각도에 장착되어도 로프를 절단하는데 문제가 없을 것으로 판단된다.

For this study, we established a system for the CPU cooling performance evaluation and conducted performance tests on air-cooling and water-cooling to understand the effect of the CPU cooling method on performance. For the performance evaluation, the test chamber and water-cooling system were set up, the workload S/W was selected, and a case file was created. In the case of the air-cooling, the CPU temperature is sensitively affected by the outside air temperature, the direction of the board installation, and the influence of the airflow formed around it, and may cause a lot of fluctuations in the CPU temperature. When the water-cooling system was applied, the CPU temperature decreased from 75℃℃ to 37℃ compared to the air-cooled type under the test conditions of 28.5℃ and 3LPM cooling water supply temperature and flow rate. As the CPU clock speed increased due to the decrease in temperature, it was found that the job execution time was reduced by 15~23%. In the future, it is expected that using this performance evaluation environment established through this study will enable us to easily conduct test evaluations for various processors, cooling methods, and changes in operating conditions.

Seoul has installed mechanical air filters in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of city buses to improve their indoor air quality since late 2019. We evaluated particle removal efficiencies of the filter in a wind tunnel, and clean air delivery rates (CADRs) of the systems and a household air purifier in the buses, following the test standards. The filter showed the efficiencies of 91% and 97.6%, 88% and 97.9%, and 78% and 95.2% for 0.35 μm particles and PM2.5 at 1.0m/s, 1.5m/s, and 2.0m/s, respectively. The efficiencies rose with an increase in the particle size and the filters had a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) rating of 15. The CADRs for PM2.5 and flow rate of the systems were 12.7m3/min and 17.9m3/min, 16.6m3/min and 25.4m3/min, 18.7m3/min and 33.6m3/min, and 23.3m3/min and 47.1m3/min on the operation mode of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The CADRs of the systems were 3.8-7.1 times higher than those of the air purifier, but single-pass removal efficiencies of the former were 0.56-0.81 lower than those of the latter.

The collapse of reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings is mainly caused by the failure of columns. To prevent brittle failure of RC column, numerous studies have been conducted on the seismic performance of strengthened RC columns. Concrete jacketing method, which is one of the retrofitting method of RC members, can enhance strength and stiffness of original RC column with enlarged section and provide uniformly distributed lateral load capacity throughout the structure. The experimental studies have been conducted by many researchers to analyze seismic performance of seismic strengthened RC column. However, structures which have plan and vertical irregularities shows torsional behavior, and therefore it causes large deformation on RC column when subjected to seismic load. Thus, test results from concentric cyclic loading can be overestimated comparing to eccentric cyclic test results, In this paper, two kinds of eccentric loading pattern was suggested to analyze structural performance of RC columns, which are strengthened by concrete jacketing method with new details in jacketed section. Based on the results, it is concluded that specimens strengthened with new concrete jacketing method increased 830% of maximum load, 150% of maximum displacement and changed the failure modes of non-strengthened RC columns.

PURPOSES : Preventive pavement maintenance is an economical and efficient method of infrastructure management. This study aims to improve the performance of cold thin-layer asphalt pavement, which is mainly used in earthwork pavement, and for bridge overlays and structures. METHODS : A cold asphalt mixture of modified emulsified asphalt and RAP was prepared for cold recycled thin-layer asphalt pavement. The performance of the mixture as a function of fiber reinforcement to improve flexural strength and crack resistance was evaluated. RESULTS : The use of RAP aggregate in cold asphalt mixture was found to increase the cohesive strength of the mixture and improve the wet abrasion resistance due to the effect of the residual binder. As a result of the loaded wheel test and flexural tension test with the addition of fiber reinforcement, it was found that the crack resistance of 0.4 % glass fiber was the best, and especially, the flexibility at low temperature was excellent. CONCLUSIONS : The cold recycled thin-layer asphalt pavement mixture has improved cohesive strength, flexural strength, and crack resistance compared to existing cold asphalt pavement materials, so it will contribute to economical and effective maintenance in preventive maintenance of bridge overlays and structural pavements.

