Immune priming is an increased immunity after prior exposure to a specific pathogen as a kind of adaptive immunity and occurs in insects. However, its underlying mechanism is elusive in insects. Immune priming was detected in a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. Prior infection with a heat-killed pathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus hominickii, increased survival upon the second infection of the live bacteria compared to larvae without pre-exposure. Plasma collected from larvae with the prior infection significantly up-regulated cellular and humoral immune responses compared to the similar treatment without prior exposure. However, when the active plasma exhibiting immune priming was heat-treated, it lost the priming activity, suggesting a presence of protein factor(s) in the immune priming. Lipocalin is a lipid carrier protein and is well known in vertebrates for diverse physiological functions including immunity. An apolipoprotein D3 (ApoD3) is known to be a lipocalin functioning in immune priming in a mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. A homologous ApoD3 (Se-ApoD3) was identified in S. exigua. Se-ApoD3 was expressed in all developmental stages and larvae, it was highly expressed in hemocytes. RNA interference (RNAi) of Se-ApoD3 expression was performed by injecting its specific dsRNA. The larvae treated with the RNAi were impaired in cellular and humoral immune responses. Furthermore, the plasma collected from RNAi-treated larvae lost the immune priming even at the prior exposure. These suggest that Se-ApoD3 mediates the immune priming in S. exigua.

본 연구는 국내 산림생명자원 중 광나무의 대량생산을 위한 기초연구로, Priming 처리에 따른 발아 효율성 및 유묘 생육특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 종자 Priming처리는 대조구, GA3 (10, 100, 200 ㎎·L-1), Ca (NO3)2 (50, 100, 200 mM), KNO3 (50, 100, 200 mM)를 24시간 처리하여 발아특성을 분석하였고, 순화재배에 따른 생육특성 및 활착률을 조사하여 수확량을 비교·분석하였다. 발아특성은 25℃·KNO3 100 mM에서 발아율이 유의적으로(p<0.001) 높았으며, 평균발아일수는 10.3~18.1일로 15℃에서 대체적으로 빠른 발아일수를 나타냈다(p<0.001). 발아속도 및 발아균일지수 또한 25℃·KNO3 100 mM에서 유의적으로 높은 값을 보였다(p<0.001). 생육특성의 경우 2 5℃·KNO3 100 mM 처리에서 유근 길이(5.1±2.4 ㎝), 초장(5.7±0.7 ㎝), 근장(16.6±2.0 ㎝), 건중량(0.079 g)이 유의적으로 가장 높게 나타났다 (p<0.001). 유묘활력지수 또한 25℃·KNO3 100 mM 처리에서 1418.3으로 높았으며, 가장 높은 수확량(16.8 g/㎡)을 나타냈다. 결과적으로 25℃, KNO3 100 mM 처리 시 실내발아에서 발아효율성을 높일 수 있었으며, 순화재배 시 우수한 유묘 생육을 보여 수확량을 증진시킬 수 있었다.

본 연구는 광나무(Ligustrum japonicum) 종자의 파종 효율성 및 유묘 생산성을 증진시키기 위하여, 발아와 균일성에 효과가 있는 priming 처리 중 처리시간, 처리제 및 처리농도를 비교·분석하여 적절한 전처리 조건을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 광나무 종자는 충실 종자를 사용하기 위해 1일간 침지처리 후 침강 종자만을 사용하였다. 종자 전처리는 priming 처리시간(24, 48시간)에 따라 GA3 (0, 10, 100, 200 ㎎·L-1) 생장조절제와 Ca(NO3)2 및 KNO3 (0, 50, 100, 200 mM) 무기염류로 처리하여 시험을 수행하였다. 발아특성을 분석한 결과 priming 24시간 처리는 대조구보다 유의적으로 높은 발아율, 발아속도, 발아균일지수를 보인 반면(p≤0.001), priming 48시간 처리 시 대조구보다 낮은 발아특성을 나타냈다. 특히, priming 24시간·GA3 200 ㎎ 처리에서 발아율 44.0%, 발아속도 0.59%·day, 발아균일지수 0.55으로 가장 높은 효과를 보였다(p≤0.001). 한편, priming 48시간·GA3 및 Ca(NO3)2 200 mM 처리구에서는 발아가 나타나지 않았다. priming 처리된 종자로부터 생장한 유묘들을 대상으로 T/R율 및 유묘활력지수를 조사한 결과 발아율이 가장 높았던 priming 24시간·GA3 200 ㎎ 처리에서 낮은 T/R율과 수분감소율을 보였으며, 유묘 활력지수는 793.0으로 가장 높게 나타났다(p≤0.001). 결과적으로 priming 종류(GA3, Ca(NO3)2, KNO3) 중 광나무 종자 발아 및 유묘의 생장에 영향을 적정 처리제는 GA3로 판단되며, 적정 처리 조건은 200 ㎎, 24시간 처리로 나타났다.

