A thermochemical conversion method known as hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is appealing, because it may convert wet biomass directly into energy and chemicals without the need for pre-drying. The hydrochar solid product’s capacity to prepare precursors of activated carbon has attracted attention. HTC has been utilized to solve practical issues and produce desired carbonaceous products on a variety of generated wastes, including municipal solid waste, algae, and sludge in addition to the typically lignocellulose biomass used as sustainable feedstock. This study aims to assess the in-depth description of hydrothermal carbonization, highlighting the most recent findings with regard to the technological mechanisms and practical advantages. The process parameters, which include temperature, water content, pH, and retention time, determine the characteristics of the final products. The right setting of parameters is crucial, since it significantly affects the characteristics of hydrothermal products and opens up a range of opportunities for their use in multiple sectors. Findings reveal that the type of precursor, retention time, and temperature at which the reaction is processed were discovered to be the main determinants of the HTC process. Lower solid products are produced at higher temperatures; the carbon concentration rises, while the hydrogen and oxygen content declines. Current knowledge gaps, fresh views, and associated recommendations were offered to fully use the HTC technique's enormous potential and to provide hydrochar with additional useful applications in the future.

Owing to their simplicity and ease of synthesis, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have captivated attention of researchers. Many engineering applications have investigated the new features of nanostructured carbon nanotubes, such as large surface area, stiffness and durability. CNTs have opened up new opportunities for environmental improvement, pollution management and application in a variety of fields. Multiple types of pollution are produced as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrialization. CNTs are used to solve a variety of challenges, including environmental difficulties, water pollution, biomedical applications, and so on. It becomes an unavoidable present and future material. Different applications of CNTs have been presented in this review paper. CNTs are potential material having number of uses, including water purification, drug delivery, preservatives, catalysis, genetic engineering and artificial implants which are reviewed in this review article. This paper is presenting an explicit and systematic progress of CNTs for water treatment, medicinal uses drug delivery, artificial implants and so on, and a multitude of CNT applications in broad disciplines and their purification methods have been covered. The issues related to synthesis technologies, purification technology, bio-medicinal application and catalytic property of CNTs within the framework of different engineering applications and environmental impact are discussed in this study.

중국은 해양환경을 효율적으로 보전·관리하기 위해 1982년에 해양환경보호 법을 제정하여 유류, 유해화학물질 등 해양오염사고 대응을 위한 방제체제를 구축하여 왔다. 중국은 해상에서의 유류오염사고를 유형별로 구분하여 교통운 수부 해사국이 선박사고로 인한 유류오염방제업무를, 국가해양국이 석유탐사· 개발에 관한 해양오염방제업무를 주관하는 이원화된 관리체계를 채택하고 있 고, 각 소관부처는 유형별 해양오염사고에 대비하기 위한 긴급대응계획을 수립 하여 시행하고 있다. 그러나 정부가 해양오염방제체제를 구축하기 위한 노력을 기울여왔음에도 불구하고 2011년 발해만 펑라이(蓬莱 19-3 유전) 유출사고, 2018 년 상치호(Sanchi) 충돌사고와 같은 대형 해양오염사고 발생 시 오염방제체제 와 긴급대책방안이 효율적으로 작동되지 못한 것이 현실이다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 2018년 정부 조직개편을 통해 생태환경부에 환경관리업무를 일 원화하고, 2019년 해양석유탐사·개발에 관한 환경보호관리조례에 대한 개정작 업을 추진하는 등 오염방제체제를 정비하는 노력을 기울이고 있다. 본고에서는 중국의 해양오염방제의 문제점을 파악하기 위한 전제로서 해양오염사고 발생 현황과 오염방제체제에 대해 살펴보고, 해양오염방제에 관한 법제 현황과 주요 내용에 대해 분석함으로써 효율적인 해양오염방제를 위한 정책·법제도 개선방 향을 제시하고자 한다.

