지역과 범죄의 관계를 실증적으로 연구하기 위해 서울지역을 대상으로 공식통계를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 서울시에서 발생한 형법범죄 발생 건수와 범죄율은 지난 12년간 약간 증가하였다. 서울시를 구성하는 25 개 구청간 형법범죄 발생률 차이는 2004-2015년까지 상당히 안정적으로 유지되었다. 서울시에서 발생한 강력범죄인 살인, 강도, 강간/성폭력의 발생률을 분석한 결과, 서울시에서 2004-2015년 기간에 발생한 살인율은 증가했다가 감소하는 추세이다. 살인율이 높은 구가 낮은 구보다 더 안정적으로 순위를 유지하는 것으로 보인다. 강도율은 2004-2015년 기간에 1/4 수준으로 감소하였다. 강도율은 지역간 차이가 크고 순위가 비교적 안정적으로 유지되고 있다. 강간/성폭력률은 2004-2015년 기간에 꾸준히 증가하였다. 강간/성폭력률은 살인율과 강도율에 비해 지역간 차이가 더 크고 순위가 더 안정적으로 유지되고 있다.

To determine the contents of sodium and potassium in side dishes, 92 samples from 22 different kinds of side dishes that can be classified into 3 groups were collected in Seoul area and analysed using ICP-OES. The highest sodium content was detected in pepper doenjang muchim, while potassium content was the highest in kong jorim. When comparing the content of sodium and potassium in 3 groups, namely namul, muchim, and jorim, the sodium content of namul group was significantly different from those of jorim and muchim (p-value < 0.05). Sodium intake per serving size was the highest in parae muchim among the samples as estimated to 20.2% of WHO recommendation that is 2,000 mg/day. The amount of sodium by simultaneously intake of soybean sprouts namul, anchovy jorim and parae muchim per one serving size was estimated to 1,000 mg. The potassim/sodium ratios of spinach namul and kong jorim were 1.70 and 0.81, respectively, while that of bracken namul was very low as about 0.1. Foodborne pathogens were not detected out of 92 side dishes.

This article examined the current state of Chinese education in Korean elementary schools. First of all, we surveyed Chinese education in elementary schools by dividing the types of Chinese curriculum into two categories: the regular and after-school courses. This study also analyzed the current situation of Chinese education by surveying Chinese teachers of the elementary schools in Seoul and collecting qualitative data of the curriculum time, objectives, and quantity of the Chinese education, class types, and the ratio of native Chinese speaking teachers. Overall, the results showed that the elementary students in Seoul really want to learn Chinese, but the educational environment lacks sufficient capacity and quality needed to meet the student demands. A lack of resources is demonstrated by a lack of class time and multimedia materials. The typical teaching method suffers from an absence of native Chinese speaking teachers. The frustration that comes with insufficient resources eventually leads students to lose interest in studying Chinese as their satisfaction levels become low. This lack of dedicated resources tends to discourage future Chinese language study.

The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in nutritional knowledge and food preferences according to foodrelated lifestyle among 400 married women. Using the K-average clustering method, food-related lifestyles of subjects were categorized into three clusters: rational and diversity-oriented group, convenience-oriented group, and health-oriented group. The nutritional knowledge level and food preferences among three clusters were compared to each other using ANOVA test. The findings were summarized as follows: For the nutritional knowledge level, health-oriented group showed the highest mean score, whereas the lowest score was detected in the convenience-oriented group. The convenienceoriented group showed higher preferences for fish, meat, eggs, fruits, milk/dairy products, seaweed, grains, etc. among natural food than the other groups. Meanwhile, the rational and diversity-oriented group preferred legumes, and green vegetables, whereas the health-oriented group showed preferences for other vegetables. However, the convenience-oriented group reported more preferences for breads, noodles, pancakes, fried/stir-fried food, and processed food such as sausage, ham, and fast food, This study found that nutritional knowledge level and food preferences were significantly different according to food-related lifestyles of married women living in Seoul and Gyonggie areas. Thus, it is suggested that nutritional education targeting married women needs to be carefully designed by considering their food-related lifestyle.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between children’s dietary self-efficacy, general characteristics and mother’s parenting self-efficacy among elementary school students. Mother’s parenting self-efficacy was significantly higher as parents’ educational levels increased (p<0.001), as family monthly income level increased (p<0.001), and when father’s job was professional or managing work (p<0.001). Children’s dietary self-efficacy was meaningfully higher when parents’ educational levels were higher (p<0.01), and family income level was higher (p<0.01). Mother’s parenting selfefficacy showed a correlation with children’s dietary self-efficacy (p<0.001). All factors comprising parenting self-efficacy, such as ‘general parenting self-efficacy’ (p<0.001), ‘healthy parenting self-efficacy’ (p<0.001), ‘communication parenting self-efficacy’ (p<0.001), ‘educational parenting self-efficacy’ (p<0.001), and ‘control parenting self-efficacy’ (p<0.001) showed correlation with children’s dietary self-efficacy. It is suggested that in order to improve children’s dietary self-efficacy and mothers’ parenting self-efficacy, families, schools, and communities must put forth a concerted effort. By complementing existing nutritional programs focusing on nutritional knowledge, one can develop a education program and social support to enhance children’s dietary self-efficacy and mothers’ parenting self-efficacy.

