자율주행차량의 첨단 운전자 보조 시스템(ADAS)의 발전은 자율주행차량의 상용화를 가속화하고 있지만, 그 안전성을 입증하기 위한 충분한 테스트와 검증이 필요하다. 실제 차량을 이용한 대규모 테스트는 비용과 시간뿐만 아니라 다양한 시나리오를 구현하고 평가하 는 데 어려움이 있어, 다수의 연구자들은 시뮬레이션을 활용하고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해, 본 연구에서는 차량 시뮬레이션 소프트웨어인 CarMaker와 교통 흐름 시뮬레이션인 VISSIM을 결합하여 공동으로 시뮬레이션을 진행한다. 또한 두 시뮬레이션의 장점 을 결합하여 자율주행차량의 데이터를 보다 포괄적으로 분석할 수 있는 프레임워크를 제안한다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 각각의 시뮬레이션 에서 얻은 Ego Vehicle의 속도 값은 미세한 차이를 보였으며, 이는 실시간 시뮬레이션의 통신 과정에서 발생하는 오류로 해석된다. 또 한, 특정 시나리오에서는 차량이 급정지 후 출발하는 형태를 보였으며, 이는 자율주행차량이 주변 차량의 주행을 인식하여 주행 패턴 에 변화를 주는 것으로 해석된다. 향후에는 도심 도로에서의 자율주행 평가를 통해 복잡한 교통 상황과 불확실한 요소들로 인해 어려 운 문제를 겪는 상황을 분석할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The operating parameters considered in this study include evaporating and condensing temperature, degree of subcooling and degree of superheating. in R744-R717 cascade refrigeration system and R744 two-stage compression refrigeration system with the range of low temperature -50℃∼-30℃. The coefficient of performance(COP) of R744-R717 cascade refrigeration system is about 16∼20% greater than that of R744 two-stage compression refrigeration system in the range of evaporation temperature of -50℃∼-30℃. R744 two-stage compression refrigeration system is unstable because its coefficient of performance changes significantly depending on the evaporating temperature and total compression work, and compression efficiency decreases. In this case, not efficient for long-term use. Whereas R744-R717 R744-R717 is a cascade refrigeration system using eco-friendly refrigerants. And this system is a high-efficiency refrigeration system that performs well even under various operating conditions. This is why it can be configured by selecting a refrigerant suitable for the high temperature side and the low temperature side.

Background: There is a lack of research on sling neurac exercise interventions for craniovertebral angle (CVA), head rotation angle, range of motion (ROM), and neck postural alignment in adults with forward head posture Objectives: To investigate the Immediate effects of sling neurac exercise on craniosacral angulation, ROM, and neck postural alignment in adults with forward head posture. Design: Quaxi-experimental study. Methods: Fifty young adults in their 20s were divided into a sling neurac exercise group (SNEG) and a control group (CG). SNEG conducted sling neurac exercise intervention for one day, and CG did not implement intervention. Craniosacral angulation, ROM, and postural alignment before and after exercise was evaluated for each group. Results: In the sling neurac exercise group (SNEG), CVA, cranial rotation angle (CRA), ROM, and postural alignment improved significantly after intervention (all P<.01). There were no significant differences in the control group (CG) (all P>.05). After the intervention, there were significant differences between the groups in craniosacral angulation, ROM, and postural alignment (all P<.01). Conclusion: The Sling neurac exercise can significantly improve CVA, CRA, ROM, and postural alignment. Therefore, it is suggested to consider sling neurac exercise as an intervention.

