We want to accept or reject a finite population with reliability demonstration test. In this paper, we will describe Bayesian approaches for the reliability demonstration test based on the samples from a finite population. The Bayesian method is an approach that prior distribution and likelihood function combine to from posterior distribution. When we select somethings in a samples, we consider hypergeometric distribution. In this paper, we will explain the conjugacy of the beta-binomial distribution and hypergeometric distribution. The purpose of this paper is to make a decision between accept and reject in a finite population based on the conjugacy of the beta-binomial distribution.

Insect pest may move to near area to forage the food by adverse changes of their environments. Understanding these behaviors of searching the host will be helpful for further control. This study was performed to investigate the host preference and distribution of B. tabaci in a host plant when they needs. Once entered an area including hosts, B. tabaci will select a host rather than non-host and stayed for living. Dispersal within a niche (in a whole plant), B. tabaci was observed in lower part in tobacco and middle in tomato when seedlings, but they dispersed throughout the whole fully grown tomato plants with irregular inclined to the under, outer stretched leaves. Bemisia tabaci was also caught massively in yellow sticky traps in height of 30 cm above soil, and 30 cm above a plant. There was no attraction effect by flower model traps and fly catcher. When introduced with different densities (0, 10, 50, 100, 200, and 400) in square cages, the B. tabaci do damaged at the densities of 200 with mild and 400 with severe symptom on plants in two weeks and four weeks after inoculation.

본 연구는 히어리 개체군의 분포가 북사면에서 제한적으로 분포하는 요인을 구명하기 위하여 실내 실험 및 전라남도 순천지역의 히어리 자생지에서 생육지(남사면과 북사면) 실험를 대상으로 종자 발아실험과 미기상 환경을 조사하였다. 종자 발아실험은 실내 및 생육 현지에서 실시하였고, 미기상 요인 측정은 히어리가 분포하는 지역과 분포하지 않는 두 지점에 대하여 기온, 지온, 습도, 토양수분 및 광량자를 각각 측정하였다. 히어리의 종자는 사면에 따른 환경에는 영향을 받지 않고 발아되어 종자의 산포 및 발아단계에서 사면의 환경 차이가 제한 요소로 작용하지 않는 것으로 판단되었다. 하지만 발아한 유묘가 정착하는 단계에서 북사면이 남사면에 비해 낮은 온도와 높은 습도를 보여, 북사면이 상대적으로 건조에 취약한 유묘의 정착에 용이한 환경을 제공하는 것으로 조사되었다. 정착단계 이후 개체군의 성립 단계에서는 북사면이 남사면에 비하여 낮은 온도와 높은 습도가 유지되었지만 그 차이는 미미하게 나타나 히어리 개체군의 성립에 있어 발아단계에서 유묘로 정착하는 초기단계에서의 히어리 개체군의 사면적 분포특성에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인으로 작용함을 파악할 수 있었다.

본 연구의 주된 목적은 벡터-기반 보조 정보를 사용하는 대시메트릭 매핑의 방법론을 정련화하고, 그것의 GIS-기반 실행 프로그램을 개발하여, 2000년 서울시 인구밀도 분포도 제작에 적용하는 것이다. 대시메트릭 매핑은 해당 변수와 공간적 연관성을 가지는 보조 정보를 사용하여, 해당 변수의 분포 패턴을 보다 정확하게 재현하는 지도화 방식을 의미한다. 즉, 대시메트릭 매핑은 임의적인공간단위의 데이터를 보조 자료를 이용하여 변환함으로써 기저에 있는 통계적 밀도면(statistical density surface)를 복원하여 제시하는 주제도 제작 기법이다. 중요한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 보조 정보가 가진 범주의 수와 범주 별 가중치 산출 방식을 모두 포괄하는 다중-클래스 대시메트릭 매핑의 일반식이 도출되었다. 둘째, 기존의 연구들에서 사용된 가중치 부여 방식을 정리하여‘인구 비중법’,‘ 표준 밀도법’,‘ 회귀분석법’으로 체계화하였다. 셋째, GIS 환경 하에서 대시메트릭 기법이 실행되는 프로그램이 제작되었다. 넷째, 서울의 2000년 522개 동 별 인구 수를 기본 데이터로 하고 벡터-기반의 토지이용현황도를 보조 정보로 하여 세 종류의 대시메트릭 매핑을 실시한 결과 코로플레스 매핑 보다는 기저의 통계적 밀도면을 보다 잘 반영하는 인구밀도 분포도가 제작되었다.

