본 연구의 목적은 문화간 감수성 함양을 위해 설계된 대학 중국문화수업에 적합한 검사도구를 제안하고자 Rasch의 평정척도모형을 사용하여 양호한 문항을 선별하고 이 문항들로만 구성된 단축판을 구성하는데 있다. 이를 위해 대학생 225명의 응답자료를 분석하여, 응답범주의 적절성, 문항의 내․외적합도, 문항난이도, 피험자 능력 분포 등을 분석하였다. 연구결과, 응답범주는 5점 척도보다 4점 척도로 일 때, 문항 및 피험자 분리지수, 검사 신뢰도가 가장 높았으며, 문항난이도 분포 및 피험자 능력 분포가 적합하였다. 범주확률곡선 분석에서도 응답범주별 경계점수의 차이가 뚜렷하였다. 최종문항 선정과정에서 과적합보다 부적합 문항을 우선 삭제하였으며 해당 문항의 난이도가 그 영역의 다른 문항에 의해 측정되지 않는 문항을 재검토하였다. 최종적으로 선정된 18문항을 대상으로 단축판을 구성하였고 문항난이도를 고려하여 문항의 순서를 재배열하였다. 끝으로 단축판 검사의 활용방안과 본 연구의 제한점을 제시하였다.

목적 : 본 연구는 라쉬모델을 적용하여 아동 및 청소년을 위한 참여와 환경평가(Participation and Environment Measure-Children and Youth; PEM-CY)의 평정척도를 개발하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 5~13세 비장애 및 장애 아동을 양육하는 부모 184명을 대상으로 PEM-CY의 자료를 수집하 였다. 원자료는 라쉬모델을 적용하여 PEM-CY의 가정, 학교 및 지역사회 영역 척도(참여빈도, 몰입도, 환경적 촉진/방해요인)에 대한 평정척도 분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : 참여빈도 7점 척도는 가정 영역에서 3점 척도, 학교 및 지역사회 영역에서 4점 척도가 적합하였다. 몰입도 5점 척도는 가정, 학교 및 지역사회 영역 모두 3점 척도가 적합하였다. 환경적 촉진/방해요인 3점 척도는 모든 영역에서 적합한 것으로 분석되었으나, 4점 척도는 학교 영역에서만 적합하였으며, 가정 및 지역사회 영역에서는 3점 척도가 적합한 것으로 분석되었다. 결론 : 라쉬모델을 적용하여 PEM-CY의 영역별 측정 변수에 따른 평정척도를 개발하였다. 새롭게 개발한 PEM-CY의 평정척도가 평가 과정에서 유용하게 적용되길 기대하며, 향후에는 다양한 대상자 및 인구학적 특성을 고려하여 활동참여 양상 및 환경적 촉진/방해 요인에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

Background: To improve muscle flexibility, static stretch is the most common type and is considered safe and effective for improving overall flexibility of muscles. During the stretch, the intensity is more likely to be determined by the degree of an athlete’s pain and practitioner’s skills rather than quantitative measures of stretch. It is necessary to determine the optimal intensity for the stretch. Objects: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between hand held dynamometer (HHD) and verbal rating scale (VRS) in comparison of the effects of continuance time on active (walking) and inactive (sitting) movement after static stretch. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample (n=62) recruited from a university. Participants were randomly assigned to 2 different groups (n=31 for each group) based on participants’ positions either remaining in sitting or freely walking around for a series of re-assessments. Data was collected at pre-warm up, pre-stretch, post-stretch, and additional assessments at the time of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after the stretch. Results: Relationship between VRS and HHD scores represents very weak correlation (Spearman’s p=-.16, p>.05). Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted following the logarithmic transformation of the two scores. Pearson’s correlation after the transformation still showed a very low relationship and a poor linear relationship between the two scores (Pearson’s r=-.18, p>.05). Conclusion: The optimal intensity for stretch cannot be solely determined by the subjective pain perception. The objective measurement such as HHD could be used in conjunction with the pain perception.

This study examines how native English speaking (NES) and Korean non-native English speaking (KNES) teachers assess L2 writing performance. More specifically, this study aims to investigate whether these two groups of raters evaluate writing samples differently when using different rating scales (holistic vs. analytic) and different task types (narrative vs. argumentative). Four NES and four KNES raters evaluated 78 narrative and 78 argumentative essays written by Korean EFL university students using both holistic and analytic rating rubrics. The comparison between the two rater groups indicated that the scores given by the two groups were statistically significantly different for both holistic and analytic ratings regardless of the two task types investigated. Overall, KNES teachers rated the essays more harshly than their NES counterparts, irrespective of task type and rating scale. Multiple regression analysis of five analytic sub-criteria revealed that the two rater groups demonstrated similar patterns in assessing argumentative essays, while for narrative essays, the relative influence of each analytic sub-criterion on overall writing quality differed for the two rater groups. Implications for L2 writing assessment are included.

This study examined the effects of environmental factors on the abundance of black pine bast scale (BPBS), Matsucoccus thunbergianae Miller and Park, in coastal disaster prevention forest stands composed mostly of Japanese black pine. Geographical factors, soil conditions and forest stand conditions were measured to evaluate the hazard rating for the occurrence of BPBS from 35 plots in the coastal forest stands. To assess the hazard rating, a combination of a self-organizing map (SOM), which classified the samples according to their characteristics, and a random forest model, which predicted the probability of the occurrence of BPBS from SOM results, was used in this study. Our results showed that major factors determining the abundance of BPBS were climate, tree size, and tree health. BPBS was more common in low latitude coastal forests, suggesting that warmer conditions were favorable to BPBS population buildup. Tree size also influenced the abundance of BPBS, which was higher in forests composed of larger trees (greater DBH). Finally, BPBS was also more abundant in areas with high soil salinity and clay-loam soil, and north-facing slopes where tree vigor was lower.

As writing skill is considered important in globalised societies nowadays, the skill is taught and assessed in English classrooms in Korea. As for assessment, however, there are no authoritative rating schemes suggested for classroom testing contexts. Given this lack, this study investigates the applicability of one of the existing scales, the FCE rating scale for writing assessment, to Korean high school contexts through both theoretical considerations and an empirical study. From both the theoretical perspectives and the empirical study, in which three English teachers at Korean high schools were asked to assess 6 writing samples using the FCE scale and to do think-aloud during the assessment, it was found that the FCE scale in this context tends to cause problems for the validity of the assessment. It was, therefore, concluded that, for the sake of validity, this kind of scale cannot be applied to the context for which it was not developed, and that there is a need to develop a rating scale, taking into account the characteristics of test-takers, raters and assessment context in question.

Surface of slope have occurred necessarily in regard to constructing road in South Korea which consist of 70% of mountain. Recently, large cut slope's formation increase because of increasing construction of the wide width road. therefore, the importance of maintenance have risen because the bigger scale of slope, the higher risk of collapse and damage increase. Korea Government have designated the large scaled cut slope to manage the slope which have the length of over 200 meters and the height of over 50 meters in accordance with 「Special law regarding facility safety management」. In this study, of the total number of 146's large scaled cut slope which is located at general national road in south korea, the slope dropped safety grade according to time flow was classified as joint, crushing and weak rock slope. moreover, weakness factors which influence the falling down safety grade were analyzed defending on the kind of rocks.