본 연구는 백제역사유적지구 세계유산 등재과정에서 문화유산 보존관리체계의 골격을 형성하는 보존관리구역 구성체계와 공간적 범위 설정문제를 중심으로 제기되었던 다양한 쟁점사항에 대한 분석을 통하여 문화유산 보존관리체계의 대안적 방향을 제시해보고자 하는 목적을 지니고 있다. 한국에서의 문화재에 대한 보존관리체계는 『문화재보호법』에 근거하여 설정되는 문화재구역, 문화재보호구역, 역사문화환경 보존지역을 근간으로 운용된다. 반면에 『세계유산 협약 이행을 위한 운영지침』에서는 유산구역, 완충구역 그리고 주변 환경 등을 근간으로 유산 보존관리체계가 운용되고 있다. 세계유산 보존관리체계와 관련하여 국내 『문화재보호법』은 매우 합리적이며 선진적인 문화재 보존관리체계를 구축하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 장점을 제대로 활용하기 위해서는 구역 세분화와 연계하여 문화재구역과 보호구역, 역사문화환경 보존지역에 대한 명확하고 합리적인 성격을 부여하는 한편, 단편적인 규제 중심의 관리체계가 아닌 문화재구역과 보호구역, 역사문화환경을 일체화한 종합적, 계획적 시각에 입각한 운영체계가 구축될 필요가 있다.

Background: Measurement of passive ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ADROM) is often part of a physical therapy assessment. Objects: The objective of this study was to identify the effects of subtalar joint neutral position (SJNP) on passive ADROM according to knee position in young adults. Methods: We recruited 14 young adult participants for this study. Two examiners used a universal goniometer to measure passive ADROM with and without SJNP. Dorsiflexion force was applied to the forefoot until maximum resistance was reached in two knee positions (extension and 90˚ flexion) in the prone position. Subtalar joint position was also recorded at maximum ADROM. Passive ADROM was measured three times at different knee and subtalar joint positions, in random order. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the effects of subtalar joint and knee position on passive ADROM. Results: Passive ADROM was significantly lower with than without SJNP during both knee extension (mean difference: 7.4˚) and 90˚ flexion (mean difference: 16.9˚) (p<.01). Passive ADROM was significantly higher during 90˚ knee flexion than during knee extension both with (mean difference: 5.8˚) and without SJNP (mean difference: 15.2˚) (p<.01). The valgus position of the subtalar joint was significantly lower with than without SJNP during both knee extension (mean difference: 3.3˚) and 90˚ flexion (mean difference: 4.3˚) (p<.01). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the gastrocnemius may limit ankle dorsiflexion more than the soleus does. Greater dorsiflexion at the subtalar and midtarsal joints was observed during passive ADROM measurement without than that with SJNP; therefore, SJNP should be maintained for accurate measurement of ADROM.

Background: Sling exercises are frequently used for the rehabilitation process of patients with shoulder joint injuries, but research on the significant frequency intensity and appropriate treatment duration for sling exercises with local vibration stimulation is lacking. Objects: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sling exercise with vibration on shoulder range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, pain, and dysfunction in patients with a medical diagnosis of shoulder joint injury. Methods: Twenty-two patients were randomly assigned to the experiment and control groups. Six sling exercises with and without 50 ㎐ vibrations were applied in the experiment and control groups, respectively. Each exercise consisted of 3 sets of 5 repetitions performed for 6 weeks. The assessment tools used included shoulder joint range of motion, muscle strength, pain level, and shoulder pain and disability index for functional disability. We conducted re-evaluations before and 3 and 6 weeks after intervention. The changes in the measurement variables were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results: The ROM of the external rotation of the shoulder joint had a significant interaction between the group and the measurement point (F=3.652, p<.05). In both groups, we found a significant increase in external rotation angle between the measurement points (p<.05). The flexor strength of the shoulder joint significant interaction between the group and the measurement point (F=4.247, p<.05). Both the experiment (p<.01) and control groups (p<.05) showed a significant increase in shoulder flexor strength at the measurement points. After 6 weeks of the interventions, both the groups showed significantly improved VAS (p<.01), SPADI (p<.01), and orthopedic tests (p<.01). However, there was no significant difference between the group and the measurement point in terms of the clinical outcomes observed. Conclusion: The sling exercise with local vibration of 50 ㎐ affected the external rotation of the shoulder range of motion and improved shoulder flexor strength in the patients with shoulder injuries. Therefore, we propose the use of the sling exercise intervention with vibration in the exercise rehabilitation of patients with shoulder joint injuries.

