These experiments were conducted to evaluate the variability of seed germination and seedling growth with different levels of polyethylene glycol(PEG 6,000) solution in onion seed. Average germination percentage of seed primed in PEG solution with 1.00 and 0.75 MPa was higher than control, and that of seed primed in 1.50MPa was lower than unprimed control. Germination percentage(GP) of seed primed for 5 days was highest, and as the primed days become long, the GP was decreased. The GP of airation seed during the primed was higher than that of unairation seed, about 5% , respectively. The GP of washed seed after primed was higher than that of unwashed seed, but that of redried seed after primed was lower than that of the others. The highest GP cultivar was Chunjoogoohyung and the lowest GP cultivar was Seouldego in unredried seed after primed, but Chunjoojoonggo was highest and Jungpoonwhang was the lowest cultivar in redried seed after primed. As the PEG concentration increased, the seedling length(SL) was shortened, and seed primed for 15 days was longer than other treatments. The SL of primed seed was similar to GP. The SL of washed seed after primed was longer than that of others, but that of redried seed after primed was shortest among the others. The SL of Chunjoojoonggo and Nongwoodego was longest and Seouldego was shortest among the cultivars in unredried seed after primed, but that of Chunjoogoohyung and Chunjoojoonggo was longest and Seouldego was the shortest cultivars in redried seed after primed.

Some metabolites and embryo growth of primed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. ‘KFI09’) seeds were observed during priming. The seeds were primed at 15 and 25~circC for 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 15 days in a -0.8 MPa polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) solution. The time to 50% seed germination (T50 ) was greatly reduced when the seeds were primed at 25~circC when compared with 15~circC . The α -amylase activity and sugars and amino acid contents in the seeds primed at 25~circC greatly increased, while α -amylase activity was similar, and sugar and amino acid contents increased slightly in the seeds primed at 15~circC . When the seeds were primed at 25~circC , growth of the embryo which was enclosed by endosperm was detected, while the endosperm became thinner as the priming duration was extended.d

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘KF109’) seeds were primed in polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) solutions to determine a) what osmotic potential of the solution would be optimal for priming, i.e., critical potential level for preventing germination, and b) what temperature and duration would be the most effective in priming. The germination was completely prevented below -0.8 MPa of PEG 6000, that indicates a optimum water potential for seed priming. Seeds were primed for 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 15 days at 15, 20 and 25~circC , respectively, under the-0.8 MPa PEG 6000 solution to find out the most effective temperature and duration for priming. The effectiveness of priming, particularly in germination speed, was observed more distinctly when the primed seeds were germinated at 15~circC than 2 5~circC . The greatest reduction of the time to 50% germination (T/sob 50/) was when the seeds were primed at 25~circC . The reduction rate of the T50 was rapid when primed from 1 day to 8 days and then slowed down in the seeds primed for longer than 8 days. The time from 10 to 90% germination ( T10-90 increased in the primed seeds for longer than 8 days which showed the reversed effect of synchronous germination. However, T50 was reduced continuously in the seeds even primed over 8 days. Thus, the optimum condition for tobacco seeds priming with PEG 6000 solution was -0.8 MPa in osmotic potential of the solution at 25~circC for 8 days.ays

An experiment was carried out to find out the changes in morphology, sugars, and α -amylase activity during the priming of rice seeds (Oryza sativa L. cv. ＇Ilpumbyeo＇). For priming, seeds were soaked in -0.6 MPa PEG solution at 15~circC for 4 days (properly primed) and at 25~circC for 4 and 10 days (over-primed) and dried at room temperature. The size of coleoptile and differentiated leaves of properly primed seeds were bigger and coleoptile was separated from the other part of embryo compared with non-primed and over-primed seeds. As priming of seeds advanced, compound starch grains in the endosperm disintegrated into tiny starch granules, and small holes were found in the tiny starch granules and a cavities developed between embryo and endosperm. The radicle and plumule of properly primed germinating seeds developed faster than non-primed and overprimed germinating seeds. Sucrose, maltose, and raffinose contents of properly primed seeds decreased, while content of glucose and fructose and α -amylase activity increased. However, sugar content and α -amylase activity of over-primed seeds were lower compared with non-primed seeds or properly primed seeds.

