While companies and brands have always collected and used customer data for multiple purposes, the advent of smart devices, Internet of Things (IoT), and big data has made it much easier to access and utilize consumers’ personal information. For consumers, however, such ease of access to their personal data and frequent cases of data breach have increased their concerns about data privacy (Harris & Associates, 1996; Milne et al., 2004). Nevertheless, consumers continue to share their personal information with companies and brands in the digital environment (Turow et al., 2015).

The expansion of the online market is expected to change the purchasing environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the difference in the moderating effect of each characteristic on perceived quality and purchase intention according to the group according to product involvement and purchaser age. The first step is to identify the characteristics of online information sources and social media platforms through a literature review. Next, when perceived quality affects purchase intention, we verify the moderating effect according to the characteristics of online information sources and social media platforms. The moderating effect is verified at the stage by dividing it into a group according to product involvement and a group according to age. The following results were confirmed throughout the study: First, perceived quality significantly affects purchase intention. Second, in the relationship between perceived quality and purchase intention, the influence of the moderating effect is different depending on the high-involvement product and the low-involvement product. Third, it was confirmed that there was a difference in the moderating effect of online information sources and social media platforms in the relationship between perceived quality and purchase intention according to age. This study intends to increase consumers' purchase intentions by identifying specific age groups and product groups of involvement and establishing strategies suitable for the characteristics of online information sources and social media platforms.

Theoretical Background Online tribalism is an unofficial network in virtual community due to common interests and affiliation to a topic, a belief, a figure, a ritual, or a culture (A. Taute and Sierra 2014, Badrinarayanan, Sierra and Taute 2014, Hamilton and Hewer 2010). In an interconnected world, consumers influence each other by initiating, spreading, appraising, receiving and internalising beliefs via social network and shape self - attitude and information status (Hilder 2004). These widely-existing phenomena suggest more efforts to be completed to address the gaps in knowledge in the following aspects: First, the information dissemination process should be understood with a stronger support of quantifying approaches to bring forward a systematic understanding to accommodate a wide range of drives for the complex social learning and assimilating procedure (Feliciani, Flache and Tolsma 2017, Macy et al. 2003, Huet, Deffuant and Jager 2008). For example, many qualitative research such as digital anthropology and netnography abound to explain the motivations, process, and outcomes of disseminating messages in the texture of social group (Flache and Macy 2011, Granovetter 1977). As the consequence, many tentative explanations have attempted to focus on the utilities of information circulation (Dupor, Kitamura and Tsuruga 2010, Gruhl et al. 2004, Kim and Baek 2014) and social influences (Gupta and Kim 2004, Kim and Baek 2014) but ended up with only incapability of modelling and quantifying the process. Within this trend, notably, two factors underpinning the changes in virtual community, i.e., individual’s information utility, motivation of seeking for conformity, remains a secret. In addition, it’s unclear that why and how active customers behave different from inactive ones from a perspective of information flow and social learning. Second, there is a lack of knowledge of how the intrinsic connections and dialectical dynamic between self-solicited individuals take place and adapt in the growth and evolution. With the tool of digitals, paradoxically, the essential ambiguity of digital openness and closure (Phelps et al. 2004), viability and tribalism (A. Taute and Sierra 2014, Badrinarayanan et al. 2014, Hamilton, Schlosser and Chen 2017), enculturation and acculturation, devastatingly remains under-investigated. Among these various perspectives to explain and model the dynamics of online community and social learning, there should exist a general framework that combines decisive bases of recipients and senders with various motives and constraints, with both subjectivity and objectivity. Opinion dissemination can therefore be understood not only as an objective procedure, but also with subjective intervention of participants where cognitive, psychological, and sociocultural factors intertwine to influence the collective learning pattern. Thirdly, some contextual findings are to be tested how the conditional relations may be established under different social settings. For example, theories show that engaged consumers usually exhibit enhanced consumer loyalty, satisfaction, empowerment, connection, emotional bonding, trust and commitment. However, literature rarely provide an answer that within a social group, how are traditions, patterns, communications, rewards, and punishments formed and evolved to lead to either conformity or dispute. To address the above gaps, this research adopts an interactive approach to deconstruct information into inputs (motivation, potential), action (interpersonal connection), and output (utility and identity). This research delivers several simulated experiments to identify how the evolution of customer opinions evolves out various patterns of self-efficacy and social recognition. The author assembles four aspects of input variables, including information utility, accordance utility, self-efficacy, and social status of consumers, and test the overall information prosperity and propensity of the social earning with different activeness levels. Findings The analytical firstly results show that active individuals exist in social group as the information hubs to dismiss the information and share a higher level of delight of owning knowledge and over time, become similar in knowledge standard. Consequently, a wider connection with and influence on mass audience of active members usually lead to a higher psychographic gain of attitudinal