PURPOSES : This study evaluates the long-term performance of the asphalt overlay designed by the Seoul pavement design method which determines overlay thickness by considering existing pavement conditions, traffic volume, and bearing capacity of the pavement. METHODS : A total of 76 sections including 17 control sections and 59 design sections were constructed under various traffic conditions, overlay thicknesses and asphalt mixtures. The performance of the pavements has been monitored up to 60 months in terms of surface distresses, rutting, and longitudinal roughness. The service life of the pavements was estimated to be the period when the Seoul pavement condition index (SPI) becomes 6.0, i.e., a rehabilitation level. RESULTS : Overall, the service life of the pavements was 72 months in the control and 120 months for the design sections. For relatively thinner overlay sections than designed, the service life reduced significantly; 36 months for 15cm thick overlay and 120 months for 25cm thick overlay. The service life of the pavement in the bus-only lane was 78 months, which is 30 months shorter than that in mixed-traffic lanes. Out of the bus-only lanes, 56% of the pavement along bus stop was deteriorated early to be a poor condition while only 2% of the pavement in a driving lane was degraded to be poor. The overlay with Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) in the wearing surface had 38% longer life than that with conventional dense graded mixtures. CONCLUSIONS : Most of the overlays sections designed by the Seoul pavement design method were expected to survive 10 years, except for bus-only lanes. The control sections having 5 to 10 cm thick overlays showed significant lower performance than the design sections. Thus proper thickness and materials considering the characteristics of existing pavement and traffic volumes should be applied to secure the service life of overlays.

Due to the Fukushima nuclear accident, a large amount of radioactive material was released into the atmosphere, and consequently, it spread over a wide area and was deposited into the soil. As a result of this, a wide area of radioactive contamination site was created. Due to the contaminated site, the need for research on various exploration platforms for efficient situation management and field response is being emphasized. Backpack-type radiation survey & monitoring equipment is useful for creating a contamination maps containing information such as Dose Rate, Radionuclide, Activity Concentration accompanied by spatial analysis when performing a Scan Survey that moves with a backpack on a wide area site. contamination maps are based on accurate radiological characteristic information. However, there is a problem in that the accuracy of the evaluation results is lowered due to changes in environment conditions or the variability of the dose rate and counting rate during scan survey. This problem should be solved by applying the influence of each variable to the underlying data. However, prior to this, it is most important to prepare the base underlying first. And this can be obtained through evaluation of detection performance through static survey. Therefore, in this study, the change in detection efficiency for the measurement height and radius of the backpack-type radiation survey & monitoring equipment based on the 3"×3" NaI(Ti) detector was evaluated. First, the height of the source and Backpack-type radiation survey & monitoring equipment was evaluated from 0 cm to 1 m, which is the height of the soil and detector when an adult male wears a backpack. The experiment was conducted using the 137Cs (383 kBq) point source, which is a nuclide mainly detected at the contaminated site. The measurement time was measured five times per one minute, considering that it was backpack-type equipment and a future scan survey. In addition, in order to evaluate the detection radius, the measurement was performed by changing the measurement distance up to 5 m at intervals of 50 cm. As a result of evaluating the detection performance of the backpack-type radiation surveys & monitoring equipment, it was confirmed that increasing the detection height and radius reduces the count rate in the form of an exponential function. In addition, it was confirmed that the detected radius varies depending on the height. Based on these results, we plan to conduct additional research to understand the scan survey and its sensitivity to various factors. Through this, the company plans to develop various models for exploring the site by improving the accuracy of backpack-type radiation surveys & monitoring equipment.