priming; rice seed; SEM; embryo; starch granule; α -amylase; sugar

The object of this study is to determine the effect of priming on the germination ability and seedling emergence of aged soybean seeds in lab and field conditions. Artificial or natural procedure for seed aging was applied in this study. One seed lot was artificially aged for 3 to 5 days at 42~circC with high relative humidity (nearly RH 100%), and the other one was stored at room temperature for 17 months. Aged seeds were osmoconditioned in -1.1 MPa polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG) solution for 3 days at 25~circC and air-dried. When Danyeobkong was aged for 4 days average germination was 61.5%, however, this improved to 98.5% after the priming treatment. Improvement of seed germination by priming the aged seed was consistent with large seed sized Jangyeobkong cultivar, indicating that the priming was effective in enhancing seed germinability regardless of seed size. Priming aged seeds also resulted in good stand establishment in the field trials. Germination of aged seeds of Danyeobkong without priming was 17.0%, whereas that of primed ones was 66.4%

An experiment was carried out to find out the priming effects of rice seeds, Oryza sativa L. (cv. Ilpumbyeo) on. the seedling establishment and early emergence under excess soil moisture conditions. Seeds were primed by soaking in -0.6 MPa polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution at 25~circC for 4 days. The primed seeds were sown in soils with various soil moistures (60, 80, 100, 120, and 140% field capacity) at 17 and 25~circC , respectively. Germination and emergence rates, plumule height, and radicle length of primed seeds were higher than those of untreated seeds at any soil moisture and temperature examined. The time from planting to 50% germination (T50 ) of primed seeds was less than that of untreated seeds by 0.9～3.7 days. Germination rate, emergence rate, plumule height, and radicle length were highest at the soil moisture of 80% field capacity among the soil moistures. Priming effects of rice seeds on germination and emergence rates were more prominent under the unfavorable soil moistures (60, 100, 120, and 140% field capacity) than those under the optimum soil moisture condition (80% field capacity). However, priming effects on seedling growth were greater at near optimum soil moisture compared with too lower or higher soil moistures. Therefore, these findings suggest that priming of rice seeds may be a useful way for better seedling establishment under the adverse soil conditions.

Experiments were carried out to find out the optimum water potential, temperature, and duration for the priming of rice seeds, Oryza sativa L. (cv. Ilpumbyeo) for better germination at sub-optimal temperatures. Seeds were primed in 0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, and -1.0 MPa PEG (polyethylene glycol) solutions at 25~circC . The optimum water potential for seed priming, the highest water potential at which rice seeds did not germinate, was -0.6 MPa. To find out optimum priming temperature and duration rice seeds were primed in -0.6 MPa PEG solution and 0 MPa (water as a control) for various durations at 15 and 25~circC and the seeds were germinated at 17, 20, and 25~circC . Considering germination rate and speed, the optimum priming time in water (0 MPa) was 4 days at 15~circC and 1 day at 25~circC , while 4 days was the optimum priming time in a -0.6 MPa PEG solution, regardless of the priming temperature. Priming reduced the actual time of germination, especially at sub-optimal temperatures. Priming did not affect germination rate in -0.6 MPa PEG solution at 15~circC , but overpriming reduced the final germination rate in water at 15~circC and in -0.6 PEG solution at 25~circC . Total sugars and α -amylase activity induced during the seed priming were negatively correlated with the final germination rate and there was no noted relationship with the speed or uniformity of germination.

발아율을 증가시키기 위하여 실험실에서 수행된 초롱꽃과 약용작물의 종자처리(種子處理)가 출아율(出芽率)과 유묘생장(幼苗生長)을 촉진할 수 있는가를 검토하기 위하여 도라지, 더덕 및 만삼 종자를 파종 전 증류수에 2일간 침지하거나, Ca(NO3)2 150 mM에 2일간 priming 또는 GA3 0.1 mM에 3일간 침지한 3개(個) 처리(處理)로 구분하여 유묘 출아율(幼苗 出芽率)과 파종 38일 후에 유묘생장(幼苗生長)을 조사하였으며 만삼의 출아율(出芽率)이 낮은 원인을 구명하기 위하여 전자현미경으로 종자의 내부구조를 관찰하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 유묘 출아율(幼苗 出芽率)에서 도라지는 Priming과 GA3 처리, 더덕은 GA3 처리, 만삼은 priming처리에서 증류수로 침지 처리하는 것보다 높았고, 출아소요일수(出芽所要日數)도 도라지와 더덕은 대조구(對照區)에 비하여 GA3처리로 단축되었다. 2. 공시종(供試種) 모두 하경축장(下經軸長)은 처리간 차이가 없었던 반면, 도라지와 더덕은 priming처리로 초장(草長)은 짧고 주당엽수(株當葉數)도 적었으나 만삼은 차이가 없었다. 3. 지상부중, 근중(地上部重, 根重) 또는 주당 건물중(株當 乾物重)은 대조구(對照區)에 비하여 GA3 처리에서 높은 반면, priming 처리에서 낮았다. 4. 만삼의 출아율저조원인(出芽率低調原因)은 무경(無經), 천(賤)의 형태적(形態的) 결함(缺陷) 등 종자구조에서 비롯되는 것으로 분석되었다.