accordance compared with inactive and isolated ones in group. Secondly, at the individual level, the author found that the activeness in tribal group obviously result in a higher level of both self-recognition and social recognition on average. This pattern is consistent with vast literature in ethnography. And the relation between the activeness level and the self- and social-recognition level is positive. While at the aggregate level, it’s investigated that active individuals of online tribes have a stronger inclination, evidenced by a stronger propensity of spreading message, to further generate messages to impact other more profoundly when compared with inactive ones. The simulation experiment also indicated that a few contextual relations between variables, e.g., information-based and accordance -based delights, self-recognition and social recognition, information prosperity and transmission propensity, etc., moderated by the member activeness. It’s also found that extreme active individuals have a much higher marginal increase in accordance originated from the growing information volume owned in the process of influencing the society. Not coincidentally, their overall social recognition and attitudinal accordance from the group are significantly higher by the growth of personal knowledge. Conclusions This research contributes to the literature on the drives of tribal dynamics and its’ consequences on the changes of information valence and attitudinal changes and further to this, how the engagement level of individuals will influence these micro and macro outcomes. Notably, by adopting a self-reasoning method, the motives and outcomes are incorporated in a simulated method to develop not only the individual and the aggregate level of outcomes. This study also bears methodological significance by examining a series of hypotheses under the setting of a simulated online community. These findings suggest a series of contextual causality moderated between the characteristics, intentions and actions.

This study empirically examines the effects of two distinct types of privacy-related concerns (organizational threats and social threats) on different aspects of information disclosure (amount, honesty and conscious control) on social network sites, especially by highlighting the role of trusting beliefs (integrity & honesty, predictability, benevolence, competence), across three markets in which social network usage is substantial (i.e. US, Europe, and East Asia). The study contributes to the literature focused on the paradoxical dichotomy between privacy attitudes and behaviors. In a quantitative modeling framework, we develop a structural model based on our previous conceptual model. We use data collected through snowball convenience sampling technique from a large sample (n=624), Web-based consumer survey from Europe, US and East Asia to measure these constructs, and we fit a series of structural equation models that test related prior theory. Findings suggest that the “Social Sharing” paradox may result from a failure to disentangle between social and organizational concerns, since the authors find no effect of privacy concerns about organizational threats on overall disclosure (amount and honesty of information) but find high conscious control of information disclosed for higher concerns towards social threats. Trusting beliefs differently influence information disclosure in the three main geographical areas and were found to moderate the effect of social concerns on the amount of information disclosed and conscious control. Further the cross-country analysis results suggest that cultural values may affect how concerns about privacy and trusting beliefs, impact self-disclosure. For practice, our research suggests actionable strategies to aid online marketers in matching information requests with the needs and concerns of consumers by providing greater control and customization and enhancing firm trust.

The concept of „Sustainability‟ has become as major concern and it used by consumers and corporations to convey the concept of taking care of the environment. Environmental concern has led to sustainable consumption in a variety of product categories, such as electricity, textiles, apparel, food, and grocery products (Chan, 2001; Harrison, Newholm, & Shaw, 2005; Vermeir & Verbeke, 2006a, 2006b). Interest of the negative environmental impacts are rapidly increasing in present fashion business and consumer behavior has become a rising concern of the consumption and fashion supply chain to apply sustainable consumption (Birtwistle & Moore, 2007; Fineman, 2001). The environmental and social concern recognized in fashion industry from 1990‟s. However, the complexity of conceptual definition of sustainability and ecologically responsible consumer generates different and mistaken perception to consumer. In addition, in fashion industry, the terms of „eco-fashion‟, „environmentally friendly fashion‟,„green fashion‟, „ethical fashion‟, and „sustainable fashion‟ are frequently used interchangeably to describe the same concept. These interchangeable terminology is leading to confusion of the readers by the non-unified terminology (Choi et al., 2012). Also, consumers seem to have narrow scope and little understanding of sustainable fashion. In general, consumers focuses on environmental aspect not the wide-range of complexity of environment, social, and economical concern (Cervellon, Hjerth, Ricard, & Carey, 2010). The growing number of fashion brands are leveraging on green branding initiatives. Green marketing is increasing rapidly in corporate aspects and for a consumer perspective, global consumers are recognizing a personal accountability to take responsibility for social and environmental issues. Despite the fact many of individuals‟ willingness to purchase green products has increased in the last few years, however, there is limited studies suggest that purchase of green or sustainable products. Consumer research on sustainable fashion has mainly focused on consumer behaviors towards sustainable fashion products (SFPs); however, relevant studies that examined the whole process of the predicting proenvironmental behavior cross nationally value and the eWOM are still scarce. The purposes of research model are 1) to identify the determinants of eWOM intention on consumers' purchase intentions, 2) to examine the information adoption process as precursors of purchase intention of sustainable fashion, and 3) to testify different message types effects to information adoption process.

