현대사회는 평균수명의 증가로 인해 지적장애인의 성인기도 점차 길어지고 있는 추세다. 그러나 그에 상응하는 교육이나 재활은 턱없이 부족한 실정이다. 특히, 성인이 된 지적장애인이 사회구성원으로 살아가 는 데 필수적인 의사소통 및 사회화 능력을 향상시키는 훈련은 좀처럼 찾아보기 어려운 실정이다. 본 연구 는 지적장애를 가진 성인의 의사소통 능력 및 사회화 능력에 재활승마가 미치는 영향을 분석하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 수행하기 위해 통제집단 사전사후 실험설계를 사용하였고, 실험집단과 통제집단은 각각 20명의 지적장애 성인으로 구성하였다. 먼저 두 집단에 의사소통과 사회화 능력에 대한 검사를 실시한 후, 실험집단을 8주 동안 16번의 재활승마 프로그램에 참여시켰다. 본 실험설계의 분석을 위해 실험군과 대조군의 동질성을 검증하였다. 그런 다음 재활승마가 지적장애 성인의 의사소통 능력과 사회화 능력에 미 치는 영향을 측정하기 위해 실험집단과 통제집단에 대한 사전사후 검사를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 설계한 실험집단과 통제집단의 동질성이 나타났고, 재활승마에 참여한 실험집단은 참여하지 않은 통제집단과 비교 했을 때 의사소통과 사회화 능력에서 유의미한 향상을 보였다. 본 연구는 지적장애 성인의 의사소통 및 사회화 능력의 증진을 위해 체계적인 재활승마 프로그램을 기획·공급·확대할 필요가 있다고 제언한다.

This qualitative study applies the frameworks of language socialization and social network theory to investigate how international students’ construction and negotiation of their identities influence their L2 writing development. Two students (One Korean and one Motswana) at a US university, one from South Korea and one from Botswana, participated in a year-long study, which included semi-structured interviews and classroom observations. For purposes of triangulation, the data for this study were collected for a year from multiple sources. The findings indicate that instructors can play a crucial role in enabling international students to expand their social networks, for example, by helping them locate and utilize available resources to develop their L2 writing, and by providing additional scaffolding to help them understand group dynamics and become active learners in their new communities. The results offer pedagogical implications on the role of instructors and universities in providing explicit guidance to empower international students to better socialize into the new community.

조직사회화의 내용은 다른 차원에 비해 연구가 시도된 비율이 낮은 만큼 아직 살펴볼 수 없던 가능성 에 더욱 주목해야 한다. 특히 개인의 내면적인 영역에서 조직을 이해하는 사회화가 형성되지 않으면 적응 이라는 요인은 만들어질 수 없다. 나아가 소속된 조직에서 이직의도는 배태된다는 개념의 본질과 프로세 스 역할을 통해 보다 체계적인 예방이 가능하다. 이에 본 연구는 자원보존이론을 토대로 조직사회화 내용 과 직무배태성 그리고 이직의도를 연결짓는 하나의 프레임을 설계하였다. 그러한 이 후 모형을 설명하는 범위를 확장시키기 위해 전문성 높은 경력 지향성이 반영된 상호작용 효과를 규명하였다.본 연구는 제시한 가설의 실증 분석을 위해 시차 분리가 도입된 직장인 358명에 대한 설문 자료를 활용 하였다. 결과에 따르면 조직사회화의 내용으로 목표와 가치 및 수행 효율성은 직무배태성에 정적인 영향 을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 직무배태성은 이직의도에 대한 부적인 영향과 더불어 조직사회화의 내 용 사이에서 완전매개 역할을 하는 것이 검증되었다. 또한 전문가지향성이 높은 수준일수록 이직의도에 대한 직무배태성의 부적인 영향이 강화되는 조절효과가 확인되었다. 그리하여 모형의 중심이 되는 배태 성을 통한 메커니즘과 경력에서 전문가를 지향하는 관점이 만들어낸 경영학적 시사점을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of implementing the language socialization approach in multimodal literacy practices. This paper begins by briefly introducing and discussing the language socialization paradigm, such as the brief history, methodological principles, and research contexts. Then, it is discussed how language socialization research has studied multiple semiotic resources of meaning-making in terms of two broad categories: linguistic- and multimodal resources. Additionally, the paper presents how analytic attention to multiple semiotic modes is used and contributes to language socialization research. Finally, the paper discusses how language socialization research theory, methods, and findings relate to multimodality; it address ways in which the language socialization approach frames multimodality, and vice versa.