The recent development of information and communication technologies brings new changes to automobile traffic systems. The most typical example is the advancement of dedicated short range communication(DSRC). DSRC mainly consists of an intelligent transportation system(ITS), an electronic toll collection system(ETCS) and an advanced traveler information system(ATIS). These wireless communications often cause unnecessary electromagnetic waves, and these electromagnetic waves, in turn, cause frequent system malfunction. To solve this problem, an absorber of electromagnetic waves is suggested. In this research, various materials, such as powdered metal and iron oxides, are used to test the possibility for an effective absorption of the unnecessary electromagnetic waves. The various metal powders are made into a thin sheet form by compositing through processing. The electromagnetic characteristics(complex permittivity, complex permeability) of the fabricated sheet are measured. As a result, we achieve –6.5 dB at 940 MHz(77.6 % absorption rate) with a 1.0 mm-thickness electromagnet wave absorber, and –9.5 dB at 940 MHz(88.8 % absorption rate) with a 2.0 mm-thickness absorber.

본 연구는 태백산국립공원 백두대간 생태축 연결을 위한 평가항목 및 요인별 가중치 설정을 위해 공원관리와 생태계 조사, 생태환경계획과 관련된 분야별 전문가 대상의 설문조사를 토대로 계층화 분석을 실시하였다. 문헌연구와 담당자 면담조사로 생태축 연결을 위한 상위 평가지표 4개와 하위 평가지표 13개를 선정하였으며, 일관성 분석에 의한 유효 설문을 대상으로 항목별 가중치를 산정하였다. 분석결과, 상위평가 지표에서는 생태계 가치증진이 0.474로 가장 높고, 자연-인간 갈등완화(0.247), 지역주민의 참여(0.165), 경제적 측면(0.114) 순으로 나타났으며, 하위 평가지표에서는 생물이동경로(0.116), 경관생태적 패치 연결성(0.112), 기능적 서식지(0.099) 등이 중요 항목으로 추출되었다. 분야별 평가항목과 가중치 비교에 따르면 생태계조사 분야에서는 생물종 이동경로(0.116)을 가장 중시하는 반면, 공원관리 분야에서는 기능적 서식지가 0.110로 가장 중요한 항목으로 평가되었으며, 생태환경계획 분야에서는 지역의 보전 및 이용자원 분포현황이 0.123으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 태백산국립공원 일대의 생태축 연결에 필요한 조사항목의 선정이나 분야별 연결성 분석방향 설정에 기여할 것이다.

As vessels become larger and competition between ports intensifies, there has been an increase in the number of cases where vessels that exceed the available berths are berthed at the pier. Therefore, there has been an increase in the number of cases in which the bow or stern of a ship is projected and moored. The risk of overhanging berthing is that mooring safety can be compromised because it is not possible to connect the bow and stern mooring line to the ship properly. In addition, collision accidents may occur between moving vessels if the view of a vessel moving in the port is obstructed. Therefore, in this study, the simulation of mooring safety was performed according to the overhanging range in Piers No. 6 and 7 in Ulsan’s main port to propose the overhanging limit and operational standards according to each ship. As a result of the assessment, 30,000 DWT bulkers are able to overhang up to 0.75B, and 50,000 DWT bulkers can overhang up to 0.50B. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data for setting the allowable overhang limit, as well as clear usage criteria for safe unloading operations.

