한국과 중국은 역사적으로 밀접한 이웃 국가이자 동일한 동아시아 역 사 문화를 함께 공유하고 있으며, 최근 양국은 동아시아의 문화를 각자 자국의 중심으로 자리매김하려는 분위기가 확산되고 있다. 1992년 한중 수교 이후 양국의 교류가 본격적으로 시작되면서, 양국 간의 문화갈등 또한 확산되었으며, 2002년 중국의 동북공정 및 2016년 주한미군의 사 드 배치에 대한 보복으로 한한령(限韓令)이 실시되면서, 한중 역사문화 갈등은 더욱 심해졌다. 이후, 양국의 문화갈등은 최근까지도 중국의 대한 국 왜곡된 민족주의 현상으로 나타나고 있으며, 양국 국민들에게 친근한 한국의 연예계 및 전통문화 분야까지 부정하는 현상으로 발생하고 있다. 본 연구는 한류·반한류 현상, 중국식 민족주의를 정리하고, 중국의 한 국문화 부정·왜곡 사례를 정리·조명하며, 이러한 현상의 원인을 밝히는 것이 주요목적이다. 중국의 한국문화에 대한 부정‧왜곡 현상의 원인은 중화주의의 약화 우려, 대국 패권주의 혹은 배타적인 애국주의‧민족주 의로 볼 수 있다. 이에 주요 사례를 정리하고 검토하여, 한중 양국의 정치·경제·외교 등 여러 분야에 대한 파급효과가 우려되므로, 사례별로 정리하고 원인을 알아보며, 미래 사회 양국의 지혜로운 문화적 공생을 시사해 보고자 한다.

Since it takes hundreds of thousands of years for the radiotoxicity of spent nuclear fuel to decrease to natural levels, interactions between each repository barrier, climate change, and geological evolutions are inevitable. These processes should be defined as the long-term evolution FEPs and considered in the performance assessment to ensure the long-term safety of the disposal system. The literature survey on geological characteristics and history of the Korean peninsula was conducted, and the list of A-KRS-FEPs which are directly or indirectly related to long-term evolutions was identified in this study. The ice age and geological change are the capital phenomena considered in the exceedingly long-term evolution before/after climate change. The historical data on ice sheets and permafrost were analyzed to investigate the effects of the ice ages on the Korean peninsula. The sealevel changes were investigated based on the research on the coastal terrace to identify the impact on uplift and shoreline change accompanying the ice age. Also, the survey on the geological history data was conducted from the perspective of tectonic activity, metamorphism, igneous activity, and seismic activities to consider the geodynamic evolution of the Korean peninsula. As results, it was suggested that 14 FEPs were directly related to climate change, 18 FEPs were directly related to geological evolution, and 47 FEPs were indirectly relevant to long-term geodynamics. The consent-based FEPs and scenarios for the long-term evolution will be developed shortly, including most of the critical long-term evolution phenomena defined in this study and which are highly probable in domestic disposal conditions. The evaluation and verification of the APro system for long-term safety will accomplish using these FEPs and scenarios.

정수기는 일반적인 산업용 막여과 수처리 공정과 다르게 운전과 휴지를 반복하는 특성이 있다. 이러한 특징 때문 에 역삼투막을 사용하는 정수기의 경우, 재정수시에 정수수의 농도가 정상적인 값보다 높게 나오는 현상(제거율이 정상값보 다 낮게 나오는 현상)이 있는데, 이를 “TDS creep”이라고 한다. 본 연구에서는 휴지시간과 농도에 따른 TDS creep 정도를 관 찰하였다. 또한, TDS creep 현상을 저감하기 위해 원수 세척, 정수부의 부피 증가 및 정수 세척 방법 등을 시험하였고 이에 대한 실질적인 효과를 관찰하였다. 이러한 방법들 중에 정수수의 세척과 같이 역삼투막의 feed side와 permeate side의 농도차 를 최소화하는 것이 TDS creep 현상을 해소하는 궁극적인 해결책임을 확인하였다.