Introduction In order to solve the information asymmetry and make full use of resources (unused goods, spare capacity and so on), the sharing economy, which based on the application of mobile internet technology and focused on the consumption of the right to use, is developing rapidly. Lack of trust is considered to be one of the important problems hindering the development of sharing economy. Möhlmann (2015) said that trust is a fundamental determinant of sharing economy development and ensuring shared satisfaction. At present, sharing economy enterprises have established product evaluation system and docked a third party credit rating system (i.e. Zhima Credit) to promote consumers’ trust. However, with most enterprises are becoming more and more consistent in evaluation and credit rating system, there is a new problem emerged: how to further deepen consumers’ trust in order to promote consumers’ intention to participate continuously (Zucker, 1986; Lewis & Weigert, 1985). Granovetter (1985) mentioned that trust is the product of social relationships. Botsman and Rogers (2011) made it clear that social networks play an important role in building trust in sharing economy. And people are always more willing to accept the opinions of people who have social relations with them (Lu, Zhao, & Wang, 2010). Hence, with the feature of participant of everyone in sharing economy, it is necessary to further strengthen consumers’ trust through the social interaction among consumers and between consumers and sharing platforms. Theoretical Development Sharing economy is based on LBS and other new technologies to realize the matching of supply and demand information across time and space. And to a certain extent, it solves the problem of information asymmetry in the era of e-commerce. Yet consumer have new requirements for product information. For example, consumers are more concerned about whether the utility of products and services can meet their needs (i.e. some consumers are more concerned about when to reach their destination than the performance of the car). But it is difficult for company to understand each everyone of consumers’ utility preference and publish product utility information based on these preferences (Xie & Gerstner, 2007). Because this kind of utility preference has the characteristic of timeliness and personalization. Therefore, consumers’ perceived uncertainty about the utility of the product will also affect the consumers’ trust. In summary, we then address these research questions:(1) can the promotion of trust between consumers and sharing platforms be achieved through the socializing of sharing platforms and then affect consumers’ intention to participate continuously; (2) if so, which type of privacy protection method and social information can promote consumer trust; and (3) does the impact of sharing platform socialization on consumer trust vary according to consumers’ concerns about the perceived utility uncertainty of the product. Research Design We then address these issues using experiment data. The first experiment was a 2 (social media: have, not have) x 2 (individual trust propensity: trust, not trust) between-subject design on the intention to trust sharing platform and participant continuously. Perceived utility uncertainty was added to this design as a moderator. Moreover, the second experiment was a 2 (social information type: hedonic, utilitarian) x 2 (degree of privacy protection: week, strong) between-subject design on the intention to trust sharing platform. Our scales come from existing scales and optimize it according to the characteristics of sharing economy (Schneider, 1999; Dhar & Wertenbroch, 2000; McKnight, Choudhury, & Kacmar, 2002). Results and Conclusion The results of the first experiment show that whether or not the social platform has no significant impact on the consumer trust if the individual tends to trust others. And for individuals who tends to do not trust others, they are more likely to trust socialized sharing platforms. The higher the consumer perceived utility uncertainty is, the higher (lower) trust of the consumer platform in the socialized (not socialized) sharing platform. For the second experiment results, in the context of sharing economy, the utilitarian information has a greater positive impact on the consumer trust than the hedonic information. In addition, the stronger the privacy protection of sharing platforms, the higher the trust of consumes. This study makes several academic contributions. First, we extend the topic of socialization to sharing economy context. Second, we add the perceived utility uncertainty as a moderator, and supplement the role of perceived uncertainty. This research also provides several practical implications. First, sharing platform can promote their consumers’ trust by establishing their own social platform. This platform can be used as a differentiated competitive strategy for sharing platform. Second, sharing platform should guide consumers to share utilitarian information (i.e. weather for specific place or real time traffic) to improve consumer satisfaction. Third, sharing platform can access consumer preference information through this social platform for further product development and classification.