본 연구는 제비동자꽃의 대량번식을 위한 효과적인 발아 조건을 선발하고자 수행되었다. 제비동자꽃 종자는 저온습윤 처리(5°C, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16주), GA3 처리(0, 500, 1000mg･L-1), 프라이밍 처리(0.1M, 0.2M의 NH4NO3, K2HPO4, KCl, KNO3)를 하였다. 모든 종자는 25°C, 12시간 광조건(40μmol･m-2 ･s-1)에 서 발아 실험이 진행되었으며, GA3 처리구는 비닐온실(평균 23.4°C)에서도 비교실험이 진행되었다. 저온습윤 8주 처리구 에서 20.4%로 가장 높은 발아율을 나타냈으며, 12주 이상의 저온습윤 처리는 오히려 제비동자꽃의 발아율을 감소시켰다. GA3 0, 500, 1000mg･L-1 처리된 종자는 25°C에서 각각 3.3, 44.0, 62.0%, 비닐온실에서 각각 5.3, 16.7, 42% 발아하였다. 제비동자꽃 종자는 GA3 농도가 높아질수록 발아율이 증가하였다. 또한 제비동자꽃 종자는 0.2M KNO3-프라이밍 처리구에서 가장 높은 발아율(54.7%)을 나타냈으며, 평균발아소요일수는 처리 간 유의성을 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 효과적인 제비종자꽃 종자 번식을 위한 전처리 조건으로 24시간 GA3 1000mg･L-1 침지 처리 또는 0.2M-KNO3 프라이밍 처리를 추천한다.

This paper aims to explore how Korean-Chinese bilingual speakers process Korean final ending -ko. Korean-Chinese bilingual speakers from Yanbian participated in the masked priming experiments through a word judgment task. The masked priming experiments were designed to compare the subjects’ response under three different prime-target conditions: Identical Condition, Unrelated Condition, and Test Condition. The participants’ response time in the experiments was statistically analyzed in two different ways: i.e., subject (F1) analyses and item (F2) analyses. The results of both the subject analyses and the item analyses revealed full priming effects, as is usually found in native speakers’ morphological processing. These findings indicate that Chinese-Korean bilingual speakers are sensitive to each combining morpheme of morphologically complex words including Korean final ending -ko and their processing of the words are not dependent upon the lexical storage of the full form.