Introduction Literally explosive is the growth of social media. The estimated number of monthly active Facebook users by the fourth quarter of 2016 is around 1.86 billion, almost a quarter of the world population, meaning that one in four people on the globe uses Facebook to read news, share gossips, communicate ideas, and build relationships with others. In the United States alone, 72% of all Internet users are reported to use Facebook (Pew Research, 2015), and to many, Facebook is no longer a small part of the Internet, but rapidly becoming the Internet itself. As peer-to-peer information sharing becomes a global mainstream, concerns about the credibility of information shared online is growing fast as well. With no gatekeeper in a traditional sense, rumors and fabricated information lacking reliable evidences (e.g., fake news) may spread wide and fast, and individuals are left alone to assess and judge which among them is likely to be true (Metzger, Flanagin, & Medders, 2010). Unfortunately, we know very little about how individuals assess information fed through online social networks, and how such processing of information in the social media environment differs from those in traditional media environment. In social media like Facebook where individuals and organizations interact through direct or indirect social relationships, what people can give and take is partly determined by with whom they have relationships and their locations in the entire network (Brands, 2014). For example, if one’s network consists mostly of college students, the network may be flooded with gossips, news, and information particularly appealing to them (e.g., how to pull an A from the hideous professor). If the network is made up of people from diverse backgrounds, meanwhile, the information shared therein will be as diverse as heterogeneous are the members’ characteristics and preferences. Network topology may, therefore, be a crucial factor that shapes not only what you encounter in your own network, but also the way you assess the information found therein (Sohn, 2014). An identical message may be construed differently depending on how it has been encountered (e.g., who liked/shared in Facebook) as well as where it originates (e.g., who are the original source of the message). For instance, the news regarding the effectiveness of alternative medicine on curing cancer may be assessed differently depending on whether it is shared by lay people with similar interest or medical experts, which subsequently affects one’s decision to share it. Whereas it is already well-founded that the original source quality plays an important role in communication (Visser & Cooper, 2007), relatively little attention has been devoted to unveiling the role of intermediate social environment lying between the original source and the final recipients. This study is aimed at examining systematically the role of social relations in individuals’ assessment of and decision to share information encountered in social media. More specifically, the focus will be on testing in an experimental setting how social relationship properties, reflecting psychological distance, shape individuals’ assessment of risk/benefit associated with the information received. Psychological Distance and Decision under Risk We are routinely exposed to a myriad of information from our immediate social circles including close friends and acquaintances as well as mass media. Some of them could be about the opportunities for earning extra profits (e.g., stock or real estate investment opportunities), while others about how to maintain better health (e.g., avoiding harmful chemical-intake). Whether it is about money, health or others, the decision to take an action on the information is a function of how to assess the risks involved. According to the prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979), people have an inherent tendency of being more sensitive to the loss than benefit of anything, making them prefer avoiding loss to having an equivalent amount of gain. This loss-aversive tendency also implies that people prefer the possible to sure loss, even if the former is greater than the latter. In other words, people become risk-seeking to avoid any loss with certainty. Suppose, for example, you are given a choice between losing $750 for sure and doing a gamble such that you lose $1000 with 75% chance or lose nothing with 25% chance. Despite the identical expected value ($1000 x .75 + $1000 x 0 = $750), people tend to lean over to the gamble rather than the sure loss. This may work in the opposite way for benefit – you may prefer the sure to possible gain, meaning that you become risk-aversive when benefit is at stake. An interesting question is whether such a risk-seeking or aversion tendency is malleable (Tversky & Simonson, 1993). It is widely known that a message with identical contents can be construed differently depending on whether it is stated or framed in terms of benefit or loss (Slovic, 1995). Then, we might ask whether people construe messages differently depending on where they are from – whether they are from close-knit groups, distant acquaintances or some anonymous others. Prior studies have seldom considered such social contextual influence, which is essential to understanding communication in social media (Sohn, 2014). Suppose you are considering taking an alternative medicine for treating a chronic illness of yours, which will surely get worse with no treatment (i.e., loss with certainty). The alternative medicine’s effectiveness is largely unknown and has never