The Consumer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) literature has, in recent years, introduced various CBBE models and measurement scales. This study aims to compare the external validity of the two prominent CBBE models in the fashion retail industry; those introduced by Yoo and Donthu (2011) based on Aaker (1991)’s CBBE concept and Nam et al. (2011). In order to make this comparison, the study collected data from 285 respondents in Turkey. Research findings show that Nam et al.’s (2011) CBBE model is, in the fashion industry context, the more reliable and valid. When the concept of “brand awareness” is included in this model, the psychometric properties of the model are improved.

Questionnaires are an important source of data in marketing research. Unfortunately, survey data is often confounded by response styles such as acquiescence response style, disacquiescence response style, extreme response style and midpoint response style. Researchers can use different rating scale formats, which basically differ on two major dimensions, namely Polarity (unipolar versus bipolar) and Anchoring (only positive numbers or negative and positive numbers). To investigate which scale format performs best in terms of minimizing different response styles, we set up an experiment in which we manipulate Polarity and Anchoring. An online survey (N=337) shows strong effects of Polarity and Anchoring on response distributions and provides evidence for the superiority of the unipolar scale format with positive anchors.

We investigated the distribution of asbestos in Seoul for 16 school buildings built before and after 1990, includingkindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools and high schools. The risk assessment standards of AHERA,HSE and ASTM were reviewed and a comparative analysis of assessment standards was conducted in schoolbuildings. For the risk assessment of 16 schools, 170 samples were selected, each of which was assessed usingstandards of AHERA, HSE and ASTM. The school buildings included the ACM (asbestos containing materials)ranged 3-4% of chrysotile and 1-3% of amosite in classroom ceilings and has 7-8% chrysotile in partitions of studenttoilets. The airborne concentrations of fiber materials were ranged with 0.002-0.022 fiber/cc in school buildingsby PCM. In this study, a simplified rating scale was used three categories of Good, Damaged and SignificantlyDamaged. In the result of comparative analysis for the risk assessment criteria, it was found that 113 samples, 132samples and 82 samples were classified as Good when assessed by AHERA, HSE and ASTM, respectively; and46 samples, 29 samples and 53 samples as Damaged, respectively; and 12 samples, 8 samples and 34 samples asSignificantly Damaged, respectively. From the distribution of asbestos and the comparative analysis for the riskassessment criteria, the management plan and new risk assessment were made based on the Korea backgroundshould be established to control asbestos exposure to students from damaged ACM and will be revealed that theassessment for the current condition and potential for disturbance on asbestos in school buildings.

I present a simple scheme for the treatment of gravitational interactions on galactic scales. In anal- ogy with known mechanisms of quantum field theory, I assume ad hoc that gravitation is mediated by virtual exchange particles – gravitons – with very small but non-zero masses. The resulting den- sity and mass profiles are proportional to the mass of the gravitating body. The mass profile scales with the centripetal acceleration experienced by a test particle orbiting the central mass, but this comes at the cost of postulating a universal characteristic acceleration a0 ≈ 4.3 × 10−12msec−2 (or 8πa0 ≈ 1.1×10−10msec−2). The scheme predicts the asymptotic flattening of galactic rotation curves, the Tully-Fisher/Faber-Jackson relations, the mass discrepancy–acceleration relation of galaxies, the surface brightness–acceleration relation of galaxies, the kinematics of galaxy clusters, and “Renzo’s rule” correctly; additional (dark) mass components are not required. Given that it is based on various ad-hoc assumptions and given further limitations, the scheme I present is not yet a consistent theory of gravitation; rather, it is a “toy model” providing a convenient scaling law that simplifies the description of gravity on galactic scales.

Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii and Gryon japonicum (Ashmead), egg parasitoids of Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius), coexist despite direct competition for host eggs. As asymmetrical pattern of seasonal occurrence, i.e., more G. japonicum during spring-summer and more O. nezarae during summer-fall, has been reported, host resource partitioning may occur in temporal scales. To test this hypothesis, we demonstrated the interspecific competition between the two species by measuring parasitism in nine combinations of host densities and exposure times. To reflect gregarious-solitary dichotomy, three O. nezarae and one G. japonicum mated females were used in each experiment. O. nezarae was better competitor when exposure time was longer than 1 day irrespective of host densities. Parasitism rate and progeny emergence of O. nezarae was 1.6-2.8 and 4.7-7.3 times higher than G. japonicum. O. nezarae has higher potential rate of increase than G. japonicum due to gregariousness, and be more successful in larval competition inside multiparasitized host egg as it acts as a facultative hyperparasitoid. Although G. japonicum was more effective in host finding (as they showed relatively higher per capita parasitism and progeny emergence), their progeny suffered high mortality from the larval competition with O. nezarae. These results may explain the asymmetrical occurrence pattern in the field.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between MMPI(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) scale and safety and health related indices in the shipbuilding workmen. The MMPI scores of the 230 shipbuilding workmen applicants and their performance records regarding safety and health were analyzed through t-test and one-way ANOVA to obtain the following results; (1) applicants intended to show the positive characteristics of their personality, and this attitude reflected a decrease on T-scores of MMPI; (2) there were significant relationships between some MMPI subscales and safety & health related indices. These results can be used to provide baseline information for more effective accident prevention programs.

Two species of the genus Andaspis, Andaspis crawii (Cockerell) and Andaspis kashicola (Takahashi) are newly recorded in the Korean fauna of armored scales (Diaspididae). A key to species of Andaspis, illustrative photographs and information on the distribution and hosts of each species, are also provided to identify the specimens of Andaspis collected in Korea.

Although DNA barcode coverage has grown rapidly for many insect orders, there are some groups, such as scale insects, where sequence recovery has been difficult. However, using a recently developed primer set, we recovered barcode records from 373 specimens, providing coverage for 75 species from 31 genera in two families. Overall success was >90% for mealybugs and >80% for armored scale species. The G·C content was very low in most species, averaging just 16.3%. Sequence divergences (K2P) between congeneric species averaged 10.7%, while intraspecific divergences averaged 0.97%. However, the latter value was inflated by high intra-specific divergence in nine taxa, cases that may indicate species overlooked by current taxonomic treatments. Our study establishes the feasibility of developing a comprehensive barcode library for scale insects and indicates that its construction will both create an effective system for identifying scale insects and reveal taxonomic situations worthy of deeper analysis.

경관설계는 환경의 문화적, 생태적, 인위적인 요소들을 고려한 물리적 변화를 통해 외부공간을 창조하는 일련의 과정이라 할 수 있다. 경관에 관한 지속적인 연구가 조경분야에서 이루어져 오면서, 설계와의 연관성 또한 중요하게 자리매김 하였다.하지만 경관설계 과정에서 많은 요소들의 생태적·사회적 가치에 높은 비중이 실려 반영되어온 반면, 다양한 미적경험 및개념에 올바른 이해와 이들을 측정하는 기준 및 척도에 관한 부분은 체계적으로 고찰되지 못한 점 또한 주목해야할 부분이다.본 연구의 목적은 환경미학 이론과 척도들에 관한 고찰을 통해 경관설계의 이론적 근거와 기초자료를 구축하는데 있다.이를 위해 인지요소와 감정요소의 특성을 고찰하고 각 요소들 간의 상호관계를 측정하는 심리학적 척도를 이용하여 물리적환경과 인간의 경험과 행위의 상관관계에 대해 분석하였다. 인간이 환경을 지각하는 과정에서 발생하는 시각 자원에 대한평가와 감정의 동요는 환경의 미적 질을 측정하는 골자이며, 궁극적으로는 행태에 영향을 미치기도 한다. 이용자와 방문객들의장소에 대한 선호도와 보다 나은 행태를 유발하기 위해서 설계자나 연구자들이 숙지해야 할 사항이기도 하다.이는 또한 경관설계에 관한 연구가 생태적 지속가능성과 기능적인 측면에 주안점을 두며 발생하는 문제점, 즉 환경의보전과 인간에게 활동공간의 제공이라는 두 가지 욕구를 동시에 충족시켜줘야 한다는 패러독스를 해결하기위한 초석이기도하다.현대 경관설계는 외부공간의 질 향상과 생태적·사회적 기능제공의 기회를 부여하기 위해 노력하고 있으며, 그 과정에 발생하는갈등의 해소를 위해 학제 간 연구 등 다양한 접근방법을 시도하고 있다. 그런 점에 착안할 때, 설계가와 연구자들은 환경의미적 질과 이용자 경험이나 반응과의 상관관계가 개인의 삶의 질이나 웰빙 등의 생태적·사회적 가치, 인간의 행태, 나아가도시 재건 등에 까지 영향을 미치는 점을 인식하여야 할 것이다.