Background: Most non-pharmacological interventions for tension-type headache (TTH) focus on direct intervention in areas associated with headaches, with limited research exploring the indirect effects of interventions utilizing the fascia. Objectives: To investigate the effects of superficial back line (SBL) stretching and head-neck massage interventions on the range of motion (ROM) and neck disability index (NDI) of TTH. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The study participants were randomly allocated into three groups: SBL stretching group (n=9), head-neck massage group (n=9), and combined group (n=9). Prior to the intervention, measurements were taken for neck flexion ROM, straight leg raising test (SLRT) ROM, and NDI. The intervention consisted of 30-minute sessions conducted twice a week for 8 weeks. The second measurement took place 4 weeks after the intervention, followed by a third measurement conducted after an additional 4 weeks of intervention. Results: Comparing neck flexion ROM within each group, a significant increase was observed in the SBL stretching group after 8 weeks compared to before the intervention (P<.05). Regarding the comparison of SLRT ROM within each group, a significant increase was noted after 8 weeks compared to before the intervention in the SBL stretching, head-neck massage, and combined groups (P<.05). In terms of the comparison of NDI within each group, a significant decrease was observed in all three group after the intervention compared to before the intervention (P<.05). Conclusion: 8-week intervention involving SBL stretching, head-neck massage, and their combined application demonstrated effectiveness in improving neck flexion ROM, SLRT ROM, and the NDI for individuals with TTH.

본 연구는 일회성 발목가동성 운동프로그램이 만성적인 발목불안정성(CAI)에 나타나는 발목가 동범위와 통증 수준에 미치는 영향을 확인하는데 목적이 있다. 연구 대상자는 발목불안정성 설문지 검사에 서 좌, 우측 평균 점수가 24점 이하인 성인여성 20명을 선정 하였으며 집단은 일회성 발목 가동성 운동프 로그램 집단(Ankle mobility exercise program, AE, n=10)과 대조군(CON, n=10)으로 구분하였다. AE 처 치는 일회성 운동에 대한 반응을 확인하기 위해 좌·우측 발목을 각각 1회(20분) 실시하였으며 처치 전후 발목불안정성 검사, 통증 및 발목가동범위를 확인하였다. 먼저 AE 프로그램을 실시한 AE 집단의 통증 수 준은 사전과 비교하여 사후 유의하게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(p<.01). 또한 AE 프로그램 처치한 AE 집 단에서 배측굴곡이 사전과 비교하여 증가하는 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 이러한 결과를 종합해 보면 일회성 발목 가동성 운동 프로그램은 CAI에서 나타나는 발목 통증과 발목의 가동범위를 개선시켜 결과적으로 발 목 불안정성을 완화시킬 수 있는 효과적인 운동 중재 방법이라고 생각된다.

PURPOSES : In this study, heating concrete is developed using heating artificial binder, which is more conductive and less expensive than ordinary Portland cement, and the heating effect is verified through laboratory tests and numerical analysis. METHODS : Based on the test results, the range of heat influence of the Heating concrete is calculated through numerical analysis. As a result of the laboratory test, the temperature rises to 58℃ after 10 minutes when heat generation started at the outdoor temperature of 12℃ and the initial temperature of the concrete specimen of 19.1℃. RESULTS : The heating effect is up to 50 cm in width and 90 cm in height centered on the heating concrete through numerical analysis to analyze the influence range of the Heating concrete based on the laboratory test results. However, when the distance from the heating concrete is greater than about 20 cm, the influence becomes very small, and the rate of temperature decrease drops significantly. CONCLUSIONS : From the test and numerical analysis, it can be used as an eco-friendly heating material suitable for concrete pavements.

As the importance of the indoor environment increases. In response to that, performance test study was conducted for the development of high performance range hood. And the chamber casing mock-up was subjected to a performance test by applying a static pressure of 100[Pa] in accordance with KS C 9304: 2020, When the discharge port diameter was 100 mm, the standard flow rate() was 186.9 at 60.8W, the discharge port diameter was 125 mm, and the standard flow rate() at 52.0W was 184.6, which satisfies “B-type 160 to 200 (static pressure 100Pa)”. This is a result that meets the KS C 9304 : 2020.