been under rigorous scientific tests. You post your thought about adopting it and have just got replies from two different sources in your Facebook network – a close friend and a mere acquaintance. Your friend says that using the alternative approach can be detrimental to your health (i.e., loss frame), while the acquaintance mentions that s/he trusts the medicine’s benefits (i.e., benefit frame). What would be your choice given the comments? Would your choice be reversed if your friend says its benefit, while the acquaintance warns its side effects? It is posited in construal-level theory that “people use increasingly higher levels of construal to represent an object as the psychological distance from the object increases” (Trope & Liberman, 2010, p. 441). When there are pros and cons with respect to a course of action, people perceive cons (i.e., losses) psychologically closer than pros (i.e., benefits), which provides an explanation of why loss aversion occurs. In addition, it has been found that pros become more salient than cons as temporal distance to the action increases (e.g., buying a computer a year later; Eyal, Liberman, Trope, & Walther, 2004). Taken together, it may be inferred that the cons are salient when the action of interest is thought psychologically proximal, but the pros become more salient as it gets more psychologically distant. This inference can be applied to other distance dimensions including social distance as well. Combining benefit-loss frames and social distance perceptions, we can come up with the following four different conditions as summarized in Table 1. With all other things held equal, people tend to feel loss psychologically closer than benefit. However, the salience of either benefit or loss in a person’s mind may also depend on how the information is presented -- whether a message with the information comes from a proximal or distant source. For example, if a message with emphases on an alternative medicine’s benefit came from a proximal source (BP), further decrease in psychological distance might make salient its potential side effects, and thus lessen the benefit’s influence on decision. Similar inferences can be made to the case when a message with emphases on loss came from a distant source (LD). Due to the increase in psychological distance, it might become difficult to think of the negative aspects of the target (Herzog, Hansen & Wanke, 2007). If the message emphasizing either benefit or loss is aligned respectively with a distal (BD) or proximal source (LP), in contrast, they will become more salient in the person’s mind, which would exert a disproportionate influence on decision. Given the discussion, the following hypotheses can be proposed: H1a. People perceive the benefit more salient, and thus are more likely to make a risky choice when it is supported by socially distant others than when no information of the social distance to the source is given (i.e., control condition). H1b. People perceive the benefit less salient, and thus are less likely to make a risky choice when the benefit is supported by socially close others than when no information of the social distance to the source is given (i.e., control condition). H2a. People perceive the loss more salient, and thus make a risky choice less when the loss is warned by socially close others than when when no information of the social distance to the source is given. H2b. People perceive the loss less salient when the loss is warned by socially distant others than when no information of the social distance to the source is given. Experimental Design A 2 (message frames) x 3 (social distance) between-subjects online experiment will be conducted as follows. Subjects will be given multiple hypothetical risky choice situations with respect to such issues as making an investment, adopting a new medical treatment, purchasing a product. After being exposed to the choice scenarios, they will be asked a series of questions for measuring their issue-involvement levels, attitudes to the issue presented, thoughts related to benefits and losses, and final choices, along with relevant psychological and demographic characteristics. Implications No communication ever occurs in a social vacuum. Just as our everyday behaviors are shaped and often constrained by the physical places in which they are performed (e.g., rooms, streets, buildings), we communicate in a social setting consisting of direct and/or indirect relationships among people (Gifford, 2013). The knowledge of one’s social surroundings becomes more important in social media due to the manifest location dependency—meaning one’s position in a relationship network basically defines what can be seen and done. No matter whether information originally came from a newspaper, television program, or blog, the information is eventually transmitted via one of the network members, highlighting the importance of relationship patterns and qualities in communication processes. That is, in any socially-networked environment, people rely not only on inferences about the original source quality (e.g., authority, expertise), but also on the social contexts through which the information is received and shared. Most previous research has focused mainly on the former (i.e., source quality) while overlooking both the latter (i.e., social contexts) and any possible interactions between the two (Metzger, Flanagin, & Medders, 2010). The current study is believed to bridge the gap so that communication processes in the social media environment could be understood in a more systematic fashion.