In recent years, on average, 270 domestic marine pollution accidents are occurring a year and especially, damage by oil outflow accidents is extremely serious. These large-scale oil outflow accidents bring about a very huge damage to marine living resources and recovery of nature and it takes a long period of time to restore. Therefore, this study aims to examine the increase in the marine pollution control staff over the last decade focusing on the Maritime Pollution Response Bureau that is an organization affiliated to Korea Coast Guard run by the state and compare the number of marine accidents and marine pollutant outflow. Over the past decade, the pollution staff has increased to 110, which is 30 percent higher than the total number of employees and excepting the large-scale outflow accident of a specific year, the outflow has slowly decreased by nearly 55 percent. Although marine pollution accidents have partially grown, most of them are slight careless faults in small fishing vessels with a weight of 50 tons or under. In conclusion, the increase in the marine pollution control staff has led to the decrease in outflow, which means obviously, increasing the marine pollution control staff has had a positive influence on improvement in marine pollutant outflow.

Because non-point source pollution is very closely related to hydrological characteristics, its importance is highly emphasized nowadays along with accelerating climate change. Especially for Korea, the non-point source pollution and its control are entirely depending on runoff, precipitation, drainage, land use or development, based on geographical and topographical reasons of Korea. Many studies reported the physical (e.g., apparatus- and natural-type facilities, etc.) and chemical methods (e.g., organic and inorganic coagulants, etc.) of controling non-point pollutant source pollution, however, those are needed to be reconsidered along with climate change causing the unexpected patterns and amounts of precipitation and strengthen complexity of social community. The objectives of this study are to assess recent situations of non-point source pollution in Korea and its control means and to introduce possible effective ways of non-point source pollution against climate change in near future.

We developed a wet scrubber by applying cyclone flow to the gas flow and using a spiral filter structure. While the size of a new scrubber was about half that of a conventional scrubber, the device showed relatively high efficiency in pollutants removal such as particulate matter and compounds inducing odor. The new scrubber installed in a plating industry showed a higher removal efficiency of about 5% for dust, about 23% for hydrogen chloride, and about 23% for sulfur dioxide compared to the conventional scrubber. Plurality of tubes in the spiral filer housing are arranged to be vertically shifted from each other. Because the upward residual gas does not directly rise vertically, the residence time of gas between the filter plates is extended. Thus, the purification efficiency of the pollutants was enhanced in the new scrubber. In addition, the new scrubber developed in this study is more cost effective because the cost saving in manufacturing it compared with a conventional scrubber increases with increasing the size of equipment. It is expected that a scrubber with better dust collecting efficiency can be obtained by carrying out a study in connection with facilities capable of controlling acidity of washing water.

When considering marine pollution control procedures there are three general areas which demand close attention. These are: ⦁ oily bilge water ⦁ refuse ⦁ sewage All of these applications can be handled constantly changing to address the complexity of the waste management issues. The basic marine pollution regulations are covered by the International Maritime Organizations MARPOL 73/78 convention, with the various annexes and revisions. Of particular importance for equipment to deal with oily-water, sewage and plastic wastes.

The Ministry of Environment (MOE) has made more effort in managing point source pollution rather than in nonpoint source pollution in order to improve water quality of the four major rivers. However, it would be difficult to meet water quality targets solely by managing the point source pollution. As a result of the comprehensive measures established in 2004 under the leadership of the Prime Minister’s Office, a variety of policies such as the designation of control areas to manage nonpoint source pollution are now in place. Various action plans to manage nonpoint source pollution have been implemented in the Soyang-dam watershed as one of the control areas designed in 2007. However, there are no tools to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of the action plans. Therefore, this study would assess the action plans (especially, BMPs) designed to manage Soyang-dam watershed with the WinHSPF and the CE-QUAL-W2. To this end, we simulated the rainfall-runoff and the water quality (SS) of the watershed and the reservoir after conducting model calibration and the model validation. As the results of the calibration for the WinHSPF, the determination coefficient (R2) for the flow (Q, m3/s) was 0.87 and the R2 for the SS was 0.78. As the results of the validation, the former was 0.78 and the latter was 0.67. The results seem to be acceptable. Similarly, the calibration results of the CE-QUAL-W2 showed that the RMSE for the water level was 1.08 and the RMSE for the SS was 1.11. The validation results(RMSE) of the water level was 1.86 and the SS was 1.86. Based on the daily simulation results, the water quality target (turbidity 50 NTU) was not exceeded for 2009∼2011, as results of maximum turbidity in '09, '10, and '11 were 3.1, 2.5, 5.6 NTU, respectively. The maximum turbidity in the years with the maximum, the minimum, and the average of yearly precipitation (1982∼2011) were 15.5, 7.8, and 9.0, respectively, and therefore the water quality target was satisfied. It was discharged high turbidity at Inbuk, Gaa, Naerin, Gwidun, Woogak, Jeongja watershed resulting of the maximum turbidity by sub-basins in 3years(2009∼2011). The results indicated that the water quality target for the nonpoint source pollution management should be changed and management area should be adjusted and reduced.