수도권 지역의 고해상도 수치실험에 있어 연직 해상도와 대기경계층 모수화 방안의 효과를 조사하였다. WRF 모델을 이용하여 2013년 10월 25일 0000 UTC 부터 10월 26일 0000 UTC까지 수치 적분을 수행하였다. 수치 결과는 서울 남부에 위치한 선릉지역에서 관측된 6시간 간격의 라디오존데 자료와 서울지역의 43개 자동 기상 관측소 자료를 이용하여 검증하였다. 대기 하층의 연직해상도 비교 실험은 연직 44, 50, 60개의 층으로 구성되었으며, 특히 약 2 km 고도 이하의 층을 세분화하였다. 연직 해상도가 가장 높은 60개층 실험에서 대기경계층 고도의 일 변동이 가장 뚜렷하 게 나타났고, 특히 산악 지형과 같은 고지대에서는 대기경계층 고도와 10 m 바람장에서 연직해상도 실험 별 차이가 크 게 나타났다. WRF 모델 내 ACM2, YSU, MYJ 대기경계층 모수화 방안에 따른 온도의 민감도 실험에서는 모든 실험 수행 시간대에서 수치 모델 결과가 라디오존데 관측에 비교하여 온도를 과소 모의하였다. 지상 온도는 YSU 방안과 ACM2 방안이 MYJ 방안에 비해 상대적으로 편차가 낮게 나타났다.