The prevalence of unsecured consumer credit is conducive to the normalization of credit and debt in consumer culture (Peñaloza & Barnhart, 2011). Credit facilities not only enable consumers to achieve intertemporal borrowing possibilities, but also empower individuals to become active members in contemporary consumer culture (Bernthal, Crockett, & Rose, 2005). However, viewing credit and debt as “normal” has often put consumers in precarious financial positions that ultimately lead to longterm struggle of debt repayment and financial deprivation (Fischer, 2013). As Peñaloza and Barnhart (2011) observe, “as phenomena normalize, they merit less conscious attention in being taken for granted” (p.760), which could lead to a fallacious sense of optimism amongst those who may be financially vulnerable. Consequently, the normalization of credit and debt presents a moral challenge in the credit market in that it disrupts consumer capacity to engage in optimal financial socialization. The normalization of debt practice is especially relevant to those who are in the process of learning to use financial tools and to adapt to their accepted practices. Thus, this research pays specific attention to young consumers aged 18-24, as the majority of the population tend to encounter their first stage of financial socialization within this age group. For example, 18 years is the minimum eligibility age for opening a bank account, applying for credit card and using other financial products without parental supervision. Despite being digital natives who benefit from valuable access to offline and online financial decision-making guidance, young consumers are also statistically more likely to experience financial vulnerability than any other age groups. For instance, the UK’s Financial Conduct Authority (2017) finds that 52% of 18 to 24 year-olds reported low confidence in their ability to manage money and knowledge of financial matters – the worst amongst all adult financial consumers. One in ten people in this age group are also reporting financial difficulties in meeting their day-to-day living expenses and servicing their debts (Financial Conduct Authority, 2017). The young consumer cohort also represents a lucrative target for the credit industry. For example, previous studies find that the young consumers have greater lifetime earning potential than other age groups and greater likelihood to develop long-term brand loyalty towards their first credit card (Braunsberger, Lucas, & Roach, 2004; Szmigin & O’Loughlin, 2010; Warwick & Mansfield, 2000). However, credit card marketing efforts to this market segment has harboured concerns over the youths’ long-term financial welfare due to their predatory practices on these inexperienced consumers. A major criticism of the credit card targeting towards youths is on the promotion of positive, aspirational images of credit card use, which obscures the negative consequences of debt. Moreover, credit card marketing often fails to display transparent credit pricing structures. For example, consumers often do not realize that spending on a 0% balance transfer deal when the promotional period subsides will incur higher interest than non-promotional interest rate (Money Advice Trust, 2009). Despite a growing interest on youth financial literacy (e.g., Richins 2011), the literature remain disconnected and fragmented when it comes to the learning process that individuals go through in order to become financially capable consumers. Such knowledge is valuable for policy developers who seek to enhance young consumers’ financial learning. Following extant research, we define financial socialization as an experiential process influenced by influential agents who interact with, teach and guide individual’s attitude formation and behavior around money (Pinto, 2005; Shim, Barber, Card, Xiao, & Serido, 2010; Ward, 1974). The present research thus aims to examine the impact of debt normalization on the consumers’ financial learning and socialization. In doing so, this study offers important implications in providing insights into how marketing practice can improve their communication strategies and how public policy can strengthen intervention to improve consumer financial decisions.

Customer participation (CP) refers to customers’ contribution of effort, knowledge, information or other resources to service production and delivery (Dong & Sivakumar, 2017). A key management challenge is to ensure that after customers’ initial acceptance these service formats, customers continue to use them, by the provision and management of CP quality as perceived by the customer. In a CP context, shaping customers’ quality perceptions is complex. First, these perceptions are the result of multiple parties (i.e., customer, employee, and firm). Secondly, customer performance is difficult to control and forms a preeminent source of variability and operational inefficiency (Groth, 2005). Against this backdrop, two research objectives guide this study. First, to propose and test a quality typology that takes a comprehensive view on the CP quality dimensions. Second, to assess whether organizational socialization -consisting of role clarity, self-efficacy, and motivation- is able to influence the customer in service formats that rely on CP. To address these issues survey data were collected from 138 customers. PLS-SEM results indicate that stimulating continued usage of CP formats involves managing an intricate mix of customer quality perceptions (i.e., employee functional and technical quality; firm functional and technical; customer technical quality. In addition, the results show that socialization techniques can be useful to influence customer quality contributions in CP service formats.