Background: There have been many studies on self-myofascial release (SMR) stretching, but there are few comparative studies on the effects of massages using a release ball, which is a type of the SMR method. Objective: To investigate the immediate effects of release ball massage and self- stretching on proprioceptive sensory, hamstring’s temperature, range of motion (ROM) muscle strength,. Design: Crossover study. Methods: Thirty women in 20’s at S University in Busan voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were random to release ball group (n=15) or selfstretching group (n=15). Both groups performed 3 sets of exercises, stretching for 30 seconds and resting for 15 seconds in each position. The proprioceptive sensory, temperature of the hamstring muscle, ROM, and strength were measured before exercise, 5 minutes after exercise, and 30 minutes after exercise. Results: Release ball group showed significant differences in muscle length and temperature over time (p<.05). The comparison between two group over time showed significant differences in muscle length, temperature, and muscle strength (p<.05). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that release ball massage and selfstretching are beneficial for improving hamstring's temperature, ROM and muscle strength.

Background: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is characterized by pain and limited range of motion in the jaw. TMD patients generally prefer to chew on the unaffected or less-affected side, and this tendency often results in asymmetries in masseter muscle thickness and range of mandibular motion. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the asymmetries in masseter muscle thickness and range of mandibular motion in subjects with and without temporomandibular disorders. Methods: Thirty-nine subjects were divided into two groups: A TMD group (n1=19) and a control group (n2=20). The jaw opening range and laterotrusion were measured using a digital vernier caliper. The masseter muscle thickness was examined in both the resting state and the maximal clenching state using ultrasonography. The absolute asymmetry indices calculated based on the laterotrusion and masseter muscle thickness of the respective right and left sides. A two-way ANOVA and a Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. Results: No significant different was found in the masseter muscle thickness between the TMD and control group. A significant difference was found in the absolute asymmetry indices of mandibular laterotrusion between the TMD and control groups (p<.05). Furthermore, the ranges of jaw opening were significantly different between males and females (p<.05). The absolute asymmetry index values of masseter muscle thickness at rest and during maximal clenching were also significantly different between males and females (p<.05). Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the subjects with TMD had a larger degree of asymmetry in laterotrusion than those without TMD. Therefore, a physiotherapy program needs to be designed to restore normal laterotrusion capacities for TMD subjects. These results also showed that female subjects had greater absolute asymmetry indices in masseter muscle thickness than male subjects. Therefore, more training is needed to promote bilaterally balanced chewing among women.

Background: Numerous studies have used smartphone applications to measure the range of motion in different joints. In addition, studies measuring the active range of motion (AROM) of the craniocervical joint have revealed high reliability. However, the subjects in these studies were all healthy subjects. No study has yet been conducted to measure the inter-rater reliability for the AROM of the craniocervical joint in stroke patients. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-rater reliability of the AROM of the craniocervical joint using a smartphone. Methods: The participants included 21 subjects who had strokes (17 males and 4 females). Two raters evaluated six types of craniocervical AROM, including flexion, extension, lateral flexion to the hemiplegic side, lateral flexion to the non-hemiplegic side, rotation to the hemiplegic side, and rotation to the non-hemiplegic side, using a goniometer and a smartphone to investigate inter-rater reliability. The inter-rater reliability was analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: The inter-rater reliability of the smartphone was good for extension, lateral flexion to the hemiplegic side, lateral flexion to the non-hemiplegic side, and rotation to the hemiplegic side [ICC(2,k)=.86∼.88] and excellent for flexion [ICC(2,k)=.95]. The inter-rater reliability for rotation to the non-hemiplegic side was moderate [ICC(2,k)=.72]. Conclusion: These results suggest that the smartphone offers high inter-rater reliability for measurements of the craniocervical AROM in patients with stroke.