인간에 의해서 의도적 혹은 비의도적으로 많은 외래종이 자연적 지리 범위 밖으로 이동되고 있다. 외래종의 생태계 침입은 주로 자생종을 절멸시킴으로써 생태계의 구성원인 생물들에게 커다란 위협이 되고 있다. 외래종 문제는 지구 글로벌 시기에 있어 가장 크게 생태계에 인간이 미치는 영 향이 되어 왔다. 최근에 인간 활동은 많은 종들을 대륙과 해양을 가로 질러 이동시켜왔다. 호주의 케인두꺼비(cane toad), 미국의 얼룩무늬 홍합은 우리나라의 황소개구리와 더불어 유명한 사건이다. 외래종 침입에 대한 경제적인 영 향은 세계 각국에서 방역법을 만들어 비의도적인 도입을 줄이려고 노력하는 이유 중의 하나이다. 이러한 외래종과 더불어 기생하는 병원균의 도입, 토착종의 멸종, 산림생태 계와 농작물에 미치는 위해성 등은 외래종이 야기하는 문제 들이다(Krebs 2009). 세계 각 국은 외래종의 목록을 만들기 시작하였고 외래종을 관리하기 위하여 많은 연구 투자와 관리를 수행하고 있다. 우리나라의 경우, 환경부에서 외래 종을 관리하기 위해서 법제를 제정하고 목록을 만들어 관리 하고 있으나 외래종 침입부터 현 생태학적 상태에 대한 생 태학적 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 우리나라 대부분의 연구는 여러 생태계에서 외래종 목록을 기록하는 것이 대부분이다. 외래종의 좋고 나쁨을 판단하려면 외래종이 해를 입히는 정도를 파악하여야만 한다. 그리고 외래종에 대해서 생태학 적인 상황과 토착생태계에 미치는 영향을 연구하여야 한다. 환경부에 따르면 우리나라 외래생물은 총 1,109종으로서 이중 식물이 309종이나 된다(국립환경과학원, 2015). 생태 계교란생물은 환경부 생물다양성 보전 및 이용에 관한 법률 제23조에 따른 위해성평가 결과 생태계 등에 미치는 위해가 큰 것으로 판단되는 생물종을 말한다. 위해성 평가의 기준 이 되는 요소는 첫째, 외래생물 중 생태계의 균형을 교란하 거나 교란할 우려가 있는 생물, 둘째, 외래생물에 해당하지 아니하는 생물 중 특정 지역에서 생태계의 균형을 교란하거 나 교란할 우려가 있는 생물, 셋째, 유전자의 변형을 통하여 생산된 유전자변형생물체 중 생태계의 균형을 교란하거나 교란할 우려가 있는 생물이다. 환경부는 위해외래생물 중 18종을 생태계교란생물로 지정하였는데 이중 식물은 12종 에 해당한다. 외래종의 생태계 침입은 주로 자생종을 절멸 시킴으로써 생태계의 구성원인 생물들에게 커다란 위협이 되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 수도권 내 생태계의 균형을 교란하거나 교란할 우려가 있는 생태계 교란식물의 분포 현황 등을 파 악하여 피해가 우려되는 지역을 선정하여 우선적으로 제거 하는 등 체계적인 교란식물 관리를 통하여 생태계 보전 및 생물다양성에 기여하는 것이다. 국내 문헌 DB중에서 과학 관련 DB인 KISS등을 활용하여 수도권 내 생태계 교란식물 분포 현황, 확산 및 피해 현황을 파악한 후 생태계교란식물 에 대한 연구를 수행한 환경부(자연정책과, 환경유역청, 원 주지방청 등)와 생태계교란식물 제거 사업을 진행하고 있는 지자체의 자료를 수집하여 분포 현황, 확산 및 피해현황을 조사하고 위의 결과에 따라 주요 지점을 16곳 선정하여 GPS 위치, 행정구역, 조사면적, 우점종, 생태계교란식물의 면적 등 생태학적 기초 사항을 기록하였다. 또한 16곳 수변 구역 조사 지점을 중심으로 침입경로를 고려하여 주변 특정 생태지역도 조사하였다. 식생조사결과, 55과 190종이 발견되었다. 출현한 총 군 락 수는 46개였다. 식물군락으로 조사된 생태계교란식물은 가시박, 가시상추, 단풍잎돼지풀, 돼지풀, 서양등골나물이 었다. 생태계교란식물 중에서 가장 많은 장소에서 출현한 식물은 단풍잎돼지풀이었다. 토착식물 중에서 가장 많은 장 소에서 출현한 식물은 갈대와 달뿌리풀이었다. 외래식물로 서 군락으로 기록된 식물종은 가죽나무, 개망초, 달맞이꽃, 돼지풀, 뚱딴지, 망초, 빕새귀리, 아까시나무, 족제비싸리, 좀명아주, 콩다닥냉이, 큰금계국, 큰김의털, 토끼풀, 흰명아주이었다. 조사지점에서 나타난 생태계교란식물의 분포 면 적은 식생도에서 표기되지 않은 정도로 작은 면적에서부터 시작하여 단풍잎돼지풀의 경우, 214 m2에서 8,323 m2에 이 르렀다. 생태계교란식물의 지자체별 밀도를 등급화하기 위해서 밀도 지표를 피도로 선택하였다. 밀도의 개념은 생태학에서 단위면적당 개체수이지만 식물의 개체수를 지상에서 기록 하는 것은 식물 개체의 기준 문제가 있어서 불가능한 일이 다. 따라서, 식생조사시 방형구를 설치할 때 방형구 면적을 기준으로 하여 식물이 차지하는 면적을 측정하는 피도 (cover)를 밀도의 지표로 사용하였다. 표 1에서 볼 수 있듯 이 모든 조사지점에서 12종의 생태계교란식물이 출현한 것 이 아니기 때문에 해당 식물에 대한 평균 피도라고 하기는 어렵다. 다만 단풍잎돼지풀의 경우 모든 지자체에서 출현하 였기 때문에 한강 이남의 지자체에서는 단풍잎돼지풀이 발 견되는 장소에서느 42.55%의 피도를 차지한다고 추정할 수 있다. 단풍잎돼지풀의 피도가 50%이상인 지자체는 광주시, 안산시, 안양시 등이었다.