The objective of this research was to develop a relational database management system(RDBMS) to collect, manage and analyze data on agricultural non-point source(NPS) pollution. The system consists of the relational database for agricultural NPS data and data process modules. The data process modules were composed of four sub-modules for data input, management, analysis, and output. The data collected from the watershed of the upper Cheongmi stream and Geunsam-Ri were used in this study. The database was constructed using Apache Derby with meteorological, hydrological, water quality, and soil characteristics. Agricultural NPS-Data Management System(ANPS-DMS) was developed using Oracle Java. The system developed in this study can deal with a variety of agricultural NPS data and is expected to provide an appropriate data management tool for agricultural NPS studies.

When the Juam multipurpose dam which is connected with existing large water supply facilities is finished, water environment is changed from stream to lake. The changed quality of water should be examined. In this study, the result of water quality forecasting is analysed and an effective management plan of water quality is presented. In this study, the WASP5 model that is a dynamic water quality simulation model was selected to forecast the water quality. This model forecasts movement of change of pollutants. For an application of the model, the subject areas were divided into seventeen sub-areas by considering change temperature depending measuring points and on depth of water. Meteorological data collected by the meteorological observatory and data about quality measured by the Korea Water Resources Development Corporation were used for an operation of the model. As a result of quality examination through quality data and estimated pollutant loading, the water quality environment criterion was grade Ⅱ and the nutritive condition was measured as meso-graphic grade. In this study, an effective management was planned to improve water quality by reducing pollution load. According to the result of examination, when more than 30% of BOD was reduced it was recorded that the environment standard of water quality was improved to the second grade.

Chonan and Asan city have been a focal point due to rapid development as the first station for Express Railroad and key cities West Coast Development Region. Gokgyo stream adjacent to the cities plays an important role as a drainage channel for an agriculture and a discharger of urban storm water. Water quality of the stream has been deteriorating caused by pollution sources such as a untreated wastewater discharge and runoff from the watershed. In this study, we conducted 4 surveys in April, May, July, and September to understand the current state of water quality for the stream and to make it possibe to predict future water-quality variation for future development. The system runs on a personal computer under the windows enviroment and provides extensive graphics using graphic user interface(GUI) for user-friendly assessment. Using the pull-down menus provided by the GUI panel, the user is able to operate the system by pointing and clicking the icon to identify the state of water-quality at locations concerned. Furthermore, we developed an integrated watershed management system. The constructed system could be a useful tool as a decesion maker for pollution source control strategy.

This study was performed to find the most desirable emission reduction for each mobile source pollutant and the optimal control strategy at a given level of expenditures in Pusan City in 2000 by using the interactive ε-constraint method developed by Chang-Hyo Lee and Hyung-Wook Kim, which is one of the mathematical programming models. The most desirable emission reduction is 7093 ton/year for particulate (TSP), 4871 ton/year for NOx, 5148 ton/year for HC and 36779 ton/year for CO. The optimal control strategy is as follows; 1. As to passenger car and taxi limiting VKT (vehicle kilometers travelled) in congested areas will be necessary. In addition to this, improving vehicle inspection program should be enforced. 2. As to small-gasoline bus, traffic adaptive control system will be necessary. 3. As to small-diesel bus, non-adjustable engine parameters will have to be applied. 4. As to heavy bus and heavy truck, catalytic trap oxidizer and limiting VKT in congested areas will be necessary. 5. As to motorcycle, 2-cycle motorcycles should be converted to 4-cycle motorcycles.