This study samples the content of posts of display-related information posted on social networking services to clarify the in-store display requirements that influence the strength of response by SNS users. The data was found using the submission history of “Minrepo,” a social networking service used for marketing research by DOCOMO Insight Marketing, Inc. In this analysis, we presented the theme “please show us displays you thought were interesting on streets or in shop windows,” and gathered posts relating to this subject in content. The theme was presented for two weeks in June and July 2015 respectively, with 91 posts gathered. These explanatory variables, which were related to the format of the comment and the photographic content (display theme), and acquisition number of “likes” were clarified using a regression model of explained variables, which in this case was Poisson regression modeling (de Vries, Gensler, & Leeflang, 2012) assuming distribution of Poisson. As a result of the analysis, the following were established as comments that easily elicited a sympathetic response and are exhibit requirements of the displays: (1) In terms of comment format, “attaching lots of photographs,” “including exclamation marks,” and “including a mixture of both negative and positive comments” easily elicited a sympathetic response from the reader, (2) in terms of the content of attached photographs, exhibits with the keywords “season,” “mass display,” “fresh foods,” “character,” “sweets,” “variety,” and “local foods” similarly gained a sympathetic response, while (3) on the other hand, the standard shelving and mass display just of packaged foods as well as specialized exhibits of particular products were not popular. These findings suggest the following two points: (1) it is possible that pre-existing forms of special displays (the mass display of specific products) will not suffice to make a product more than something that is just bought and into a topic of news, (2) while it is obvious for most retailers selling packaged foods, manufacturers and wholesalers offering products and supporting exhibits within stores, should also try to make instore displays that takes the above mentioned contents into account.

사회관계망서비스는 익명성을 특징으로 하는 통상의 인터넷 서비스와 달리 이용자 스스로 개인정보를 적극 공개한다는 측면에서 프라이버시 침해의 우려가 상존한다. 특히 사회관계망서비스 제공자가 이용자들의 개인정보를 수집, 처리, 분석하여 Target Marketing에 활용하고 있는 점은 이용자의 프라이버시 침해에 대한 또 다른 위험요소로 작용한다. 이러한 측면에서 사회관계망서비스 이용자의 개인정보보호와 관련된 제도적 문제점과 법적 쟁점에 대해 살펴보았다. 먼저 적용 법률과 관련하여 개인정보보보법 제정 이후 주무부처간의 해석차이로 사회관계망서비스 제공자에게 어떤 법률이 적용되어야 하는지에 대해 의견이 분분한 상황이나 법해석의 일반원칙에 따라 정보통신서비스제공자에게 적용되는 정보통신망법이 특별법으로 우선 적용되고 동법에 특별한 규정이 없는 경우 보충적으로 일반법인 개인정보보호법이 적용된다고 보아야 할 것이다. 다음으로 개인정보의 법적 개념 역시 법규정상의 모순으로 인해 명확한 개념 규정이 쉽지 않은 상황이며 이에 대한 연구 또한 부족한 상황이나 사견으로는 개별 정보는 다른 정보와의 조합 또는 결합에 의해 그 식별력을 갖게 된다는 점에서 특정 정보가 개인정보에 해당하는지 여부는 결합의 용이성이라는 규범적 해석기준을 통해 판단해야 할 것으로 보이고, 결합의 용이성은 객관적 측면과 주관적 측면을 고려하여 판단하는 것이 타당하다고 본다. 다음으로 사회관계망서비스 제공자가 이용자의 개인정보를 이용하여 Target Marketing을 하는 것은 허용된다 하더라도 필요최소정보수집의 원칙이 적용되어야하며 개인정보의 수집 및 이용, 생성정보 수집툴의 활용 등과 관련하여 이용자에게 명확히 고지하고 사전 동의를 받아야 할 것이다. 또한 이용자의 개인정보 수집은 원칙적으로 이용자의 동의를 전제로 함이 원칙이며 관련 법령에서 예외적으로 이용자의 동의 없는 개인정보 수집을 허용하는 경우에도 이용자의 입장에서 그러한 개인정보의 수집이 예견 가능한 것이었는지 여부, 사전 동의절차 이행의 용이성, 사회관계망서비스 제공자의 정당한 이익과 이용자 개인정보보호의 필요성의 적절한 이익형량 등의 요건 등을 고려하여 신중히 판단하여야 할 것이다. 아울러 정보통신망법상 개인정보의 제3자 제공은 개인정보를 제공받는 자, 개인정보를 제공받는 자의 개인정보 이용 목적, 제공하는 개인정보의 항목, 개인정보를 제공받는 자의 개인정보 보유 및 이용 기간 등을 모두 고지하고 개별적으로 동의를 받도록 규정하고 있어 사회관계망 서비스 제공자가 이용자의 개인정보를 불특정 다수를 상대로 판매, 양도, 대여, 열람하게 하는 등의 소위 개인정보데이터베이스 마케팅은 사실상 금지되어 있다고 보아야 할 것이다. 개인정보의 국외 이전은 정보통신망법의 규정상 이용자의 동의를 요한다고 해석할 수밖에 없으나 개인정보보호법 규정의 취지, 실무적인 측면 등을 고려할 때 개인정보 국외이전의 경우 예외 없이 이용자의 동의를 필요로 한다는 정보통신망법의 규정은 다소 문제의 소지가 있어 보인다. 개인정보와 관련된 쟁점들은 최근 연이어 발생하고 있는 대형 개인정보유출 사고와 개인정보보호법의 시행 등으로 그 관심이 높아지고 있으나 개인정보보호법과 정보통신망법의 적용 범위, 해석 기준 등이 통일되어 있지 못할뿐만 아니라 실효성 있는 개인정보 보호 대책 또한 제대로 수립되어 있지 못한 형편이며 이와 관련된 학계의 연구나 실무적 관행 수립 또한 미흡한 것이 현실이다. 부디 조속히 학계의 연구와 법률 개정 등이 이루어져 사회관계망서비스 제공자와 이용자의 이해관계를 합리적으로 조율할 수 있는 실무 관행이 정착되길 바란다.