Despite expansion of the mulnaengmyeon market, there have been no studies on consumers’ attitudes towards mulnaengmyeon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usage and consumption patterns for mulnaengmyeon among adults in the Seoul metropolitan area of Korea. A survey including demo- and socio-graphics, general mulnaengmyeon usage, and consumption questions was tested on 210 consumers. The results of the survey showed that the majority of consumers consumed mulnaengmyeon more frequently during summer. Although the instant mulnaengmyeon market has rapidly increased, it was found that mulnaengmyeon is a food that is generally consumed in restaurants. In addition, mulnaengmyeon usage and consumption patterns significantly differed according to consumer age, whereas there was no difference observed according to parent’s or grandparent’s hometown of origin. Older consumers were observed to consume and purchase mulnaengmyeon as well as instant mulnaengmyeon more often than young consumers. Also, older consumers were shown to consider “health” related factors as more important when selecting mulnaengmyeon, whereas young consumers considered “price” related factors to be more important.

Species diversity of ant fauna inhabiting the university campus in the Seoul Metropolitan city, Hanyang University is documented in this investigation. Totally, 14 species of 8 genera belong to 3 subfamilies discovered in study area. Our results are compared with the previous works on ant fauna in the forest and urban habitats based on species number difference. In study area, site 12 and 13 contain wide forest area and diverse environmental elements such as rotten wood, leaf mold and group of living tree. Site 7 has small forest area, but show wide variety of environments like site 12 and 13. Urbanized region like site 8, 10 or area in construction like site 1 show the most lowest diversity. Aside from diversity, Four ant species, Paratrechina flavipes, Lasius spp., Camponotus japonicas, Tetramorium caespitum, appear at almost all habitat, seems to have strong tolerance to environmental change.

This study examined the preparations carried out to establish indoor garden areas in Seoul metropolitan subway stations and in 5 other metropolitan cities subway stations in order to present findings on how these preparations might be improved. The preparation ratio for indoor garden areas among Seoul metropolitan subway stations was 6.9%, 38 places, and the ratio overall for 5 metropolitan cities was 21.6%, 54 places. Among the 5 metropolitan cities, the ratio was 26.7% in Busan metropolitan city, 20.0% in Gwangju metropolitan city, 11.6% in Daegu metropolitan city, 18.2% in Daejeon metropolitan city, and 10.3% in Incheon metropolitan city. With regard to the results comparing the decoration ratio with natural flowers and artificial flowers among the prepared stations with indoor gardens, in the case of Seoul metropolitan area, places decorated with natural flowers numbered 23, and the ratio was 60.5%, but, in case of the 5 metropolitan cities, places decorated with natural flowers numbered just 6, and the ratio was just 11.1%. In the case of garden ornaments as material introduced in Seoul metropolitan area subway stations decorated with natural flowers and the 5 metropolitan cities subway stations, one to three kinds of ornament were introduced per each place, and the ornament items included rocks, garden lanterns, ponds, stone mortars, stone lamps, fountains, sculptures, mini water mills, and windmills. The introduced trees at subway stations in Korea that were decorated with natural flowers included 93 species of 70 genera of 45 families. The introduced trees included 87 species of 67 genera of 42 families in Seoul metropolitan area subway stations, and the introduced trees included 28 species of 16 genera of 11 families in the 5 metropolitan cities subway stations. Native trees included 21 species of 20 genera of 17 families. As for scenery formation elements according to the height of trees, in the case of Seoul metropolitan area, the introduced trees included 22 species of upper trees, 15 species of middle trees, and 46 species of lower trees. In the case of the 5 metropolitan cities, the introduced trees included 1 species of upper trees, 5 species of middle trees, and 18 species of lower trees. Therefore, volume and visual diversity in Seoul metropolitan area was provided by the height and bulk of trees, but the volume of scenery and diversity in the 5 metropolitan cities was insufficient. In the case of Seoul metropolitan area, using indoor garden spaces is necessary to connect with mini libraries, resting spaces, and snack bars, and various using types are necessary. In the case of the 5 metropolitan cities, only the visual image was provided, and therefore an activation plan for using spaces is necessary.