The change in the performance of the range hood according to the pressure change was investigated through a comparative experiment, and the conclusion is as follows. KS C 9304: In 2020, static pressure was applied at 100 Pa according to the fan standard, and the test was conducted by varying the outlet diameter and power consumption. In the case of Motor power 55W, the air volume value was 184.6 when the outlet diameter was 125mm. As a result of the test, if the power consumption is 52.0W, the diameter of the outlet is 125mm, and the power consumption is 60.8W, and the diameter of the outlet is 100mm, it meets 160 or more and less than 200 (constant pressure 100Pa).

본 연구는 요부 근막통증증후군이 있는 직장인 44명을 캐리어 오일 피부마사지 그룹과 대조군으로 나누어 캐리어 오일 피부마사지가 요부 통증 및 관절 가동성 에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 일주일에 3회, 6주 동안 캐리어 오일 피부마사지 그룹은 호호바 오일 약 3㎖를 도포하고 대조군은 오일 없이 요추부위 에 쓰다듬기 테크닉을 적용하였다. 실험 전후를 비교한 결과 캐리어 오일 피부마 사지 그룹에서 시각 통증 상사척도, 압통 역치, 요부 관절가동성에서 유의한 효과 가 있었다. 따라서 캐리어 오일 피부마사지는 요부 근막통증증후군에 적용하였을 때 물리치료 도수기법 프로그램 및 대체 요법으로 활용될 수 있다.

Background: The Trunk Stabilization Exercise and Respiratory Muscle Exercise may help address the complex biomechanical and neuromuscular issues that contribute to shoulder joint disorders and can help improve patient outcomes in terms of pain relief, range of motion, and functional ability. Objectives: To investigated the effects of conventional physical therapy, trunk stabilization exercise, and respiratory muscle exercise, on the Range of Motion (ROM), ULF and balance in patients with shoulder joint disorder. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: This study randomly allocated 18 subjects to the control group, 19 to the trunk stabilization exercise group, and 19 to the respiratory muscle exercise group, while all interventions were performed five times a week for four weeks. The result measurement involved the ROM, the upper limb function test (ULT), and balance tests. Results: The respiratory muscles exercise group indicated significant improvement in ROM and balance tests than the trunk stabilization exercise group and control group. Conclusion: The respiratory muscle exercise is a more effective way to improve ROM and balance ability than trunk stabilization exercise for patients with shoulder joint disorder.

With the continuous development of science and technology, unmanned ship has gradually become a hot spot in the field of marine research. In practical applications, unmanned ships need to have long-range navigation and high efficiency, so that they can accurately perform tasks in the marine environment. As one of the key technologies of unmanned ship, path planning is of great significance to improve the endurance of unmanned ship. In order to meet the requirements, this paper proposes a path planning method for long distance unmanned ships based on reinforcement learning angle precedence ant colony improvement algorithm. Firstly, canny operator is used to automatically extract navigation environment information, and then MAKLINK graph theory is applied for environment modelling. Finally, the basic ant colony algorithm is improved and applied to the path planning of unmanned ship to generate an optimal path. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional ant colony algorithm, the path planning method based on the improved ant colony algorithm can achieve a voyage duration of nearly 7 km for unmanned ships under the same sailing environment, which has certain practicability and popularization value.

The following results were obtained by conducting a flow experiment. The experiment with air volume showed that the ducts with 3 shapes in the same cross-sectional area were large in the order of circular duct, square duct, and flexible duct. As a result of measuring the pressure value by duct shape to determine the cause of the difference between the flow rate and the air volume value by duct, the negative pressure was large in the order of circular duct, square duct, and flexible duct. in the countercurrent test, In the case of circular ducts, the deviation was high, In the case of Flexible ducts, the mild increase in the countercurrent is judged to be the difference in pressure and friction received by shape.