Introduction Advertisers use substantial resources to design effective multimedia ads, hoping to leave lasting remnants of brand information in the long-term memory of consumers (Wedel & Pieters, 2000). Brands use music as a way of expressing their personality and image with the public, and the sound must combine in a positive way and be in synergy with the other elements of the advertisement.(Sá, 2010). In the same way as priming concepts, there is an academic controversy on this theme in the academic literature. The explanation relies on the argument that ad music or background music is perceived initially when the stimulus happens, in a commercial for example, slowing or even inhibiting the consequent processing of branded message elements and reducing the recall to the background. The degree of this recall reduction depends on the music structural features as well as the advertised brand. (Hampshire et. al, 2010). So in this context we get to the research question: The stimulated music priming can be the induction item to brand recall advertised in a TV commercials. The purpose of this research is to analyse whether musical priming induces a greater recall of brands, with the utilization of Neuromarketing tools. Gap Gerald Gorn (1982) published "The Effects of Music on Advertising on Behaviour of Choice: A Classical Conditioning Approach" that proliferated dramatically in academic literature (as evidenced by 881 citations in Google Scholar, 266 in the Web of Knowledge in 2015. Gorns´ hypotheses have until now, been widely accepted by academia, which can be summarized as "cross modal" conditioning (in this case, a musical stimulus that influences affective responses to a visual stimulus) can effectively change consumer behaviour through a single exposure. The Gorn´s hypotheses still have relevance to the practice of traditional advertising and the current one, but they are subject to much controversy. Several authors (Allen & Madden 1985; Kellaris & Cox 1989) have argued that these effects may have been due to demand artefacts, rather than conditioned by Gorn's (1982) postulates. They cite as possible failure causes in the conclusions, for example, that demand artefacts may be the result of the presence of a non-blind experimenter, and that the research design may have explicitly related to music with the product, later corroborated by Vermeulen et al. (2014). Methodology The experiment was done in Pacífico Business School Neuroscience Lab in Lima, Peru in December 2017 with the presence of the researcher and two assistants. Research design For this research, was recruited a population of 80 millennials students (aged from 25 to 35 years old of both sex). – First, was edited six TV commercial unknown with music/jingles spots with the duration 20-30 seconds. Research equipment: In the Lab was used iMotions system through the implementation of the FACET module. Such module analyses the face images, in order to detect the movement by tension or relaxation of the muscles, identifying the Action Units (AU) after the detection of such units the correlation of the AU by the use of the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) deploys a value related with the probability of the emotion being displayed by the subject. For the registration of eye movements of the students a Tobii X2-30 device was used, with a Tobii pro3.4.8 software, manufactured by Tobii Technology (Tobii, 2014). This device works at a sampling frequency of 60 Hz and has a spatial resolution of less than 0.5º. The eye tracker was attached to a 24-inch TFT computer monitor with a maximum resolution of 1920 x 1200 pixels. Pre-test: All 80 members of the initial group in the Lab were initially stimulated the six videos, and at the same time they assures that they not recognized the spots. If positive, we asked to what TV commercial was related. From the group that did not recognize the spot we selected 40 individuals for the experiment. Another not stimulated group of 40 individuals was used as the control group in order to have external validity and reliability . Stimulus: To verify musical priming the experiment group repeated the test two other times (after 10 days after initial stimulation, to avoid short-term memories). After the experiment was asked to the participants to answered a questionnaire based on Well’s Brand Awareness scale (1993) that sought to verify the priming effect and attitude in relation to the brand. Findings Monitoring of eye tracking in real time and watching video of each participant’s session clearly revealed that in this pilot study the control group participants had a difficult time to recognize the TV commercials. The target group shown priming effect in both two spots. Average rated target group (M = 4.07, SD = 0.78) was significantly higher than control group [M = 3.57, SD = 0.94, t(135.7) = 3.47, p < 0.001].The results also suggest that music’s temporal differences provoked important priming effects. In the TD group, fixations were classified for 81.69 % (SD = 10.50) of the experiment. The overall looking duration (after filtering) did not differ between the groups (mean/SD for ASD = 10.41/1.91 s; mean/SD for TD = 11.02/1.45; t(80) = 1.437, ns). The total number of fixations (per TV commercial) was not significantly different between the groups (mean/SD for ASD = 36.05/12.10; mean/SD for TD = 45.00/22.36; ns, Mann–Whitney U Test). Similarly, the fixation rate (fixations per second) was equal across groups (mean/SD for ASD = 3.95/3.48 fixations/second; mean/SD for TD = 4.44/3.34; ns, Mann–Whitney U Test). The results inferred the power of music in priming effect. Originality/value and practical implications The utilization of neuroscience tools brought a new perspective, as stimuli reactions were observed in real time without self-related marketing and behavioural test exhaustive replicated before. Music is still an unexplained paradigm in human behaviour, but there is no discussion about its importance and business potentiality

Priming 처리를 통하여 목본종자의 발아반응을 조사하고, 그에 알맞은 priming 유도 물질과 농도를 구명하고자 하였다. 35종의 목본종자에 6.7% PEG, 0.1mM GA3, 100mM KNO3, 100mM NaCl를 처리한 결과 모든 처리구에서 발아율이 증가하였고, 그 중 GA3의 처리가 가장 좋았다. 각 처리구에서 공통적으로 발아한 6수종에 대한 발아반응 조사를 시행하였다. 평균발아일수는 KNO3와 GA3 처리구에서 가장 많은 수종이 단축되었다. 발아속도는 GA3에서 가장 빨랐다. 발아치는 GA3가 가장 큰 폭으로 증가하였다. 발아율이 가장 높았던 GA3의 최적농도를 구명하였다. 수종은 발아율이 높았던 3수종과 발아율이 낮았던 2수종을 이용하였으며, GA3 농도의 경우 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0mM 농도로 각각 처리하였다. 그 결과 대조구에 비하여 모든 처리구에서 발아율, 발아속도, 평균발아일수, 발아치가 향상되었다. 특히 주요목본 수종종자의 발아에 가장 좋은 GA3 농도는 0.1mM로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 발아율이 저조한 목본식물종자의 발아율 향상에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