The backfill close the deep geological disposal system by filling the disposal tunnel and the connecting tunnel after the installation of buffer in the disposal hole. SKB and Posiva have established and designed the safety function of the backfill for the common goal of the deep geological disposal system. The safety function of backfill material has been set hydraulic conductivity of less than 10−10 m·s−1, a swelling pressure of 0.2 MPa, a compressive modulus of 10 MPa or a buffer density of 1,950 kg·m−3 or more, and freezing resistance. For the selection of the optimum backfill material, SKB and Posiva developed the concept of the backfill and evaluated the candidate that satisfies the requirements in four steps. In the first step, the performance and function that the backfill material should have were conceptualized. For the second step, laboratory tests and in-depth analysis of the candidate material properties were conducted. At this step, the focus has been on testing with the concept of the block method, using key candidate materials. In step 3, laboratory and large-scale experiments were performed to test engineering feasibility. In addition, design specifications for backfill materials were set based on site conditions, installation methods, and short- and long-term functions of materials. In Korea, it is only now in the step of selecting the concepts of the safety function. Therefore, it is necessary to benchmark the development process based on the previous studies of SKB and Posiva. In this study, candidate materials, experimental methods, and results were analyzed. As a result, the research steps and conditions for the selection of the optimum backfill material were reviewed. Using this study, the research steps of domestic backfill was suggested to develop within a short time for the Korean deep geological disposal system.

Prior to the investigations on fuel degradation it is necessary to describe the reference characteristics of the spent fuel. It establishes the initial condition of the reference fuel bundle at the start of dry storage. In a few technology areas, CANDU fuels have not yet developed comprehensive analysis tools anywhere near the levels in the LWR industry. This requires significantly improved computer codes for CANDU fuel design. In KNF, in-house fuel performance code was developed to predict the overall behavior of a fuel rod under normal operating conditions. It includes the analysis modules to predict temperature, pellet cracking and deformation, clad stress and strain at the mid-plane of the pellet and pellet-pellet interfaces, fission gas release and internal gas pressure. The main focus of the code is to provide information on initial conditions prior to dry storage, such as fission gas inventory and its distribution within the fuel pellet, initial volumes of storage spaces and their locations, radial profile of heat generation within the pellet, etc. Potential degradation mechanisms that may affect sheath integrity of CANDU spent fuel during dry storage are: creep rupture under internal gas pressure, sheath oxidation in air environment, stress corrosion cracking, delayed hydride cracking, and sheath splitting due to UO2 oxidation for a defective fuel. To upgrade the developed code that address all the damage mechanisms, the first step was a review of the available technical information on phenomena relevant to fuel integrity. The second step was an examination of the technical bases of all modules of the in-house code, identify and extend the ranges of all modules to required operating ranges. Further improvements being considered include upgrades of the analysis module to achieve sufficient accuracy in key output parameters. The emphasis in the near future will be on validation of the in-house code according to a rigorous and formal methodology. The developed models provide a platform for research and industrial applications, including the design of fuel behavior experiments and prediction of safe operating margins for CANDU spent fuel.

For the peaceful use of nuclear energy, the international community has devoted itself to fulfilling its obligations under the Safeguards Agreement with IAEA. In this regard, uranium in a radioactive waste drum should be analyzed and reported in terms of mass and 235U enrichment. In order to characterize radioactive wastes, gamma spectroscopy techniques can be effectively applied. In the case of high-resolution gamma spectroscopy, because an HPGe detector can provide excellent energy resolution, it can be applied to analyze a mixture having a complicated isotopic composition. However, other substances such as wood, concrete, and ash are mixed in radioactive waste with various form factors; hence, the efficiency calibration is difficult. On the other hand, In Situ Object Counting System (ISOCS) has a capability of efficiency calibration without standard materials, making it possible to analyze complex radioactive wastes. In this study, the analysis procedure with the ISOCS was optimized for quantification of radioactive waste. To this end, a standard radioactive waste drum at KEPCO NF and low-level radioactive waste drums at Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (KORAD) were measured. The performance of the ISOCS was then evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations, Multi-Group Analysis for Uranium (MGAU) code, and destructive analysis. As a result, the ISOCS showed good performance in the quantification of uranium for a drum with the homogenized simple geometry and long measurement time. It is confirmed that the ISOCS gamma spectroscopy technique could be used for control and accountancy of nuclear materials contained in a radioactive waste drum.

