The apple leafminer moth, Phyllonorycter ringoniella Matsumura is known an important insect pest of apple. This study was conducted from 1992 to 2017 in the major apple producing districts in Gyeongbuk area including 4~6 cities (18~30 orchards), and examined the occurrence and damaged leaf (%) of leafminer at monthly interval in “Fuji” apple orchards. The damaged leaf was the highest in 1992 (5%), the gradually decreased until 2004, After damage rate was again increased until 2008, after which it decreased. Leaf damage was not significant between rootstocks including seedling rootstock, M.9, and M.26.

The aim of this study is to review the genus Phyllonorycter in Korea. In this study, totally 19species of the genus were recognized from Korea. Among them, four species, Phyllonorycter cretata(Kumata), P. japonica (Kumata), P. rostrispinosa (Kumata) and P. stephanandrae (Kumata) are reportedfor the first from Korea. All the known species were briefly redescribed with illustrations of theadult and genitalic structures. Also, key to the species was provided.

The genus Phyllonorycter is one of the large group, in the family Gracillariidae, comprising 401 described species in the world. In this study, a total of 21 species of the genus Phyllonorycter is recognized. Among them, six newly recorded species were reported for the first time from Korea. All available materials were examined for adult and genitalic characters with known information, including the collecting localities, illustrations of adults and genitalia.

Asitic apple leafminer, Phyllonorycter ringoniella Matsumura, is an important pest in apple orchard, however its reproductive characteristics and seasonal adaption is poorly understood. The longevity and fecundity of P. ringoniella were investigated at seven constant temperatures (13.7, 15.6, 20.5, 23.7, 26.1, 30.2, and 32.3℃), 60-80% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Female adult longevity increased as the temperature decreased. The highest fecundity was obtained at 15.6℃ (65.2 eggs/female), and the fecundity decreased as temperature increased. The oviposition model were comprised by four components: adult aging rate model, total fecundity model, age-specific oviposition rate model, and age-specific survival rate model. Female adult aging rates were well described by an inverse second-order polynomial function and the total fecundity model was well described by an extreme value function. Age-specific cumulative oviposition rate was well fitted to a three-parameter Weibull function and age-specific survival rate to a sigmoid function, respectively. The model would be useful in developing population model for P. ringoniella and establishing management strategy against P. ringoniella in apple orchards.

This study was aimed to report two newly recorded species of the genus Phyllonorycter, P. japonica and P. rostrispinosa, which have been known to endemic species in Japan to date. All the materials examined for adult and genitalic characters with available information. Also, the collecting localities and illustrations of adults and genitalia are provided.

Asiatic apple leafminer, Phyllonorycter ringoniella Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an important insect pest in apple orchard, however little is known about its demography and relationship with environmental factors. The effect of five constant temperatures (13.3, 15.3, 20.7, 26.1, and 30.0℃) on the demography of P. ringoniella was examined based on jackknife randomization method in the laboratory. The lowest (34.0%) and highest (63.3%) survivorship of immature stages occurred at 30.0 and 20.7℃, respectively. Sex ratio was estimated to be 0.5 and was unaffected by the temperature. Mean developmental times of immature stage were inversely related to temperature and varied from 25.9 days at 26.1℃ to 76.4 days at 13.3℃. Female adult longevity was longest at 15.3℃ (18.6 ± 0.96 days) and shortest at 30℃ (5.4 ± 0.27 days). The highest (86.24) and lowest (13.59) gross fecundity rate occurred at 15.3 and 30.0℃, respectively, while daily egg production displayed its highest (6.48) and lowest (2.12) values at 26.1 and 30.0℃, respectively. The highest net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) obtained at 20.7℃ were 12.43, 0.064, and 1.067, respectively. Mean generation time (T) decreased with increasing temperatures from 85.24 days at 13.3℃ to 30.48 days at 30.0℃. Doubling time (DT) varied significantly with temperature and the shortest value (10.75 days) was obtained at 20.7℃. The life expectancies of female adult were estimated to be 16.2, 18.6, 10.8, 7.2, and 5.4 days at 13.3, 15.3, 20.7, 26.1, and 30.0℃, respectively. This study was the first time to report demographic biology of P. ringoniella, thus it provide potential direction for future research on P. ringoniella and its natural enemies in apple orchards.