Borrowing sounds is the phenomenon of borrowing the tones of "replaceable characters" to read the sounds of particular Chinese letters. The "Replaceable pseudo-character" is a phenomenon of borrowing homonyms, or words with similar pronunciations to read a certain Chinese character. This is called the borrowed-sound character, and both the original and the borrowed words co-exist. However, in countries in the region where Chinese characters are used such as Vietnam, Japan and Korea, there is also the phenomenon of borrowing the sounds and shapes of Chinese characters to record native languages. By using quantitative statistical methods, interdisciplinary research methods, and an oriented approach to grammatology 文字學 and etymology 語源學, this article will examine the phenomenon of borrowing sounds found in the Linh Nam Chich Quai 嶺南摭怪 (the Collection of the Strange Tales of the Linh Nam Realm) compiled during the Ly-Tran dynasties (XI-XIV centuries). This article provides a comparison of similar phenomena in some Chinese character works and epitaphs of the Ly Tran dynasty in Vietnam and the Nihon ryoiki 日本靈異記 of Japan. It argues that borrowing sounds are a common feature found in the works from these early periods which recorded folktales due to the influence of Han culture, and Vietnamese literature should be not placed outside the general rules of that influence.

이 글에서는 대만인 학습자를 대상으로 운율단위에서의 음운 현상의 발음교육을 논의하였다. 단어 경계를 넘어서 하나의 운율단위 를 형성할 때 나타나는 경음화, 비음화, 격음화, 유음화에 대한 실현율 과 오류 형태를 분석하고 이를 표준중국어를 사용하는 학습자와 대조 하였다. 경음화의 실현율이 높은 반면에 비음화와 격음화는 낮고 유 음화는 매우 낮았다. 대만인 학습자는 운율단위를 이루지 못하고 단 어대로 발음하는 오류가 높았고 음절의 종성 자음을 발음하려는 경향 이 강했다. 이는 종성에 장애음이 있는 학습자의 모어의 영향인 것으 로 보인다. 분석 자료를 바탕으로 대만인 학습자의 운율단위의 음운 현상과 관련해서, 운율단위의 음운현상에 대한 발음교육, 학습자 모어 를 고려한 발음교육, 운율단위를 구성하는 언어 자료를 고려한 발음 교육 등을 제안하였다.

The study aims to analyze the mixed characteristics of knit fashion design as demonstrated in Sacai's collection, which promotes hybrid and mesh-up fusion and proposes various knit design ideas. Standards for categorizing mixed phenomena of Sacai’s knit design were established through a review of literature and data analysis. The study’s data collection period was from 2012 to 2021, and a total of 174 items were analyzed. The following are the results. First is the fusion of traditional knit and contemporary styles expressed through de-constructive design; traditional knit styles are combined with contemporary styles through color, material, and knitting structure mixtures, such as mixing Northern European Aran, Fair Isle, Nordic, and Ropy knit. Second, the Sakai knit design combines male and female styles by mixing materials and details. A deconstructed knit cardigan was matched with androcentric pin-striped shirts worn over layered shirring skirts embellished with chiffon and lace. Third, everyday street fashion style is blended with a formal, elegant fashion style. For example, the front view has a typical everyday appearance, whereas the back view contains florid and decorated details. The style is expressed as a 360-degrees appellation, with one thing in the front and another in the back. Sacai’s distinctive expressional characteristics include a mixed and de-constructive style characterized by unexpected design.

본 연구는 현대 과학 교육의 탐구 활동에서 관찰 또는 탐색의 역할이 강조되고 있는 것과 과학 탐구 소재 확장의 필요성에 의해 진행되었다. 이에 본 연구는 예술 작품을 활용한 탐구 프로그램을 개발, 적용하여 귀추 과정 중 학습 자들의 탐색 특징을 자세히 분석했다. 동양화, 서양화, 신화, 관현악, 전통 가옥을 소재로 한 ‘미술관으로 간 과학자’ 프로그램이 개발되었으며, 방과 후 과학 교실에 다니는 중학생 5명이 참여했다. 연구 결과, 작품 속 주목할 만한 현상을 탐색한 학습자들은 탐색 특징에 따라 크게 세 유형으로 나뉘었다. 과학 개념에 쉽게 연결할 수 있는 내용을 관찰, 기술한 학습자가 있는 반면, 과학 개념과 상대적으로 거리가 먼 일상적 요소를 주로 관찰한 학습자도 있었다. 자신들의 주관적 평가와 의견을 바탕으로 작품을 탐색한 학습자도 있었는데 이들은 자신의 감상 의견을 중심으로 작품을 탐색하는 특징을 보였다. 연구의 결론 및 시사점으로 탐구 활동에서 시각적으로 관찰할 수 없는 소재의 비적합성, 학습자들의 선지식이 탐색 활동에 미치는 영향, 지구과학 탐구 소재의 확장 가능성 등을 제시했다. 본 연구는 천문학을 중심으로 한 귀추 탐구에서 학습자들의 탐색 특징을 살펴봄으로써 다양한 내용과 방법의 지구과학 학습을 제시하고, 특히 귀추가 천문 학습에 적절히 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다.