In this exploratory analysis, we investigate the genesis and the evolution of local food-purchasing networks created and operated by consumers. In details, we describe how collecting and sharing information about food-products can become a central activity for some consumers’ communities and how these communities are starting to play an active role in the food supply chain. We define this community-based food-purchasing model as collaborative food network (CFN), and we analytically describe its characteristics and differences with respect to the traditional and industrialized agrifood supply chain models. A collaborative food network community in Italy, known as GAS (“Gruppi di Acquisto Solidale” – “Solidarity Purchasing Groups”), is introduced as an example of our analytical model. We will use this empirical example to present the strengths and weaknesses of the CFN model.

Purpose: This research aims to empirically investigate the motivation of corporate voluntary disclosure by exploring the impact of historical loss on corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD). Research design, data, and methodology: This paper takes Chinese A-share listed firms that issued standalone social responsibility reports during the period of 2009-2017 as a sample. Drawing on extant literature, this paper defines historical loss firms as firms with net profit greater than or equal to 0 and undistributed profit less than 0. The tendency score matching method (PSM) is used to find matching samples for historical loss firms. Then OLS regression is conducted to investigate the relationship between historical loss and corporate social disclosure. Results: The results show that historical loss has a significant positive impact on the quality of corporate social responsibility disclosure. After changing the measurement of independent and dependent variables as well as adopting different matching methods to screen the control group, the results still hold. Further research indicates that the relationship between historical loss and CSRD is influenced by corporate financing constraints and industry competition. Conclusions: This research supports the resource motivation hypothesis of corporate social responsibility disclosure, and provides empirical evidence for regulators to strengthen supervision on corporate disclosure.

This paper examines how corporate social responsibility is related to the degree of asymmetric information in the Korean financial market. Recent theory argues that there is a negative relationship between a firm’s corporate social responsibility and its information asymmetry. To test this hypothesis, we use the environment, social and governance (ESG) score, published by the Korean Corporate Governance Service, to proxy a firm’s management practices toward socially responsible activities. In the entire sample of the Korean firms, we find contrasting results; the ESG score shows negative relationships with the price impact measure but statistically insignificant relationships with the dispersion of analyst forecasts. However, the ESG score shows negative relationships with both measures when we exclude chaebol affiliates from the sample. These findings are robust when we examine environmental, social and corporate governance scores separately. This set of results argues for the extant theory, expecting a negative relationship between a firm’s engagement in corporate social responsibility and asymmetric information. It further argues for the importance of firm characteristics in determining the influence of socially responsible activities.