본 연구는 경상남도 사천시 삼천포 항을 중심으로 인근의 40개의 조사정점을 선정하여 해수와 저질토에서 해양종속영양세균, E. coli, 그리고 Salmonella와 Shigella의 분포를 2003년 7월부터 12월가지 3차에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 본 연구의 조사기간(2003년 7~12월)중 삼천포만 인근해역의 조사정점에서 해양 종속영양세균의 분포는 1.7±0.9×103~2.4±0.9×105

월출산국립공원 전 지역을 대상으로 146개의 조사구를 설치하여 상록활엽수 개체군 동태를조사한 결과, 월출산국립공원내 자생하는 것으로 확인한 상록활엽수종은 총 13종이었고, 주요 곡간부를 중심으로 최대 해발 450m까지 분포하는 것으로 조사되었다. 월출산국립공원에 자생하는 상록활엽수중 동백나무, 사스레피나무, 붉가시나무는 식물군락을 이루며 분포하였으나, 참식나무, 모새나무, 차나무, 보리밥나무, 광나무, 자금우는 반상이나 단독 형태로 분포하였다. 지피식물인 마삭줄, 백화등, 송악은 국지적으로 희소하게 출현하였다. 월출산국립공원의 일부 지역에서 소규모 형태로 붉가시나무림이 분포하였고, 상록활엽수들은 소나무군락, 굴참나무군락, 상수리나무군락의 임상층에서 주로 분포하고 있었다. 붉가시나무군락은 그 세력이 확장될 것으로 생각되며, 붉가시나무가 생육하고 있는 소나무군락과 낙엽활엽수림군락들은 붉가시나무군락으로 식생천이가 예상된다.

전라남도 순천시 서 면 청소골 일대에 분포하는 히어 리개체군의 분포특성과 개체군 동태를 조사하였다. 히어리개체군은 계곡부와 인접한산림 가장자리를 따라 대상으로 분포하였으며,북사면,북서사면 및 북동사면에만 분포하는 특이성을 보였다. 교목층이 형성된 삼림내에서 아교목층이나 관목층을 이루고 있으며,종조성에 있어서는 히어리가 분포하지 않는 인접지 역 삼림식생과 별다른 차이는 없었다. 25 m2당 평균개체수와 개체당 평균 맹아지는 각각 6.25주 및 3개로서 다른 지 역 에 비해 낮은 밀도를 나타냈으며, 이 지 역의 히어 리개체군이 쇠퇴해가고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구의 목적은 1980년에서 2000년 사이 한국의 노인인구의 지역적 변화 유형을 분석하는데 있다. 특히 본 연구는 지도학적인 측면에서 작성된 choropleth map에 의한 변화와 노인인구의 공간적 특성의 변화를 조사하고자 한다. 연구 자료는 1980년도, 1990년도, 2000년도의 한국 인구 센서스 결과를 이용하였다. 한국의 노인 인구는 유례를 찾아 볼 수 없을 정도로 급속히 증가하고 있다. 노인인구의 문제는 도시보다 농촌이 더욱 심각하다. 농촌의 인구는 감소하고 도시의 인구는 지속적으로 증가하고 있으나, 노인 인구 비율의 증가는 농촌이 도시에 비해 매우 높다. 한국의 노인인구분포는 생애주기의 변화, 정부에 의해 진행되는 도시지역의 발달, 주택 정책 등에 의해 영향을 받고 있다. 한국은 가까운 장래에 보다 더 심각한 새로운 도전을 받게 될 것이다.