In this study, visualization of droplet impact on hydrophobic micro-, micro/nano-textured surfaces and lubricant infused surfaces was performed. Experimental specimens were fabricated using MEMS (micro- electromechanical systems) techniques and droplet impact with pure water was visualized at various Weber number range (2 < We < 200) using a high speed camera at 8000 frames per second. Through this study it was confirmed that, various droplet impact behaviors were appeared as the Weber number was increased and the Weber number at which droplet impact behavior changes was affected by surface characteristics. Particularly, on the lubricant infused surface (LIS) after droplet impact retraction velocity is reduced by the lubricant viscosity effect during contraction process of droplet to improve the droplet deposition behavior on the surface. It was confirmed that droplet break up phenomena caused interfacial instability was slightly delayed on LIS due to the viscous dissipation effect during droplet impact process.

본 연구에서는 자연수, 하폐수에 많이 포함되어 있는 파울링 유발 물질 중 하나인 alginic acid sodium salt를 축전 식 탈염공정(capacity deionization, CDI)에서 파울링 감소를 위한 조건을 확립하고자 한다. 먼저 feed 물질로 NaCl을 사용하 였다. 이는 파울링 발생에 대한 비교 물질로, 파울링이 발생하지 않음을 관찰하였다. Alginic acid sodium salt를 사용하여 파 울링 발생 여부를 확인하였다. 농도는 7 mg/L, 흡착 1.2 V 5 min, 탈착 -2 V 1 min에서 효율이 50.07%으로 제일 효율적인 탈 착 조건임을 알 수 있었다.

본 논문에서는 축전식 탈염 공정에서 파울링 현상의 확인과 파울링의 제거공정 조건을 확립하는 연구를 진행하였다. 공급액에 첨가된 파울링 유발 물질인 Humic acid sodium salt (HA)의 농도는 5, 10, 15 mg/L이었다. 주어진 일반의 흡/탈착 조건에서 파울링의 발생은 시간이 지남에 따라 흡착과 탈착 농도의 증가로 확인할 수 있었다. 파울링 현상을 제거하기 위해 흡착 및 탈착에서의 전압과 시간을 변경하였다. 이로부터 흡착 조건 1.2 V/5 min, 탈착 조건 -3 V/2 min에서 파울링 제거를 확인하였다.

본 논문은 Shaped charge jet(SCJ)의 관통 과정을 유한요소해석을 통해 모사하여 제트 입사속도, 관통률 그리고 관통량 증분과 같은 물리량들을 획득하였다. 이 물리량들을 hydrodynamic 이론에 적용하여 입사 제트 속도의 효율을 분석한 결과, 입사 속도가 빠른 제트의 관통 효율은 이어지는 느린 제트에 비해 높은 것을 확인하였다. 이 효율은 hydrodynamic limit (HL) 미만인 제트인 경우 큰 폭으로 감소하였다. 한편, 시간에 따른 관통량 증분과 제트 소모량의 비교는 SCJ의 이론적인 관통현상 분석을 위해서는 길이 연장 효과를 고려해야함을 보였다.