「선박안전법」은 선박의 감항성(堪航性, Seaworthiness) 유지 및 안전운항에 필요한 사항을 규정하고 있으며, 이와 관련해서 이 법 제10조에서는 선박소유자가 선박검사를 받은 후 해당 선박의 선박검사증서에 적혀 있는 내용을 일시적으로 변경하고자 하는 경우에 임시검사를 받도록 하고 있다. 이와 같은 조치는 이 법 제15조에 따른 선박검사 후 선박의 상태유지에 따른 것으로 여기에는 「항만법」 제39조제1항에 따른 “항만건설작업선”을 포함하고 있다. 그러나 항만건설작업선은 본래 부선(艀船)과 동일한 운용체계를 보이고 있음에 도 불구하고 「선박안전법」을 적용받지 아니하고 「건설기계관리법」에 따른 등록 및 검사ㆍ점검을 받아오다 2012년 12월 14일 울산항 만 내에서 작업 중 발생한 “석정36호” 침몰사고를 발단으로 2016년「항만법」이 개정되면서 「선박안전법」에 추가해서 적용받게 된 점 등을 고려할 때 항만건설작업선을 「선박안전법」에서 정하고 있는 모든 규정을 따르도록 적용하는 것은 현실적 한계가 있다 할 것이다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 항만건설작업선의 개념, 등록, 작업구역, 검사규정, 임시변경 적용사례 등을 통한 작업특성 및 실제 항만건설작 업선의 「선박안전법」적용범위와 관련해서 논란이 되고 있는 사항 등에 대해 살펴보고, 또한 「항만법」의 개정에 따라 항만건설작업 선을 「선박안전법」의 검사대상으로 편입하게 된 입법취지 등을 통해 「선박안전법」제10조에서 규정하고 있는 임시검사 중 “임시변 경”에 관한 사항을 적용하는데 있어서의 그 적정범위를 제시하고자 한다.

PURPOSES : This study proposes brief guidelines for traffic engineers in the field to refer to when operating tram priority signals based on the "early green" and "green extension" methods. METHODS : A set of VISSIM simulation analyses was conducted considering various traffic and control conditions in a hypothetical corridor consisting of two signalized intersections. The traffic conditions were varied at five different levels. The control conditions were varied at twenty-five levels by changing the tram priority traffic signal control parameters, i.e., the early green unit time and green extension unit time. A total of 125 simulation runs were from these combinations. A set of optimal signal timings for ordinary non-tram vehicles was prepared with TRANSYT-7F and implemented for the simulation. A tram priority signal control module based on VISVAP was exclusively developed for this study. RESULTS : As expected, no specific trend was found in the relationship between the two tram priority control parameters (early green time and green extension time). However, a trend was observed when assuming that the early green and green extension operations were mutually exclusive. Specifically, an inverse trend appeared between the tram priority control parameter values and level of congestion according to the performance measure (average network delay). CONCLUSIONS : For the early green control parameters, it is better to provide six seconds when undersaturated and four seconds when near-saturated. For the green extension control parameter, four seconds is suitable.

Background: Technological developments have led to the creation of a mechanical device capable of providing a representative massage as a passive treatment. The use of mechanical massage offers the distinct advantage of being user-friendly and available for use at any given time. Objectives: To investigated present the outcomes of utilizing a massage bed on the range of motion (ROM) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) in patients diagnosed with chronic low back pain. Design: ABA design of a single case study. Methods: To measure the ROM of the subject's trunk flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation, a tape measure and goniometer were utilized. Furthermore, PPT was measured using an electronic pressure pain meter. Baseline A and Baseline A’ periods were conducted for 5 consecutive days without intervention. Following the baseline periods, a massage bed intervention was administered for 1 hour daily for a total of 10 days during the Intervention B period. Daily assessments were performed, and the Intervention B period was conducted after the intervention. Results: The ROM effect was confirmed in trunk lateral flexion and rotation, while the PPT was effective in both L1, right L2, left L4, and left L5. Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that the use of a massage bed improved the ROM and PPT in patients suffering from chronic back pain. Further randomized controlled trials involving a larger sample size are necessary to validate these findings.