A Catholic school is a school that spreads religious ideology to students by combining religious education with regular school curriculum. But, most Catholic schools do not have a separate liturgical space, mass is performed in multipurpose spaces such as auditoriums, and are exposed to severe acoustic defects due to the very aging facilities and lack of sound performance suitable for the liturgical space. So, in this study, an improvement plan was proposed using sound simulation after identifying acoustic defects through field measurements in the liturgical space of Haeseong High School in Jeonju. Also, hearing experiment using Acoustic Psychological Analysis was conducted to identify changes in subjective responses felt by students as they improved their acoustic performance. The results of study, before and after sound performance improvement sound pressure level(SPL500Hz) was 64.8dB at 66.7dB, the weighted sound level(SPLdB(A)) was 67.9dB(A) at 75.8dB(A), reverberation time(RT500Hz) was 2.04sec at 2.52sec, definition(D50,500Hz) was 40.2% at 33.5%, clarity(C80.500Hz) was –0.8dB at –1.18dB, and RASTI was 57.7% at 49.2% was evaluated. In addition, the amount of improvement in subjective responses before and after sound performance through psycho-acoustic experiment decreased by “Reverberation” -17.0%, “Loudness” -11.3% and increased by “Clear” 21.3%, “Vivid” 21.3%, “Intimacy” 12.4%, “Warmth” 14.3%, “Stability” 19.3%, “Godliness” 18.8%. Therefore, after improving sound performance, Haesung High School's liturgical space improved satisfaction with subjective sound performance felt by students and teachers to ensure sound performance suitable for the liturgical space.

In this study, the removal efficiency of PFCs(perfluorinated compounds) in the GAC(granule activated carbon) process based on the superheated steam automatic regeneration system was investigated in laboratory scale and pilot-scale reactor. Among PFCs, PFHxS(perfluorohexyl sulfonate) was most effectively removed. The removal efficiency of PFCs was found to be closely related to the EBCT, and the removal efficiencies of PFOA(perfluorooctanoic acid), PFOS(perfluorooctyl sulfonate), and PFHxS were 43.7, 75, and 100%, respectively, under the condition of EBCT of 6 min. Afterward, PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS exhibited the earlier breakthrough time in the order. After that, GAC was regenerated, and the removal efficiency of the PFCs before and after regeneration was compared. As a result, it was shown that the PFCs removal efficiency in the regenerated GAC process were higher, and that of PFOA was improved to 75%. The findings of this study indicate the feasibility of the superheated steam automatic regeneration system for the stable removal of the PFCs, and it was verified that this technology can be applied stably enough even in field conditions.

본 실험에서는 α-Al2O3 세라믹 중공사를 지지체로 사용하였고, 무전해 도금을 통해 Pd 및 Pd-Ag가 도금된 수소 분리막을 제조하였다. Pd-Ag 분리막은 Pd와 Ag 합금 형태로 만들기 위하여 500°C, 10 h 동안의 annealing 과정을 거쳤으며, EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) 분석을 통해 Pd-Ag 합금이 되었다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) 분석을 통해 제조된 Pd 및 Pd-Ag 도금층의 두께는 약 8.98, 9.29 μm으로 측정되었다. 제조된 수소 분 리막은 350~450°C, 1-4 bar의 범위에서 수소 단일 가스, 혼합가스(H2, N2)를 이용하여 수소 투과 실험을 진행하였다. 수소 단 일 가스에서 Pd와 Pd-Ag 분리막은 최대 각각 21.85, 13.76 mL/cm2⋅min의 flux를 가지며, 혼합가스에서는 450°C, 4 bar의 조건일 때, 1216, 361의 separation factor가 각각 나오는 것을 확인하였다.