Introduction Existing studies have revealed various value systems’ relationship to consumer behavior. The factors that have been shown to explain consumer behavior include basic values (e.g., Rindfleisch, Burroughs, & Wong, 2009), consumer worldview (e.g., Saatcioglu & Ozanne, 2013), the dominant ideology of society (e.g., Juhl, Fenger, & Thøgersen, 2017), and political ideology (e.g., Jung, Garbarino, Briley, & Wynhausen, 2017). In this study, we attempted to identify a new, overarching construct that captures individuals’ socioeconomic worldview and then to investigate its impact on consumer behavior. In doing so, we developed a neoliberalism scale and investigated how it relates to consumption-related factors. This neoliberalism construct encompasses individuals’ perspectives on various dimensions, including profit centrism, government intervention, welfare, and self-development. Theoretical development Neoliberalism, as used in this construct, is defined as one’s tendency to support economic liberalizations (e.g., free trade, open markets, financial liberalization, deregulation, globalism, privatization, and private-sector enhancement) and the government’s powerful ruling and legal enforcement to reinforce them even at the expense of significant demographic processes. However, neoliberal individuals otherwise tend to consider the government and political system to be much less efficient and much more oppressive than the competitive market and private sector are. Additionally, they strive to manage everyday life strategically, as if they were innovative entrepreneurs. These individuals believe that one’s success largely depends on his or her own merits and efforts, and thus that inequality or unequal compensation is inevitable in order to achieve efficiency, economic growth, and moral justice (e.g., Peck & Tickell, 2007; Steger & Roy, 2010). Methods We distributed our survey to 374 adults (187 female) who are recruited through a market research firm’s online panel in Korea. Participants’ education levels were as follows: those who have only graduated from high school or have yet to graduate from high school = 20.9%, those who are current college students or have graduated from college = 66%, post-college graduates = 13.1%. Based on the literature on neoliberalism, we generated 54 items to measure neoliberalism tendencies. We initially created 12 dimensions, each of which included between four and six items. The dimensions included belief in economic growth, opposition to government intervention, belief in the inefficiency of the government, opposition to labor unions, opposition to policies that favor the majority, hostility toward social welfare, belief in the need to protect private property, support for globalization, interest in time management, elitism, interest in self-development, and interest in wealth management. We adapted our measures from existing scales, except for perceived social mobility and perceived social inequality, which were measures that we created. We measured long-term orientation (Bearden, Money, & Nevins, 2006), the perceived importance of achievement (Burroughs & Rindfleish, 2002), community values (Burroughs & Rindfleisch, 2002), political cynicism (Kaid, 2002), political liberalism (Mehrabian, 1996), life values (Schwartz, 1992), materialism (Richins, 2004), consumer values (Sánchez-Fernández, Angeles Iniesta-Bonillo, & Holbrook, 2009) and impulsive buying behavior (Rook & Fisher, 1995). Results Using the data from 374 respondents, we conducted an exploratory-factor analysis to examine the factor structure of our neoliberalism scale. The exploratory-factor analysis used a principle-component method with direct oblimin rotation, and the criterion of eigenvalue greater than 1.00 generated an 11-factor solution. This factor solution accounted for 59.83% of the total variance. This study employed the following three criteria to retain factors and items: (a) items with factor loading greater than .4, (b) factors with at least three items, and (c) items that do not cross load on the other factors. The results yielded 32 items that comprise seven factors: interest in economic development, hostility toward welfare, interest in wealth management, distrust in government ability, opposition to labor unions, support for the protection of private property, and interest in self-development. We ran an another exploratory-factor analysis using the same methods and items as before, which confirmed that those items loaded well for the seven factors, explaining 59.37% of the total variance. Each factor—hostility toward welfare, interest in self-development, distrust in government ability, interest in economic development, opposition to labor unions, interest in wealth management, and support for the protection of private property—was found to account for 24.08%, 14.11%, 5.12%, 5.01%, 4.27%, 3.40%, and 3.30% of the total variance, respectively. Additionally, the reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) of each factor was as follows: hostility toward welfare = .87, interest in self-development = .83, distrust in government ability= .62, interest in economic development = .68, opposition to labor unions = .76, interest in wealth management = .75, and support for the protection of private property = .67. Finally, we created the neoliberalism index by averaging these seven factors. There was a significant difference in how survey participants responded to the five factors of the neoliberalism construct used in this study—namely, interest in economic development, interest in self-development, opposition to labor unions, hostility toward welfare, and support for the protection of private property. In general, support for those five factors tended to increase with the age of the individual, such that participants over 50 years old appeared to place the most emphasis on the importance of economic development, self-development, and the need to protect private property, while showing more unfavorable attitudes toward labor unions and government welfare policies compared to younger age groups. Overall, neoliberalism index, which is the average of all seven factors, also demonstrated similar patterns. People seem to agree more with neoliberal values as they age. We examined the correlation between the neoliberalism index and related measures such as perceived social inequality, perceived social mobility, and long-term orientation. Our data revealed a significant and positive correlation between neoliberalism and perceived social mobility (r (372) = .35, p < .01), and neoliberalism and perceived social inequality (r (372) = .23, p < .01). Neoliberal individuals are likely to perceive the society to which they belong as relatively equal and to believe that they can achieve a satisfactory social status as long as they strive to do so. This tendency is well explained by the significant correlation between neoliberalism and long-term orientation (r (372) = .47, p < .01), that of neoliberalism and the perceived importance of achievement (r (372) = .39, p < .01). Neoliberal individuals’ positive attitudes toward their future status appear to encourage them to work diligently for their future achievements and to improve their status. In contrast, a significant correlation with political cynicism (r (372) = .27, p < .01) indicates neoliberal individuals’ distrust in government. It can be also inferred that neoliberal individuals are politically conservative, given that neoliberalism is negatively correlated to political liberalism (r (372) = -.29, p < .01). Finally, this index is positively correlated to community values (r (372) = .32, p < .01). Furthermore, our neoliberalism index was correlated with Schwartz’s general life values (Schwartz, 1992), including efforts toward self-enhancement (r (372) = .41, p < .01), openness to change (r (372) = .28, p < .01), efforts toward self-transcendence (r (372) = .32, p < .01), and interest in conservation (r (372) = .45, p < .01). Highly neoliberal individuals may strive to develop themselves, seek interesting and stimulating experiences on their own, tend to be altruistic, and conform to what has been established. Given that politically conservative individuals have been considered to be less altruistic and less open to change, the current results, which contradict prior assumptions, seem to indicate that neoliberalism is very different from conservatism. Our data indicated that there is a significant correlation between neoliberalism and the five dimensions of consumer values—namely, efficiency (r (372) = .26, p < .01), quality (r (372) = .37, p < .01), social values (r = .30, p < .01), play (r = .27, p < .01), aesthetics (r = .32, p < .01), and materialism (r = .16, p < .01). Individuals with neoliberal views are likely to consider various factors prudently in choosing products and proper places to shop. What matters to them in their consumption would be satisfactory shopping experiences as a whole rather than just the quality of the products for which they shop. It is interesting to note that highly neoliberal individuals are likely to value possessions. Given the significant correlation between neoliberalism, social mobility, and inequality, neoliberal individuals may believe that they can be like others who achieve a better status than they have and perceive that having more possessions is an efficient tool for acquiring a higher social status. Impulsive buying behavior was not significantly correlated with neoliberalism. Self-development, one of the seven dimensions of this neoliberalism construct, is closely linked to an emphasis on efficient time management and self-control. Neoliberal individuals are likely to be more thorough and careful in their decision-making and consumption behavior. Thus, it is not surprising to observe an insignificant relationship with impulsive buying behavior. Discussion We attempted to determine if individuals’ worldview could explain consumption-related phenomenon such as the extent to which they value possessions. The data supported the prediction that neoliberalism is closely linked not only to basic human values (Schwartz, 1992), but also to consumption phenomena, including materialism (Richins, 2004) and consumer values (e.g., Sánchez-Fernández, Angeles Iniesta-Bonillo, & Holbrook, 2009). Although we were unable to make clear casual inferences from correlational findings, our results shed light on future research in the field of materialism and other consumerbehavior phenomenon using this neoliberalism construct. Experimental manipulation of neoliberal tendencies would generate more intriguing results.