본 연구는 전보(前報)에 이어 초롱꽃과 약용작물 중에서 농가에서 재배되고 있는 도라지, 더덕, 만삼 종자의 발아 및 유근신장에 미치는 priming 방법(재료, 농도, 기간)과 Priming 후 발아과정에서의 광질(光質) (적색광(赤色光), 백색광(白色光), 암상태(暗狀態)) 효과(效果)를 조사하여 입묘율 향상에 관한 정보를 제공하고자 실시하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 평균발아율(平均發芽率)은 priming 후 발아시 암조건(暗條件)에서는 도라지, 만삼, 더덕 순으로 감소하였던 반면, Priming 후 광질처리(光質處理)로 인하여 만삼에서는 발아가 억제되고 더덕에서는 발아가 향상되어 도라지, 더덕, 만삼 순으로 감소하였다. 2. 암상태(暗狀態)로 수행된 priming 처리에서 처리기간 간에는 차이가 없었다 할지라도 KNO3 보다는 Ca(NO3)2가, 무처리(無處理) 또는 타처리농도(他處理濃度)에 비하여 50~150mM에서 발아율과 유근신장이 향상되었다.3. Priming 후 광질처리(光質處理)로 인한 발아율은 도라지에서는 priming 유무(有無)에는 차이가 없었던 반면, 더덕에서는 발아초기에, 만삼에는 시간이 경과할수록 발아율이 향상되었다. 4. 발아중 백색광(白色光) 처리(處理)는 더덕과 만삼에서 발아를 억제하였는데 이러한 경향은 만삼에서 큰 반면, 도라지에서는 초기발아가 조장되는 것으로 나타나 초롱꽃과 약용작물의 발아는 priming 후 주어지는 광질(光質)에 따라 변화됨을 알 수 있었다.

미국자리공은 용도가 다양하고 유용한 기능성 물질을 다량으로 함유하고 있어 선진국에서는 활발한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 우리 나라에서는 환경오염이 심한 공단 인접지역에 거대한 군낙을 형성하여 생태계 파괴를 가속화하는 식물로 알려져 있어서 이의 자원화 및 번식억제에 대한 기초 자료를 제공하기 위하여 발아에 관여하는 요인으로서 nitrates를 이용한 priming, 온도 및 광질이 미국자리공의 종자발아에 미치는 영향을 추적하고자 시험을 실시하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 발아율은 priming 하지 않은 것에 비하여 priming 처리한 종자에서 현저히 높았으며, 치상 8일 후부터 C3(NO3 )2 처리에 비하여 KNO3 처리에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 2. KNO3 를 이용한 priming 처리에서 처리 농도를 증가할수록 발아율은 증가하나 150mM과 300mM간에는 차이가 없었고, priming 처리기간에 차이가 거의 없는 1일과 3일에 비하여 6일간 처리할 때에는 발아가 현저히 둔화되었다. 3. 광질에 관계없이 발아온도 20℃ 항온에서는 발아가 거의 일어나지 않았으며, 주/야 20/30℃ 변온, 30℃ 항온, 주야 30/20℃ 변온의 순서로 발아율이 증가하였다. 4. 암상태보다는 빛이 있는 조건에서 발아율이 높았으며, 백색광에 비하여 적색광에서 발아율이 현저히 증가하였다. 5. 주/야 30/20℃ 또는 20/30℃ 변온에서 Priming을 가한 종자는 암상태에서도 발아되었다.-chamigrene, 1-(1,5-diMe-4-hexenyl) -4-mebenzene, β-endesmol의 성분이, 줄기의 경우는 sabinene, β-myrcene, ι-limonene, phellamdrene, α -terpinene, ledene, 1-borneol, λ -terpinene, 2,4a,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydroben-zocycloheptane, elemol, λ -selinene, cis-3-hexanal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetate, λ -elemene, δ -guaiene, δ -cadinene, 9-octadecanal, 1-(1,5-diMe-4-hexenyl) -4-mebenzeno, β-endesmol, α -charugrene의 향기성분이 주요 성분군으로 확인되었다. 2. 생강나무에서 생강의 향기를 발산하는 성분으로는 β-myrcene, o-terpinolene, phellandrone, ι-limonene, β-eudesmol, δ -cadinone, elemol, trans-caryophyllene으로 동정되었으며 그 중에서도 phellandrene, β-eudesmol이 주된 역할을 하는 성분으로 확인하였다. 유의적인 관련성이 나타났고, 복부 비만의 지표인 허리엉덩이둘레비는 GPT, alkaline phosphatase, 공복시