The genus Phyllonorycter is a small sized moth among the family Gracillariidae, comprising 401 described species in the world (De Prins & De Prins 2005, 2012). In this study, Phyllonorycter styracis Kumata is reported for the first time from Korea. Material examined for this study was collected from Mt. Palgong on October, 2014 in Korea, and it is known to emerge in winter from Japan. Adult and genitalic characters are described, and available information including the distributional ranges and host plants are provided. Also, DNA barcode for the exact identification of the species was conducted in this study.

The apple leaf miner, Phyllonorycter ringoniella(Lepidoptera:Gracillariidae),is an important pest of apple trees in Japan, Korea and China. It is very important to know the development time of overwinter pupae for predicting the adult spring emergence in apple orchard. In total 556 damaged leaves caused by P. ringoniella were collected three times in two locations, Pohang and Mungyeong, and then were reared in five incubators with 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30℃, RH 60±5%, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h, respectively. There were larvae, pupae of P. ringoniella and its parasitoids inside these damaged leaves. Larval population was 44% inside the curled leaves, but found all dead. Pupal population was 41%, but 41% were found dead. Parasitism was 14.5% ranged from 4.5 to 17.9%. This means that the winter survival was only 23.9%. Surviving pupal developmental rate was linearly related to the temperature treated. Lower threshold was estimated to 3.58℃ with degree-day accumulation to adult emergence of 153.8 DD. From this information, adult emergence was predicted during early April. However this estimation was only based on the partial data from which current experiments are on-going. Further sophisticated research outcome will produce better understanding of the overwintering moth development and its modeling.

우리나라 사과나무 잎의 주요해충인 사과굴나방(Phyllonorycter ringoniella)의 발생예찰을 위한 성페로몬조성을 이해하기 위하여 그들의 인공사료 개발가능성, 생식행동, 성페로몬샘의 구조 및 성페로몬성분을 분석하였다. 사과굴나방 유충을 위한 인공사료를 다각도로 검토하였었지만 거의 돌아다닐 수 없는 1령유충에 인공사료를 어떻게 잘 공급할 수 있느냐 하는 문제와 미생물의 오염을 극복하는 문제가 중요한 과제로 나타났다. 사과굴나방 암컷들의 산란에는 사과잎 추출물이 유인효과가 좋았으며, 산란기질로 사용하는 종이의 재질에 따른 차이는 별로 없었다. 성충들의 유인 행동과 교미는 불이 켜진지 30분 이내에 가장 왕성하였으며, 우화 후 3-4일 된 성충들의 교미율이 가장 높았다. 성페로몬샘은 성충 암컷 복부의 8번째와 9번때 마디 사이에 고리 모양을 이루고 있었으며, 가스 크로마토그래피와 GC-mass spectrometry를 이용한 암컷 복부의 8번째와 9번째 마디 사이에 고리 모양을 이루고 있었으며, 가스 크로마토그래피와 GC-mass spectrometry를 이용해 암컷 복부 추출물을 분석해 본 결과 (E, Z)-4, 10-tetradecadienyl acetate가 성페로몬의 주성분으로 나타났고, 그 외에 (Z)-10-tetradecenyl acetate로 예상되는 물질이 탐지되었으나, 정확하게 확인할 수 는 없었다.