This study uses a sentence recall task to investigate syntactic priming effects in English prepositional object dative (PO) or double-object dative (DO) structures by Korean speakers of L2 English. The purposes were (1) to determine whether syntactic priming occurs during L2 production, and if it does, then to determine how it affects the subsequent utterance of target structures; and (2) to determine whether syntactic priming during production is lexically specific or independent. Thirty-two sets of target-prime sentences were developed using 12 dative alternating verbs, creating DO-DO, DO-PO, PO-DO, PO-PO target-prime pairs. Syntactic priming effects occurred with the PO priming irrespective of targets (whether DO or PO) but only when the verb used in the prime was the same as the verb used in the target. The results suggest that lexical dependency of syntactic knowledge during L2 production does not accord with the lemma stratum model. A pedagogical implication of successful learning of lexical entries is discussed.

This study investigates the effects of syntactic priming on the learning of the ditransitive construction by 49 Korean elementary school English learners. In this study the effects of syntactic priming were scrutinized more in detail by implementing it in three different input frequency conditions: Skewed-first distribution, balanced distribution, and the control. Results indicated that syntactic priming overall had facilitative effects on the oral production performance of the participants. When it comes to the participants’ comprehension of the target construction, however, it was only in the skewed-first distribution that priming had a substantial learning effect. It is concluded that priming combined with the skewed-first type of input distribution would have generalizable and durable learning effects.

This paper reports results from two types of priming experiments (i.e., masked and cross-modal priming experiments) which compare Chinese L2 learners’ morphological processing of a Korean verbal suffix -ko with adult native speakers of Korean. L1/L2 differences were found in both the masked and cross-modal priming experiments: Full priming effects were found in the masked priming experiment and partial priming effects in the cross-modal priming experiment in L1, while weak or no priming effects were found in both types of priming experiments of L2. These findings indicate that L2 learners of Korean are less sensitive to morphological structure than native speakers and dependent on the lexical storage of the full form. This study also provided evidence for the non-difference between the masked priming and the cross-modal priming experiments both in L1 and L2.

While Ardisia crenata Sims. recently has been used increasingly as an ornamental plant, It is endangered in natural forest. The optimum treatments of the various concentrations priming agents to improve seed viability and germination of A. crenata (ornamental plant) were also estimated. Germinability was significantly when the seeds of A. crenata was soaked in PEG solution at 15oC for 4 days, the optimum treatment for improving germination of A. crenata was observed when the tested seeds was soaked in −0.5 MPa of PEG solution in 92%. Overall results would be useful means for propagation and production of A. crenata.

Considerable research in dieting has examined the goal priming effect that promotes successful dieting. However, priming literature found that the process of which priming is led to behaviors involves not only the priming construct itself but the momentary self-concept activated by the priming. Based on this notion, studies examined whether the active self-concept as an “unsuccessful dieter” or “successful dieter” determines the priming-to-behavior effect in dieting. Study 1 used contexts of the prime as manipulation for participants’ active-self following the prime and measured their chronic self-concept in dieting (rated on the Perceived Self-Regulation Success [PSRS] in dieting scale) as a moderator. The result supported the active-self account for the effect of the dieting prime. The interaction of the PSRS scores and the priming contexts was found in the dieting behavior of participants. Participants whose chronic self-concept in dieting is unsuccessful (the low PSRS) showed the goal-congruent priming effect only in the condition where the priming context reminded them of their self-concept in favor of dieting success. In the context where their dieting failure in the past became salient, however, the participants with the low PSRS were more likely to succumb to tempting food. In contrast, eating behaviors of the high PSRS participants were independent of the contexts. Study 2 tested a possible mechanism from the active-self to the behaviors. It is concluded that the active-self operates in the priming process by influencing anticipatory thoughts rather than automatic responses toward foods. The implications for understanding repeated dieting failures and designing practical interventions to help dieters are discussed.