본 연구의 목적은 휘발성 유기화합물(VOC)과 먼지(PM)의 배출원 프로파일로부터 화학종 분류를 할당하고, 성김 행렬 조작자 핵심 배출량 시스템(SMOKE) 내에 배출원 분류코드에 따른 배출원 프로파일의 화학종 분류와 시간분배계수를 수정하는 것이다. 기솔린, 디젤 증기, 도장, 세탁, LPG 등과 같은 VOC 배출원 프로파일로부터 화학 종 분류는 탄소 결합 IV (CBIV) 화학 메커니즘과 주 규모 대기오염연구센터 99 (SAPRC99) 화학 메커니즘을 위해 각각 12종과 34종을 포함한다. 또한 토양, 도로먼지, 가솔린, 디젤차, 산업기원, 도시 소각장, 탄 연소 발전소, 생체 연소, 해안 등과 같은 PM2.5 배출원 프로파일로부터 화학종 분류는 미세 먼지, 유기탄소, 원소 탄소, 질산염과 황산염의 5종으로 할당하였다. 게다가 점 및 선 배출원의 시간 프로파일은 2007년 수도권 지역에서의 굴뚝 원격감시시스템(TMS)과 시간별 교통 흐름 자료로부터 구하였다. 특별히 점 배출원에 있어 오존 모델링을 위한 시간분배계수는 굴뚝 원격감시시스템 자료의 NOX 배출량 인벤토리에 근거하여 추정하였다.

This study was conducted to figure the usage status and satisfaction of food-related smartphone applications by generic characteristics and food purchase attributes of Seoul area workers. The results show that health vitality-oriented group, married compared to single, those with higher eating-out expenses possess more food-related applications (p<0.05). The primary reason for the usage of food-related applications was the need for food-related information (53.7%). The highest application subjects in use were restaurant-related information and recipe information. The real-life aid food-related applications utilized most were also restaurant information (60.7%) and recipe information (28.3%). Health vitality-oriented respondents especially turned out to use nutrition information and food functionality information often (p<0.01), and recipes or calories & diet information usage frequency was higher in women than in men (p<0.001). Restaurant-related information were more frequently used by singles, highly educated, and those with high income and eating-out expenses (p<0.05). Satisfaction of food-related applications was normal (3.06), showing that the satisfactory level is not yet high. Satisfaction regarding purchase attributes showed that the health vitality-oriented group (3.19) was more satisfied compared to other groups (p<0.05), and women (3.16) were more satisfied that men (2.89) were (p<0.05). Inconveniences of food-related applications were highest in usage fee (3.29), simplicity of information (3.28), lack of reliability of information and need for update (3.10). The results of this study implies that various subdivisions of food-related applications users should be implemented; at the same time, food-related applications covering diverse subjects that regard each group's characteristics should be developed in order to utilize food-related knowledge and information as a marketing tool in the food industry; this can efficiently be done by paying attention to the quality of information and updates within applications.