Purpose - This study aimed to identify the sub-dimensions of fashion social media quality (information quality, social quality, service quality, system quality) and investigate how they affect purchase intention through fashion information use behavior (information acceptance, information diffusion). Research design, data, and methodology – Data collection was carried out twice for systematic verification of the research model. In the first data collection, the reliability and validity of research variables were verified through 238 respondents and questionnaires were revised and supplemented based on their responses. In March 2018, the final survey was conducted from 755 respondents the age of 20 to 49. Using SPSS 23.0, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis were performed. In order to test hypotheses, structural equational modeling technique was employed using AMOS 23.0. Results - First of all, fashion Social media quality consists of four factors including information quality, social quality , service quality and system quality. Second, fashion Social media information quality, social quality , and system quality were shown to have a positive(+) effect on information acceptance behavior, and social quality , service quality and system quality were shown to have a positive(+) effect on information diffusion behavior. It was also determined that the acceptance and diffusion behaviors of fashion information through fashion Social media had positive(+) influence on purchase intention. Conclusions - This study holds academic significance in its identification of the components of fashion Social media quality and for conducting an empirical analysis on the causal relationship between fashion information acceptance and diffusion behaviors, and purchase intention. The results of this study indicate that fashion involvement is the key factors in determining the quality of Social media, the acceptance of information through Social media, and, by extension, the purchase of fashion products. Practitioners in the fashion industry may use the findings of this study in order to build more effective Social media strategy.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among narcissism, usage motives, usage behaviors, satisfaction with and continuance intention to use fashion social media. Research design, data, methodology – A questionnaire survey was used to collect data after conducting a pilot test. Based on the reliability test of the preliminary questionnaire used for the pilot test, the questionnaire was revised. The final questionnaires were administered to 238 fashion social media users and 216 were used for the data analysis. To assess the validity of these measures, exploratory factor analysis and the confirmatory factor analysis were performed. Structural equation modeling analysis were employed for data analysis. Results - Five factors of the usage motivation of fashion social media were extracted: information-seeking, relationshipseeking, practicality-seeking, enjoyment-seeking and self-expression motives. The statistical analysis confirmed the influence of the narcissism tendency on all of the usage motives of fashion social media, three of the fashion social media usage motives influencing information diffusion behavior, and the influence of the information diffusion behavior on users' satisfaction and continuance intention to use fashion social media. Narcissism exerted the highest influences on self-expression motive followed by information-seeking, enjoyment-seeking, relationship-seeking and practicality-seeking motives in order. Factors affecting fashion information diffusion behaviors are practicality-seeking motive, self-expression motive, and