Background: Studies using Smovey and Vibration foam rollers are mostly conducted with normal adults, breast cancer patients, and athletes. However, there are not many studies applied to stroke patients to date. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of vibration exercise on the range of motion of the shoulder and knee joints in stroke patients. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 36 stroke patients, with 12 in the Smovey and Vibration foam roller group (SVG), 12 in the Smovey and Non-Vibration foam roller group (SNVG), and 12 in the control group (CG) were randomly assigned to exercise three times a week for 6 weeks. The range of motion of the shoulder and knee joints was measured for each group before and after 6 weeks of exercise. For joint range of motion, shoulder flexion and extension and knee flexion and extension were measured using BPMpro. Results: In terms of the difference in time, the flexion and extension of the shoulder and the flexion and extension of the knee on the paretic side were significant in the SVG and SNVG. The CG was not significant. Shoulder flexion and extension and knee flexion and extension on the unaffected side were all insignificant. The differences between each group were significant between the SVG and the CG and the SNVG and the CG. SVG and SNVG were not significant. Conclusion: It was found that vibration exercise had a positive effect on the range of motion of the shoulder and knee joints. Therefore, it is thought that vibration exercise can be provided as a clinical intervention method for shoulder and knee range of motion.

Background: The application of exercise therapy and manual therapy to the thoracic spine is a widely used method of treating neck pain. Nevertheless, studies on the application of foam rollers and vibrating foam rollers to patients with neck pain are lacking. Objectives: To investigated the immediate effects of thoracic spine foam rolling and vibration foam rolling on pain and range of motion (ROM) in patients with chronic neck pain. Design: Randomized crossover trials. Methods: 24 patients with chronic neck pain participated in the study. The study subjects measured pain and ROM. Subjects were divided into vibration foam roller group, foam roller group, and control group. Results: Pain was not significantly different between and within groups (P<.05). There was a significant difference in flexion, extension, left rotation, and right rotation ROM in the vibration foam roller group after intervention (P<.05). There was a significant difference in flexion and extension ROM in the foam roller group after intervention (P<.05). There was a significantly greater increased extension ROM in vibration foam roller and foam roller groups compared with the control group (P<.0167). Conclusion: Thoracic spine foam rolling and vibration foam rolling improve ROM when treating patients with chronic neck pain. Therefore, it is recommended to use it in combination with other treatments

In this study, to improve the performance of kitchen range hoods, a comparative analysis of air volume and noise is conducted using three ducts by changing shapes. It was found that the difference in air volume was caused by the pressure difference received by each shape. The noise data can be found to be no more than 60dB overall, except for the second tier of A-type. The difference when connecting the circular, square, and flexible ducts was judged to be due to some laboratory noise, and it was found that there was no difference.

North Korea continues to upgrade and display its long-range rocket launchers to emphasize its military strength. Recently Republic of Korea kicked off the development of anti-artillery interception system similar to Israel’s “Iron Dome”, designed to protect against North Korea’s arsenal of long-range rockets. The system may not work smoothly without the function assigning interceptors to incoming various-caliber artillery rockets. We view the assignment task as a dynamic weapon target assignment (DWTA) problem. DWTA is a multistage decision process in which decision in a stage affects decision processes and its results in the subsequent stages. We represent the DWTA problem as a Markov decision process (MDP). Distance from Seoul to North Korea’s multiple rocket launchers positioned near the border, limits the processing time of the model solver within only a few second. It is impossible to compute the exact optimal solution within the allowed time interval due to the curse of dimensionality inherently in MDP model of practical DWTA problem. We apply two reinforcement-based algorithms to get the approximate solution of the MDP model within the time limit. To check the quality of the approximate solution, we adopt Shoot-Shoot-Look(SSL) policy as a baseline. Simulation results showed that both algorithms provide better solution than the solution from the baseline strategy.