서울특별시 용산구의 측정망에서 2004년부터 2013년간 관측한 대기질 자료를 중심으로 SO2의 환경거동을 시간적 기준으로 다양한 관점에서 분석하였다. 이와 동시에 관측한 기타 대기오염물질들(PM2.5, PM10, TSP, CH4, CO, NO, NO2, NOx, O3, THC, NMHC)의 농도자료와 기상자료들과의 관계를 해석하는 방식으로 SO2의 거동을 조사하였다. 10년간 측정한 용산구 지역에서 측정한 SO2의 연간 평균농도는 대기환경기준치인 20nmole mole-1보다 5배 정도 낮은 4.36-5.86(최저-최고) nmole mole-1 수준으로 나타났다. 이는 연간 평균농도가 관리기준치를 초과하는 성분들과 뚜렷하게 대조적인 양상을 보였다. 여러 가지 통계적 기법을 적용하여 SO2의 배출량에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 파악하였다. 그리고 용산구에서 측정한 SO2와 기타대기오염물질, 기상자료들의 경향성을 비교해보았다. SO2은 온도 및 기타물질들에 대한 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 본 연구의 결과에 의하면, SO2은 다른 대기오염물질들에 비해 상대적으로 관리가 잘 이루어지고 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있다.

Urban-Hanok emerged as a result of urbanization of Hanok in the modern period. In particular, Urban-Hanok has been mass-produced from the early 1920s, when the population is concentrated in cities, until the middle. Large-scale development by the professional developer has been developed in large-scale land rather than individual client because housing shortage was serious problem. 11 Gahoe-dong was made in 1935-36 is representative Urban-hanok area of Bukchon. It was formed through division of large-scale Land in 1930’s. In the 1930’s, the large-scale development projects of Urban-Hanok was triggered by the two events. One is Land Investigation Project performed by the Japanese government to capitalization of property, another is the pro-japanese bought the large scale-land in Gahoe-dong at bargain price from The Japanese government. Each lot has still a topographical characteristics such as land-dividing quality, the way of development, characteristic quality of urban-tissue. 11 Gahoe-dong, Urban-hanok area was developed two ways. First, development have been adapted to the topography. The lots have reflected topographical conditions such as land cutting area, a retaining wall, land-diving was maintaining the original topography almost. Second, it was street oriented development. The lots have developed sequentially along the street. So, the lots's shape and size is different each. For this reason, this area distribute various type of Hanok.

목 적: 안경원 방문자를 대상으로 연령군에 따른 굴절이상의 분포와 굴절상태의 변화를 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법: 2007년부터 2013년까지 서울 서초동 소재 안경원에 내원한 922명(1,844안)을 대상으로 연령군에 따라 10대군(10∼19세), 20대군(20∼29세), 30대군(30∼39세), 40대군(40∼49세), 50대군(50∼59세), 60대 이상군(≥60세)으로 분류하고 타각적 굴절검사와 자각적 굴절검사를 시행하였다. 굴절이상은 등가구면굴절 력을 이용하여, 근시군(SE≥-0.75 D), 원시군(SE≥+0.75 D) 및 난시군(Cyl≥-1.00 D)으로 나누고, 난시는 (-) 원주축 방향에 따라 직난시(180°±15°), 도난시(90°±15°), 사난시(16°∼74° 또는 106°∼164°)로 구분 하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS version 18 (SPSS INC., Chicago, IL, USA)을 이용하여 각 요인을 독립표본검 정(independent T-test), 선형회귀분석(linear regression analysis), 일원배치분산분석(one way anova)을 통해 조사하였으며, 유의 수준은 p<0.05로 하였다. 결 과: 전체 대상안의 굴절이상 분포는 근시 84.4%, 원시 5.7%, 정시 9.9%그리고 난시는 46.1%로 나타 났다. 평균 등가구면굴절력은 10대 -3.77±2.06 D, 20대 -4.44±2.61 D, 30대 -3.85±2.61 D, 40대 -3.48± 2.70 D, 50대 -1.92±2.65 D, 60대 -0.56±2.58 D로 연령이 증가함에 따라 근시에서 원시로 유의 하게 변하였다(p<0.05). 난시는 직난시 54.8%, 사난시 30.4%, 도난시 14.9% 로 나타났고 10대에서는 직난 시가 월등히 높았으며, 도난시는 60대에서 45.3%로 가장 높았다. 결 론: 청소년기에는 근시와 직난시의 유병률이 높지만, 연령이 증가하면서 굴절상태는 변하여 노년층에 서는 원시와 도난시의 유병률이 높았다. 굴절상태는 연령에 따라 청소년기에 근시화가 진행되고, 근시안과 정시안의 경우에는 40대 이후에 원시화가 나타나며, 근시화와 원시화 정도는 근시안이 정시안보다 더 많은 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating patterns, nutrient intakes, blood levels, and health status of male college students in Seoul according to body mass index (BMI). In this study, we classified subjects into normal weight (n=240), under weight (n=11), and obese (n=46) groups according to BMI. The weight and BMI were significantly higher in the obese group compared to other groups (p<0.0001). The obesity was associated with overeating and frequent eating. The under weight group showed significantly higher consumption of fast food, snacks, and fried foods compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The intakes of milk, meat, fish, eggs, and fried food and preference ratios were higher in the obese group (p<0.05). The male college students in this study showed insufficient intakes of calories, vitamin C, folic acid, and calcium. The plasma LDL-cholesterol levels in the obese group were higher compared to the other groups. In conclusion, intake of nutrients among male college students is found to be insufficient and requires nutritional education. The under weight group showed regular eating habits and increased nutrient intake. The obese group was shown to need more exercise with higher intakes of vegetables and fruits.