마산-진해만에서 1990년 1월부터 1997년 8월까지 Prorocentrum 개체군 (P. dentatum Stein, P. micans Ehrenberg, P. minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, P. triestinum Schiller) 변동을 monitoring하였다. Prorocentrum 개체군은 대부분 6-8월 해수 성층화가 일어나는 시기에 bloom을 일으켰고 수온은 24-28℃, 염분도는 24-34

Income inequality is a problem that is not only faced by developing countries such as Indonesia, but also developed countries. The difference lies in the proportion of an inequality that occurs and the solution to the level of difficulty experienced. Thus, this study aims to empirically analyze the unequal distribution of population income in Java island, Indonesia, by including the human development index, open unemployment rate, foreign investment, and the degree of fiscal decentralization. The research model used in this study was multiple linear regression to analyze the panel data with a fixed-effect model approach. The results of the study showed that human development index, open unemployment rate, and the degree of fiscal decentralization had a positive and significant effect on income inequality in Java island. Meanwhile, foreign investment had a negative and insignificant effect on income inequality in Java. It is because the value of the investment is more invested in the capital-intensive sector. The government is expected to be more selective in accepting foreign investments that enter the country, especially in Java, and it should be labor-intensive investments. In addition, the government has to equalize locations for foreign investment without reducing good cooperation with these foreign investors.

In this study, we investigated the spatial range, distribution pattern, temporal appearance, sex ratio, seasonal pattern, and size of the population of Leptalina unicolor locally inhabiting the wetland protection area in the Jaeyaksan Mountain. We found that the butterfly was distributed across four areas at 750 m above sea level and in an area of 96,000 . in the southeastern slope of the mountain. The discontinuous distribution of the butterflies in the meadow. According to our survey conducted from 2012 to 2014, L. unicolor occurred in May (spring) and July (summer) each year, with the male population more than three times higher than that of the female population. The population size estimated using the mark and recapture method on the back of the hind wing in the two years was as follows: 877±502 and 1243±800 individuals in the spring and summer of 2012, respectively, and 783±429 and 506±365 individuals in the spring and summer of 2014, respectively, suggesting no specific seasonal pattern. The findings of this study are expected to be useful for the conservation of the populations and habitats of L. unicolor, which are currently distributed locally due to a decrease in population size.

South Korea is the northernmost distributional territory on the Camellietea japonicae (evergreen broad-leaved forests of the warm-temperate zone) in East Asia. A total of 40 stands were collected in terms of an ecologically-naturalized wild tea population (WTP), and their species composition was analyzed by Zürich-Montpellier School’s method with preliminary regard to forest canopy idendtification. Stand types were characterized by ecological flora’s criteria such as Raunkiaer’s life-form, neophyte, zonal distribution, and nativeness of species. Expansion of WTP distribution into the interior of the peninsula was recognized, than expected. The highest and northernmost WTPs have been recorded at Mt. Palgong, Daegu (390 m a.s.l.) and Iksan Jeonbuk (latitude 36° 03′ 33″), respectively. Altitudinal and latitudinal WTP distribution of Korea under continental climate shows lower than Japanese situation under oceanic climate. Community structure generally involved a few human interferences. Syngeographically WTP distribution was limited on the warm-temperate zone and the southernmost cool-temperate southern·submontane zone. First driving force on distributional expansion of the WTP was anthropogenic, particularly in the northernmost distribution area. We finally confirmed an actual existence of the WTP in South Korea and suggested a long-term monitoring on the WTPs in national view of in-situ genetic resources with higher frost-resistance.