결과에 대한 원인을 추론하는 인지적 정보처리과정에 대한 연구에는 많은 성과가 있었다. 그러나 서로 다른 원인의 무의식적 점화가 과제 결과의 만족도와 과제 재수행에 관한 의사결정에 미치는 영향을 검증한 연구는 찾아보기 어렵다. 본 연구는 암묵적 귀인점화 절차를 사용하여 과제의 결과를 우연 또는 개인적인 노력에 귀인시키는 것이 과제에 대한 만족도와 과제 재수행 의도에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 지시문을 사용하여 우연과 노력 조건별로 실험참가자들을 점화한 후, O/X 퀴즈 과제 (실험 1) 또는 5지선다형 문제 (실험 2)를 풀게 하였다. 그리고 실제 과제수행 결과와 관계없이 ‘좋음’ 또는 ‘나쁨’의 피드백을 주고 과제 만족도와 과제의 재수행 의도를 측정하였다. 분석 결과, 과제 만족도는 주로 피드백에 의해 영향을 받지만, 과제 재수행 의도는 피드백과 점화 유형에 따라 상호작용이 있음이 관찰되었다. 즉, ‘좋음’ 의 피드백 을 받은 조건의 경우, 우연 점화 참가자들보다 노력 점화 참가자들에게서 재수행의도가 높게 나타났고, ‘나쁨’ 의 피드백을 받은 조건에서는 우연 점화 참가자들이 노력 점화 참가자들보다 재수행의도가 높았다. 본 연구의 결과는 귀인과 의사결정 관련 연구뿐만 아니라 중독 관련 상담심리연구에도 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

본 연구는 도깨비바늘을 새로운 채소작물로 재배하기 위한 목적으로 종자 발아에 미치는 광, 온도 조건 및 priming 처리가 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험 결과, 발아율의 경우 명조건과 암조건 모두 25℃에서 발아율이 가장 높았다. 발아세 역시 명조건, 암조건 모두 25℃에서 가장 높았다. 광조건은 도깨비바늘의 발아에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 종자에 priming 처리 시 Ca(NO3)2 0.1M(68.3%) 처리구에서 무처리구에 비해 약 16% 증가하여 가장 높은 발아율을 보였다. 그 다음으로는 K3PO4 0.1M(63.3%) 및 KNO3 0.1M(53.3%) 순으로 나타났다. 따라서, 도깨비바늘의 발아를 위하여 명조건 25℃의 온도에 K3PO4 0.1M 또는 Ca(NO3)2 0.1M로 priming 처리를 하는 것이 효과적인 발아조건으로 판단된다.

사용성은 제품의 사용 과정에서 지각되는 학습 용이성, 효율성, 만족성 등이 포함되는 복합적인 개념이며, 사용성 평가에 영향을 주는 요인은 다양하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 제품의 사용성을 평가할 때 영향을 미치는 여러 요인 중 평가자의 내적 요인, 그 중에서도 평가자의 정서를 관심 변인으로 하여, 점화에 의해 유도된 정서가 제품의 사용성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 실험 1에서는 IAPS에서 추출된 사진 자극을 점화자극으로 제시하여 참가자들에게 긍정적이거나 부정적인 정서를 유발하도록 하였다. 실험 결과, 긍정적 정서로 유도된 집단은 부정적 정서로 유도된 집단에 비해 지각된 사용성을 더 높게 평정하였다. 실험 2에서는 이미지 자극의 정서를 긍정-부정 차원과 각성-이완의 차원으로 세분화하여 제시함으로써 정서의 두 가지 차원 중 어느 차원이 지각된 사용성에 영향을 주는지 살펴보았다. 실험 결과, 각 변인들 간의 주효과와 상호작용 효과가 관찰되었다. 따라서 일시적으로 유도된 정서가 사용성 평가에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요인 중 하나임을 시사한다. 본 연구는 사용성 관련 의사결정을 필요로 하는 상황에서 평가자는 현재의 정서가 미치는 영향을 비중 있게 고려해야 한다는 함의를 제공한다.

Chilling resistance at sowing is pre-requisite to avoid high temperature stress at terminal stage of spring planted maize crop. Seed priming offers promising solution to improve crop resistance against low or high temperature stress. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the role of seed priming in improving the performance of spring planted maize under various sowing dates. Seeds of hybrid maize FH-810 were soaked in aerated solution of CaC}z (2.2%), moringa leaf extracts (MLE, 3.3%) and salicylic acid (SA, 50 mg L- 1 ) while dry and water soaked seeds (hydropriming) were used as controls. Both primed and untreated seeds were planted on 02 and 22 Feb, and 14 March. Late planted maize observed notable decline in mean emergence time than early planted crop owing to high temperature at planting. Both low and high temperature in early (02 Feb) and late (14 March) planted maize resulted in reduced seedling growth and tissue water status accompanied with elevated membrane electrolytes leakage. Moreover all the priming techniques improved the studied parameters of crop compared with control at all planting dates. Seed osmopriming with SA improved crop stress resistance by earlier emergence, increased seedling dry weight, tissue water status and improved membrane stability followed by osmopriming with CaC12.