사과원(園)의 관리상태(管理狀態)에 따른 사과굴나방 피해엽율(被害葉率), 기생봉류(寄生峰類)의 기생률(寄生率), 주요품종(主要品種)에 대한 피해엽율(被害葉率)의 차이(差異)와 세대(世代) 및 피해정도(被害程度)에 따른 피해엽(被害葉) 면적(面積)을 조사(調査)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 사과굴나방의 월(月), 월(月) 및 월(月)의 피해엽율(被害葉率)은 관리소홀원(管理疎忽園)에서 각각(各各) 4.2, 16.0 및 30.7% 였고, 관행방제원(慣行防除園)에서 1.0, 13.2 및 41.1%로 초기(初期)에는 관리소홀원(管理疎忽園)의 피해(被害)가 높았으나 후기(後期)에는 관행방제원(慣行防除園)에서 오히려 높았다. 2. 사과굴나방 기생봉류(寄生峰類)의 기생율(寄生率)은 월(月), 월(月) 및 월(月)에 관리소홀원(管理疎忽園)에서 각각(各各) 21.0, 22.7 및 60.7%였고, 관행방제원(慣行防除園)에서 35.0, 10.4 및 41.9%로 관리소홀원(管理疎忽園)의 월(月) 월동세대(越冬世代)에서 기생율(寄生率)이 가장 높았고, 관행방제원(慣行防除園)에서 월(月)의 기생율(寄生率)이 현저(顯著)히 낮았다. 3. 사과굴나방의 품종별(品種別) 피해(被害)는 스퍼어리브레이즈가 초기(初期)부터 가장 높았고, 후지는 후기(後期)에 높아졌으나, 골덴델리셔스는 세 품종중(品種中) 가장 낮은 경향(傾向)이었다. 4. 사과굴나방 1 마리의 가해면적(加害面積)은 1세대(世代)가 로 가장 적었고, 세대(世代)는 였으나, 월동세대(越冬世代)의 신초(新梢) 2차신장엽(次伸長葉)은 로 가장 넓었다. 5. 피해엽면적율(被害葉面績率)은 잎의 크기와 엽당가해충수(葉當加害蟲數)에 따라 달랐으며, 월(月)에 피해엽율(被害葉率)이 , 엽당(葉當) 마리의 가해시(加害時) 피해엽(被害葉)에 대한 피해면적율(被害面積率)은 정도(程度)였다.

사과굴나방에 대한 발생(發生) 및 방제(防除)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 년(年)에 수원지방(水原地方)에서 사과굴나방과 이에 기생(寄生)하는 기생봉류(寄生蜂類)에 대한 발생소장(發生消長), 사과굴나방의 산란시기별(産卵時期別) 발육기간(發育期間) 및 세대별(世代別) 가해엽위(加害葉位)를 조사(調査)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 수원지방(水原地方)에서 사과굴나방은 년(年) 회(回) 발생(發生)하였고, 1화기(化期)는 3월(月) 하순(下旬)5월(月) 상순(上旬), 2화기(化期)는 5월(月) 하순(下旬)6월(月) 중순(中旬)이었으나, 3화기(化期) 이후(以後)는 발생(發生)이 중복(重複)되어 9월(月) 하순(下旬)까지 계속(繼續) 우화(羽化)하였고, 4화기(化期)의 발생량(發生量)이 가장 많았다. 2. 산란시기별(産卵時期別) 사과굴나방의 발육기간(發育期間)은 5월(月) 하순(下旬)과 8월(月) 상순(上旬)에 산란(産卵)된 것은 40일(日) 내외(內外)였고, 월(月)에 산란(産卵)된 것은 일(日)이었으며, 8월(月) 하순(下旬) 이후(以後) 산란(産卵)된 것은 우화(羽化)하지 않고 월동(越冬)에 들어갔다. 3. 세대별(世代別) 사과굴나방의 신초(新梢) 가해엽위(加害葉位)는 1세대(世代)에는 탁엽등(托葉等) 엽(葉)으로 신초기부엽(新梢基部葉)에, 세대(世代)에는 엽(葉)으로 신초중위엽(新梢中位葉)에 많았으며, 5세대(世代)에는 신초상단엽(新梢上端葉)과 2차생장(次生長) 신초(新梢)의 엽(葉)에 주(主)로 가해(加害)하였다. 4. 사과굴나방의 유충기생봉(幼蟲寄生蜂)으로는 깡충좀벌과(科)의 H. testaceipes, 좀벌과(科)의 수종(數種) 및 고치벌과(科)의 Apanteles sp.가 조사(調査)되었고, 깡충좀벌은 년(年) 4회(回) 발생(發生)하였으나, 좀벌류(類)는 사과굴나방과 비슷하게 년(年) 5회(回) 발생(發生)하였고, 고치벌은 단지 9월(月)에만 소량(少量)이 발생(發生)하였다.