The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of obesity indices among the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%), and to determine which is the most useful index to predict the risk of chronic diseases of elderly people. This study was conducted as a cross-sectional study at welfare centers in Seoul. The total number of subjects was 261 (68 men and 193 women) with age ≥60 years. The distribution of obesity using 3 obesity indices in the subjects with hypertension, diabetes, or arthritis was BF%>WC>BMI in elderly men and WC>BF%>BMI in elderly women. In elderly women, odds ratios (ORs) for hypertension in BMI and WC quartiles were significantly increased in quartile 2 and 3 (p<0.05). The ORs for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and arthritis in BF% quartiles were significantly increased in quartile 3 and 4 (p<0.05). The BF% was sensitive obesity index for predicting the occurrence of chronic disease in men, and the WC was sensitive index in women. Our results suggested maintaining BMI less than 23.5 kg/m2, WC less than 82 cm, and BF less than 35% in order to prevent chronic diseases in elderly women.

This study was aimed at analyzing the location and the characteristics of the Urban hanok tissues that were formed in the downtown since 1920s. Focusing on the relationship between roads and lots, the developing process and the typological characteristics are examined. Through dividing the large and medium lots of the aristocratic families and on the hilly area near the Seoul City Wall, various shapes of urban hanok tissue were evolved. The urban hanok tissues developed before 1936 locate on the downtown sites, while those developed after 1936 locate on the hilly sites. The location of the tissues were identified in the upper area of Jong-no street. The former is composed of small size lots divided into average area 104.4㎡ with the narrow alleys of about 2.0m width, while the latter is composed of medium size lots divided into average area 131.54㎡ with the alleys of about 4.0m width. Moreover the structures of the tissues were evolved based on the developing period and the site condition. Moreover the structures of the tissues were evolved based on the developing period and the site condition. The typological characteristics were defined as the four patterns categorized with the bilateral concepts of alley’s form and of alley’s spacial feature.

This study investigated consumer perception and purchase behavior regarding Han-gwa (traditional Korean confection) in housewives residing in the Seoul and Gyeonggi area. This study was conducted by self-administered questionnaires. Out of 839 questionnaires, 713 questionnaires (85.0%) were used for statistical analyses including frequency analysis, the Chisquare, and one-way ANOVA. Based on the data collected, independence variables were divided less than 40 years (<40), 40s, 50 years or higher (50) by age. The major findings were as follows; Firstly, 72.1% of the total respondents had the experience of purchasing Han-gwa. Gangjeong was the most popular item among purchased. As the purpose of purchasing, holiday gift and snack was on the highest rank. Hypermarkets / discount stores (48.9%) was the most common place for the place of purchase. Secondly, there was a significant difference in the perception of Han-gwa by age; respondents aged 50 years or older showed more positive perception in Han-gwa in 3 factors among total of 11 factors. Thirdly, for the popularization of Han-gwa, ‘too sweet taste (44.2%)’ and ‘small portion size (22.9%)’ were pointed to be improved by respondents. Results of this study indicate that 1) Yu-gwa and Yak-gwa require new product development based on age segmentation, and health and food safety are important variables considered when housewives purchase Han-gwa.