고방오리는 국내에 도래하는 주요 월동 조류이며, 고병원성 조류인플루엔자(HPAI)의 주요매개체로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 국내에서 월동하는 고방오리의 행동권과 서식지 이용을 파악하여 수조류 서식지 보호･관리에 필요한 자료를 제공하기 위하여 이루어졌다. 연구에 이용된 시료는 2015년 월동기에 Cannon-net을 이용하여 포획된 6개체이며, GPS-이동통신 시스템을 기반으로 하는 야생동물위치추적장치(WT-300)를 부착한 후 조사되었다. 행동권은 GIS용 SHP 파일과 ArcGIS 9.0 Animal Movement Extension을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 커널밀도측정법(Kernel Density Estimation : KDE)과 최소볼록다각형법 (Minimum Convex Polygon Method : MCP)을 이용하였다. 고방오리의 행동권은 최소볼록다각형법에 의해서 평균 677.3km²이었다. 커널밀도측정법(KDE)로는 평균 194.7km²(KDE 90%), 77.4km²(KDE 70%), 35.3km²(KDE 50%)로 나타났다. 서식지 이용은 해양수, 내륙습지와 같은 수계지역을 가장 많이 이용하는 것으로 나타났으며, 주간보다 야간에 농경지를 더 많이 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구를 통해 얻은 월동기 행동권과 서식지 이용률 등과 같은 결과는 종 보호와 서식지 관리 및 고병원성 조류 인플루엔자 발병 시 대응을 위한 자료로 널리 활용될 것이라 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching exercise and joint mobilization on ankle joint range of motion (ROM), plantar pressure, and balance in subjects with stroke. Thirty patients (n=30) were organized into three groups, each of which received different treatments: PNF stretching (n=10), joint mobilization (n=10), and joint mobilization and PNF stretching combined (n=10). Each group received three exercise sessions per week for four weeks. The ankle ROM was measured using a goniometer, and plantar pressure and balance ability were measured using BioResque static posturography. In comparison within each group, the joint mobilization group and the joint mobilization with PNF stretching group showed significant improvements in ankle ROM, plantar pressure, and balance ability (p<.05). In comparison between the groups, a statistically significant difference was found in SECS change between the PNF stretching group, joint mobilization group and the joint mobilization with PNF stretching group. This study found demonstrates that the joint mobilization and joint mobilization with the PNF stretching methods were effective in improving ankle ROM, plantar pressure, and balance ability in stroke patients.

Background: Alignment of the lower limb is an important factor, influencing balance and gait in kinematics and kinetics, in patients with and without a flat arched foot. Flat arched foot are associated with the range of motion (ROM) of the hip and alignments of the knee joints, is strongly influenced. Objects: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between hip joint ROM and quadriceps angle (Q-angle), by dividing them into two groups according to the presence or absence of flat feet, using a navicular drop test (NDT) and resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP). Methods: Forty elderly patients were allocated to the experimental group (flat foot group, n1=20) or the control group (non-flat group, n2=20). Universal and digital goniometer, tractograph and tape measure were used to determine the related changes in the hip ROM, Q-angle, NDT and RCSP. joint (right, r=.803, p<.001), (left, r=.951, p<.001) were highly correlated with NDT, and also, was moderately correlated with Q-angle (right, r=.562, p=.019), (left, r=.757, p<.001). Passive internal ROM of the hip joint (right, r=.742, p=.001), (left, r=.922, p<.001) were highly correlated with NDT, and also, was moderately correlated with RCSP (right, r=-.530, p=.029) and with Q-angle (right, r=.710, p=.001), (left, r=.698, p=.002) in the flat foot group. However, no strong correlation among the hip ROM, NDT, RCSP and Q-angle were found in the non-flat foot group. Conclusion: This research may provide evidence of the correlations between hip internal ROM and flat foot.

This study was conducted to develop an efficient high performance range hood and exhaust system for quickly discharging flue gas, smoke, and odor generated when food is cooked in the kitchen, and the following results were obtained. Reverse current rate of 1.53 m/s of the range exhaust system was improved to achieve the inlet speed of 0.3 m/s or less. An efficient range system was constructed by improving the hood exhaust flow by 5.6 m/s at the existing 4.5 m/s.