The salt adversely affects normal growth and development by the toxic effects of sodium ion (Na+) absorbed from plants. In different plant species, the difference of salt-tolerance degree is related to ion homeostasis, osmolytes biosynthesis, scavenge of harmful operator and water transportation. This intend that salt-tolerance is a quantitative trait controlled by amount of genes. In the previous study, we selected several tolerant cultivars and landraces from over 1,000 barley germplasms which were screened in a high salt (0.4 %, w/w) reclaimed soil. Among the selected germplasms, we selected a salt-tolerant variety from Tunisia (T76) and a salt-susceptible variety Gwandongpi 41 (G41) in germination and early growth stages. In order to develop salt-tolerant segregating population, we performed the development of a new interspecific barley recombinant inbred line population of PB 71 lines deriving from an interspecific cross between Tunisia 76 (T76) and Gwandongpi 41 (G41). The F1 hybrid was progressed by F4 generation. Germination and seedling growth of the F4 generation (a total of 710 lines) were screened for salt-tolerance in 200 mM NaCl solution for 10 days. Ten days after incubation, salt-tolerance was scored on a scale from 1 (sensitive) to 5 (tolerant). In germination screening for evaluation of salt tolerance, the T76 and G41 as parent pants showed all 100 % germination ratio in control or saline conditions. In addition, the whole F4 generations also showed normal germination ratio over 90 % in control condition, while the only 70.42 % of the that showed germination ratio over 90 % in 200 mM NaCl stress condition. The average score of salt tolerance at the seedling stage of parent plants showed that the salt-tolerant cultivar T76 was 5 and the salt-sensitive cultivar G41 was 3 in saline condition. The average score frequency of F4 generations showed that five (7.04 %) among the PB71 lines possessed the highest score 5 and 40 lines possessed the score 3 (26.76 %) and 2 (29.58 %), respectively. This work was supported by grant (KRF-2007-521-F00002) from Korea Research foundation.

The clam, Gomphina melanaegis, which is commonly called the sandy beach clam because of its habitat, is a valuable organism in the sandy coast of East Sea, Korea. It is frequently observed in large populations between 0.5 and 5 meters. We have released 50,000 seedling, ranging from the diameter of approximately 3 mm, 2007, and 1,000,000 seedling, ranging from the diameter of approximately 0.2 mm, plus 100,000 adult individuals, ranging from the shell length of approximately 20～40 mm, 2008 at Jinha beach. The spawning period of G. melanaegis, was from June to August, and the main spawning occurred in July. This investigation was carried out to elucidate population distribution on the stocking area of sandy beach clam, G. melanaegis. The relationship between shell length and ring radius in each ring was investigated as a regression line. The relationship between the shell length and shell height of released young clam was SH=1.0105SL-4.7764 (R2=0.7905). The relationship between the shell length and total weight of released young clam was TW=0.0013SL2.3966(R2=0.71). It draws a deduction that the ring of this clam was produced once a year during the duration between June and August.

A Korean endemic and evergreen small tree ' Dendropanax morbifera LEV.(Araliaceae)' is a component of evergreen forest and mainly idstributein sourthern region and islands in Korea. A local population of D. morbifera which is located between evergreen and deciduous forest within 50m x 50m quadrate was investigated to ascertain the change of population structure, emergence and growth dynamics of seedlings and saplings, and pattern of spatial distribution by the temproal and spatial expansion of population . The result of analysis of population structure by Importnace Value(IV), evergreen forest showed a high species diversity of evergreen tree species such as Cinnamomum japonicum, Machilus japonica, Neolitsea serica, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Ligustrum japonicum, and etc, in middle and under story than in upper story where Camelia japonica and Quercus acuta were dominant. And in conterminous deciduous fores, the major component of evergreen forest in this region, Camellia japonica, Quercus acuta, evergreen tree of Lauraceae and etc. were abundant in only under story. IV of D. morbifera differed from among three story. In comparative analysis of emergence and growth dynamics of D. morbifera seedlings and saplings between evergreen and deciduous forest, emergece and density of seedlings were significantly greater in evergreen than in deciduous forest, and growth of height and basal diameter of seedlings and saplings were slightly larger in evergreen than in deciduous forest. The spatial distribution patterns by Moristia's index mapping of indivuduals using a lattice method of XY axis within this population showed that seedlings(age up to 2 years) and saplings (age〉2 years and height〈1m) both evergreen and deciduous forest were more or less aggregated apart from mature trees, and thougth intermediate trees(height〉1m and dbh〈10cm) had a aggregated distribution pattern, mature trees(dbh〉10cm were uniform. In conclusion , the expansion of D. morbfera population from evergreen to deciduous forest accompanied with a mumber of evergreen woody species, and also, emergence and recruitment, and growth of seedlings were greatly influenced moisture and canopy by around community structure.