This study is examine the scales applied to buildings in the age of Unified Silla through construction sites excavated and its results are as follows; First, scales used in the age of Unified Silla were varied like Jucheok, Dangcheok and Hancheok, but it was generally accepted that Dangcheok was used in Yeongjocheok Since it was found that the scales applied to Dabotap at the Bulguksa temple and main building of the Gameunsa temple belonged to Goguryeo, Yeongjocheok scale used early in the age of Unified Silla was transitional and it was thought that Goguryeocheok and Dangcheok were used togethar. Second, according to actual rulers in Korea, china and Japan, the length of Dangcheok(ruler used in Chinese Tang era) mostly belonged to the extent of $29.25cm\;{\sim}\;30.5cm$(central value: 29,71cm). Third, plane features of main building of temple are assumed that it had five rooms in front compartment until the 7th century and then it was diversified to three, five and seven compartment. The size of compartment was same in the scale of front Eokan and Hyeopkan until late 7th century, but since then the dimension of Eokan tended to be wider than Hyeopkan. It was judged that the front Eokan used triple scales like 9, 12, 15, 18 cheok. Fourth, the length of residential structures was 17.5cheok${\sim}$36cheok and Bcheok was commonly used for front side of structure, The length of official structures was 8.4cheok${\sim}$36.3cheok which is similar to residential structures. However it has been confirmed that each of 9cheok, 12cheok, and 15cheok has been used for Eokan and Hyeopkan which gave presumption that triple scales was used for the measure.

The purpose of this preliminary study was to develop a measurement for assessing risk factors for falling in community-dwelling elderly persons. Rasch analysis and principal component analysis were performed to examine whether items on the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC), assessing self-efficacy, and items on the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), assessing balance function, contribute jointly to a unidimensional construct in the elderly. A total of 35 elderly persons (4 men, 31 women) participated. In this study, each item of ABC (16 items) and BBS (14 items) was scored on a 5-point ordinal rating scale from 0 to 4. The initial Rasch and principal component analysis indicated that 3 of the ABC items and 2 of the BBS items were misfit for this study. These 5 items were excluded from further study. After combining ABC and BBS, Rasch and principal component analyses were examined and finally 23 items selected; 12 items from ABC, 11 items from BBS. The 23 combined ABC-BBC items were arranged in order of difficulty. The hardest item was 'walk outside on icy sidewalks' and the easiest item was 'pivot transfer'. Although structural calibration of each 5 rating scale categories was not ordered, the other three essential criteria of Linacre's optimal rating scale were satisfied. Overall, the ABC-BBS showed sound item psychometric properties. Each of the 5 rating scale categories appeared to distinctly identify subjects at different ability levels. The findings of this study support that the new ABC-BBS scale measure balance function and self-efficacy. It will be a clinically useful assessment of risk factors for falling in the elderly. However, the number of subjects was too small to generalize our results. Further study is needed to develop a new assessment considering more risk factors of falling in elderly.

칼라 이미지 스케일은 칼라 전문가들의 지식에 의해 획득되고, 형용사와 대응되는 칼라(들)을 선택하기 위해 동일한 형용사 이미지 스케일들에서 형용사들과 칼라를 표현한다. 이들은 이미지 스케일을 얻기 위한 실험과 통계분석의 어려움 때문에 일반적으로, 단지 제한된 수의 칼라들만이 이미지 스케일에 위치한다. 이는 칼라를 선택하는 과정을 비전문가에게 어렵게 만든다. 본 논문에서는 이미지 스케일에 따라 연속적인 칼라를 제공하는 퍼지 K-근접 이웃 보간 방법에 기초를 둔 칼라 이미지 스케일의 보간 방법을 제안한다. 실험의 결과들은 보간된 이미지 스케일은 칼라 선택 과정에 있어 실용적으로 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이라 본다.