최근 국제적으로 각 나라의 종 보존 (Species conservation) 및 생태계 보호에 대한 개념이 확대되면서 자국의 본토종의 보호 및 외래종의 교란에 대한 다양한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으며, 특히 생태계 교란생물종(동물, 식물 등)은 국가에서 지정하여 이들에 대한 퇴치방안을 강구하고 있다. 정부차원에서는 위해 가능성을 내포하고 있는 종을 ‘생태계 위해 외래생물’(자연환경보전법 제 2조 제 18호)로 지정･고시하고 있다. 현재, 우리나라의 인공호 및 하천(하천/강)에서 블루길(Lepomis macrochirus) 등의 외래어종은 광범위하게 분포하며, 엄청난 속도로 확산되고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 외래어 종이 무분별하게 수체내로 유입되면서 생태계와 토착생물에 대한 교란이 발생하고 있으며, 이에 대한 관리방안 모색이 현재 이루어지고 있어 각종 지자체 차원에서도 관리방안이 시급히 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 따라 금강 수계 전체 지점에 대해 수온(Water Temperature; T), 수소이온농도(pH), 용존 산소량(Dissolved Oxygen; DO), 생화학적 산소 요구량(Biochemical Oxygen Demand; BOD), 화학적 산소 요구량(Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD), 전기전도도(Electric Conductivity; EC), 총 부유물질량(Total Suspended Solid; TSS), 총 인(Total Phosphorus; TP), 용존 총 인(Total Dissolved Phosphorus; TDP), 인산염 인(PO4-P), 총 질소 (Total Nitrogen; TN), 용존 총 질소(Total Dissolved Nitrogen; TDN), 암모니아성 질소(NH4-N), 질산성 질소(NO3-N), 엽록소-a(Chllorophyll-a; CHL), 총 유기 탄소량(Total Organic Carbon; TOC) 16개 항목을 활용하여 금강 수계의 수질 범위를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 금강 수계에 위치하는 모든 지점의 이화학적 수질 특성 범위를 분석한 뒤, 블루길이 존재하는 지점에서의 이화학적 수질 특성을 분석하여 블루길의 내성도 특성 범위를 파악하기 위해 수행하였다.

전 세계에서 외래 동, 식물의 이입 및 정착으로 인한 토착종이 위협을 받고 있고 이로 인한 생태계 교란이 발생하고 있다. 국내에서도 외래 동, 식물로 인한 경제적, 환경적 피해가 발생하고 있다. 이러한 피해를 예방하고 관리하기 위해 환경부에서는 생태계교란 생물을 지정하여 관리하고 있다. 이중 수생태계에 대해서는 외래어종인 큰입배스 (Micropterus salmoidees), 블루길(Lepomis macrochirus), 나일틸리피아(Oreochromis niloticus) 등 45종을 생태계교 란 생물로 분류되었다. 본 연구는 이러한 생태계교란 어종의 이입을 최소화시키며 이입될 가능성이 있는 종에 대하여 정착 가능성을 알아볼 수 있는 기준 개발을 위해 진행되었다. 2010년~2013년까지 갑천 수계에서 큰입배스가 서식하는 지역의 TP(Total phosphorus, 총인), TN(Total nitrate, 총질소), BOD(Biochemical oxygen demand, 생화학적 산 소요구량), COD(Chemical oxygen demand, 화학적 산소요 구량), EC(Electric conductivity, 전기전도도), TSS(Total suspended solid, 총 부유물질)의 6가지 수질 변수를 분석하여 서식 범위를 알아보았다. 또한, 수질 변수와 큰입배스의 상대풍부도에 대한 회귀분석을 통해 둘 사이의 상관도를 분석하였다. 선행 연구에 따르면 갑천 수계에서 2010 년~2013년 사이에 구조적 변화로 인해 유속이 느려졌고 정수성 어종인 큰입배스가 출현하게 된 것으로 예측된다. 따라서 본 연구에서 다루지 못한 물리적 변수에 대한 연구가 추가적으로 이루어져야 할 것으로 보이고 이를 화학적, 생물학적 변수들과 더불어서 큰입배스뿐만 아니라 향후 이입 가능성이 있는 외래 어종에 대한 평가 모델 개발로 이어져야 한다.