relationship-seeking motive. The greater the diffusion of information, the higher the satisfaction with using fashion social media. The consumers with higher satisfaction intended to use fashion social media and share information more frequently. Conclusions - The results indicate that narcissism is an important factor in fashion social media usage motivation. The main motives for narcissistic people to spread information is for the practical purpose at the most, and then to express their personality and style, and to build relationship with others. The satisfaction through active information sharing behaviors seems to play a key role to lead high continuance intention of fashion social media. These implies that marketing strategies to satisfy consumers’ narcissism and motives to use social media, and to stimulate the information diffusion behaviors can be used to meet their needs for higher satisfaction with fashion social media.

최근 증가하고 있는 소셜 네트워크 서비스의 이용은 재난사고 발생 시, 재난정보의 전달에 큰 역할을 하고 있다. 소셜 네트워크 서비스는 이용자들이 서로간의 관계망을 통해 실시간·쌍방향으로 소통이 가능해 정보 전달이 쉽고 빠르게 공유되는 특징을 가지고 있어, 재난사고 발생 시 중요한 재난정보 전달매체로 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 한국방재학회에서 선정한 ‘2014년 재난사고 10선’을 대상으로 소셜 네트워크 서비스 내 재난정보 내용 및 전달체계 분석을 통해 재난정보의 전달 및 공유의 특징을 분석하고자 한다. 국내 약 600만명의 이용자를 보유한 대표적인 소셜 네트워크 서비스인 트위터를 이용하여, 2014년에 발생한 10건의 재난사고와 관련된 트윗과 리트윗 자료를 분석해 이용자 간의 재난정보 내용 및 연결망을 분석하였다. 또한 소셜 네트워크 서비스 이용자들의 재난에 대한 인식과 정보 제공 기관과 언론사들에서 생산된 재난정보의 전달과정과 특징에 대해 분석하였다. 소셜 네트워크 서비스를 이용하는 시민들의 재난에 대한 인식 및 재난정보의 전달체계 분석은 효율적인 재난정보 관리에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

그동안 백두산 화산재 피해에 대한 인식과 대비책 마련에 대한 연구가 진행되었지만 정보통신분야에 관한 관리기준과 매뉴얼의 연구는 부족하였다. 특히, 해외 사례와 비교해보면 화산분화재난에 대한 위험성이 낮다고 판단되어 세부적인 관리기준이 미약함을 알 수 있다. 따라서 화산분화로 발생한 화산재의 피해영향과 그에 따른 다각도의 대응방안의 연계가 미흡하고, 부처별 역할 및 업무도 개략적인 수준에서의 제시에 머물러 있다. 특히, 통신시설 분야는 미세먼지(황사/분진) 및 대설/폭우 등의 재난 시에도 통신서비스가 가능하도록 대비책이 강구되어 있으나, 화산재 재해에 대한 운용교육은 이루어지고 있지 않다. 그리하여, 부처별 역할 및 업무에 대한 구체적인 대응방안들을 제시하여 화산재의 낙하 및 확산 시에 신속하고 효율적인 대응 및 공조방안에 관한 관리기준을 제안하였다. 이에 본 연구는 화산재의 퇴적량과 수분함유량을 중심으로 정보통신시설부분의 관리기준을 수립하였다. 왜냐하면 아직까지 국내에 실재로 발생하지 않은 사례이며, 대응 기준의 퇴적량이 비나 바람에 의해 정보통신 시설에 균등하게 쌓이지 않기 때문에 최대치의 퇴적량과 습윤 등을 고려하여 제시하였다. 즉, 정보통신 시설 중에서 전송, 선로, 전원시설을 주요시설로 보고 관리기준을 화산재 피해정도(VAD, Volcanic Ash -Degree)에 따라 Ⅰ~Ⅳ단계로 구분하였으며, VADⅠ단계는 미미한 피해를 일으키는 단계, VADⅡ단계는 약한 피해를 일으키는 단계, VADⅢ단계는 심한 피해를 일으키는 단계, VADⅣ단계는 극심한 피해를 일으키는 단계로 구분하여 제시하였다. 다만, 본 연구가 제시한 관리기준은 실험값이 아니고 해외사례를 바탕으로 진행한 연구이기 때문에 퇴적량의 정량적 기준치 설정은 향후 지속적인 실험과 연구를 향후 과제로 남겨두었다.

2007년 아이폰 출시와 함께 확산되기 시작한 스마트폰, 태블릿 등의 모바일 기기는 이동성·위치기반·실시간적 특성을 바탕으로, 기존 정보 전달 매체에서는 불가능한 방식의 의사소통을 가능하게 하는 소셜미디어와 시너지효과를 내면서 이를 재난재해 시에 활용하는 사례가 급증하고 있다. 이러한 모바일 및 소셜미디어의 활용은 앞으로도 계속해서 증가할 가능성이 높으며 이는 VGI(Volunteered Geographic Information) 등 최근 GIS 분야에서 일어나고 있는 패러다임의 변화와도 그 맥을 같이한다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 국내 현황을 살펴보면 소방방재청, 경찰청, 한국도로공사 등의 공공기관들이 교통 상황 및 다양한 재난재해 관련 정보들을 인터넷 웹 사이트나 SNS, 또는 애플리케이션을 통해 제공하고 있지만 정보의 실시간성이 약하고 사용자와의 상호작용적 측면이 무시된 채 다소 일방적인 정보 제공에 국한돼 있어 빠른 대처에 한계를 보이고 있다. 이와 같은 상황 속에서 현재 승용차 사용자들을 위한 실시간 유고정보 서비스는 TPEG 기술을 통해 제공되고 있는 반면에 대중교통 이용객들을 위한 유고정보 서비스는 실시간으로 제공되지 못 하고 있는 실정이다. 다양한 대중교통 중에서도 특히 서울시 지하철은 하루 이용 인구가 약 4백만 명에 이르지만 현재 지하철 이용객을 위한 서비스는 최단경로 및 최소환승 정보를 제공하는 데 그치고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 지하철 이용객들에게 실시간 유고정보를 제공하기 위한 서비스 모델 개발의 첫 단계로써 SNS를 활용한 지하철 유고정보 구축 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 최종적으로 개발하고자 하는 실시간 유고정보 서비스는 실시간성과 효과적인 시각화 작업이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 소셜미디어 중에서도 정보의 실시간성과 개방성이 가장 강한 트위터와, 인터넷 뉴스를 통해 지하철 유고정보 관련 데이터를 수집하고 이를 기반으로 재해 온톨로지를 구축한다. 그리고 향후 연구로 국가주소정보시스템(KAIS)에서 제공하는 도로명주소 전자지도를 이용하여 포인트와 라인으로 구성된 방향성 네트워크를 구축하고 이것을 바탕으로 포인트와 라인을 각각 구별하여 표현하는 작업을 통해 실시간 유고정보를 효과적으로 시각화하여 제공하는 서비스 모델을 개발하고자 한다.