Since Loeb and Sourirajan has introduced phase inversion method for membrane fabrication, the phase separation technique became the mainstream of membrane fabrication methods. Phase inversion includes solvent evaporation, vapor induced phase separation, thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) and nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS). Among those, NIPS and TIPS process is widely studied and employed for membrane fabrication. Depending on the membrane fabrication processes such as NIPS and TIPS, corresponding morphology differs from macrovoid structure to spherulitic structure, respectively. In this presentation, comparison of NIPS and TIPS effect on the final membrane morphology and controlling the membrane morphology by tuning the NIPS and TIPS effect will be presented.

Chinese characters underwent the process of conversion of seal script to clerical script, transitioning from lines to strokes in composition. the degree of tokenization components increased markedly. Some characters could no longer be classified by radicals as explained under the “unified by form and meaning” principle described in Shuowen Jiezi (《說文解字》). Thus in the Ming Dynasty, Zihui (《字彙》) eliminated and combined many of the radicals in Shuowen Jiezi (《說文解字》), and adopted the principle of “classification under form and not meaning” for classification purposes. The Kangxi Dictionary (《康熙字典》) from the Qing Dynasty continued the tradition of 214 radicals included in Zihui (《字彙》). Though radicals were established and classified according to two principles: convenient perusal and being true to the meaning of characters created by ancients, the form and meaning of characters become disassociated after conversion of seal script to clerical script, though the original theory of character creation which linked external composition of character with internal meaning was passed on. As the two radical classification principles of classification through form and classification through meaning conflicted with one another, the book adopted the principle of radical classification through form to facilitate convenient perusal. Thus, some radicals were iconized, losing their function to convey meaning or sound in characters. From the perspective of the development of clerical script, clerical script from the Qin Dynasty (qinli) is also referred to as “ancient clerical script” (guli), an early form of clerical script during this transition period between ancient and modern characters. Development of clerical script reached maturation in the Han Dynasty, with the Eight Points (bafen) script. This paper attempted to organize the mark process that Chinese characters underwent during the conversion of seal script to clerical script, through utilizing ancient texts which have been unearthed, Han Dynasty steles, and texts from Qin and Han Dynasty bamboo and wooden slips unearthed in the past few decades as research material. The hope was to uncover the evolutionary process and original form of iconized radicals as they formed.