Introduction In order to solve the information asymmetry and make full use of resources (unused goods, spare capacity and so on), the sharing economy, which based on the application of mobile internet technology and focused on the consumption of the right to use, is developing rapidly. Lack of trust is considered to be one of the important problems hindering the development of sharing economy. Möhlmann (2015) said that trust is a fundamental determinant of sharing economy development and ensuring shared satisfaction. At present, sharing economy enterprises have established product evaluation system and docked a third party credit rating system (i.e. Zhima Credit) to promote consumers’ trust. However, with most enterprises are becoming more and more consistent in evaluation and credit rating system, there is a new problem emerged: how to further deepen consumers’ trust in order to promote consumers’ intention to participate continuously (Zucker, 1986; Lewis & Weigert, 1985). Granovetter (1985) mentioned that trust is the product of social relationships. Botsman and Rogers (2011) made it clear that social networks play an important role in building trust in sharing economy. And people are always more willing to accept the opinions of people who have social relations with them (Lu, Zhao, & Wang, 2010). Hence, with the feature of participant of everyone in sharing economy, it is necessary to further strengthen consumers’ trust through the social interaction among consumers and between consumers and sharing platforms. Theoretical Development Sharing economy is based on LBS and other new technologies to realize the matching of supply and demand information across time and space. And to a certain extent, it solves the problem of information asymmetry in the era of e-commerce. Yet consumer have new requirements for product information. For example, consumers are more concerned about whether the utility of products and services can meet their needs (i.e. some consumers are more concerned about when to reach their destination than the performance of the car). But it is difficult for company to understand each everyone of consumers’ utility preference and publish product utility information based on these preferences (Xie & Gerstner, 2007). Because this kind of utility preference has the characteristic of timeliness and personalization. Therefore, consumers’ perceived uncertainty about the utility of the product will also affect the consumers’ trust. In summary, we then address these research questions:(1) can the promotion of trust between consumers and sharing platforms be achieved through the socializing of sharing platforms and then affect consumers’ intention to participate continuously; (2) if so, which type of privacy protection method and social information can promote consumer trust; and (3) does the impact of sharing platform socialization on consumer trust vary according to consumers’ concerns about the perceived utility uncertainty of the product. Research Design We then address these issues using experiment data. The first experiment was a 2 (social media: have, not have) x 2 (individual trust propensity: trust, not trust) between-subject design on the intention to trust sharing platform and participant continuously. Perceived utility uncertainty was added to this design as a moderator. Moreover, the second experiment was a 2 (social information type: hedonic, utilitarian) x 2 (degree of privacy protection: week, strong) between-subject design on the intention to trust sharing platform. Our scales come from existing scales and optimize it according to the characteristics of sharing economy (Schneider, 1999; Dhar & Wertenbroch, 2000; McKnight, Choudhury, & Kacmar, 2002). Results and Conclusion The results of the first experiment show that whether or not the social platform has no significant impact on the consumer trust if the individual tends to trust others. And for individuals who tends to do not trust others, they are more likely to trust socialized sharing platforms. The higher the consumer perceived utility uncertainty is, the higher (lower) trust of the consumer platform in the socialized (not socialized) sharing platform. For the second experiment results, in the context of sharing economy, the utilitarian information has a greater positive impact on the consumer trust than the hedonic information. In addition, the stronger the privacy protection of sharing platforms, the higher the trust of consumes. This study makes several academic contributions. First, we extend the topic of socialization to sharing economy context. Second, we add the perceived utility uncertainty as a moderator, and supplement the role of perceived uncertainty. This research also provides several practical implications. First, sharing platform can promote their consumers’ trust by establishing their own social platform. This platform can be used as a differentiated competitive strategy for sharing platform. Second, sharing platform should guide consumers to share utilitarian information (i.e. weather for specific place or real time traffic) to improve consumer satisfaction. Third, sharing platform can access consumer preference information through this social platform for further product development and classification.

Socialization agents are an important aspect of a consumer's tool set for determining how they interact with the market environment. These agents are traditionally thought to be members of one's family, peers, and mass media (Bush, Smith, and Martin 1999; John 1999). Research as shown how socialization agents play an important role in marketing research and how they affect attitude formation (Shin, Ross, and Moon, 2015) and brand/store switching behaviors (Shin, Park, and Ross, 2012). Culture defines social norms and forms what are acceptable or even desirable consumption goods within a society (Kaltcheva and Weitz, 2006). Through this definition, one can assume that culture likely has significant influences on a consumer’s shopping motives. Previous researches have attempted to divide culture into dimensions of vertical/horizontal and collectivism/individualism; where vertical individualism is made up of individuals who attempt to stand out from others in their uniqueness via competitive natures, a focus on success and achievements, and acquisition of power; horizontal individualism consists of individuals who tend to shun successful people as boasters and consider values of modesty respectable while retaining their individuality and personal goals apart from comparing to others around them; vertical collectivists are those who recognize a hierarchal form of society and seek to maintain the consistency of traditional authority structures within it; and horizontal collectivists hold views less related to hierarchal recognition and more related to values of equal cooperation with an honest and direct demeanor (Shavitt, Lalwani, Zhang, and Torelli, 2006; Kurman and Sriram, 2002; Triandris and Gelfland, 1998). However, the operational items utilized in research surveys, while successful in the west, such as in the U.S., have struggled to stand out and show significance in the Korean society. This research attempts to provide more useful survey items that embrace each aspect of culture type more clearly in order to reach levels of significance and distinction that are sorely needed in this field. In South Korea, which is thought to be a predominantly collectivist culture (Hofstede, 2001; Rhee, Uleman, and Lee, 1996), a study of discount shoppers found they are inclined to shop for the purpose of socialization either because they enjoy being in a crowd or to compare their current social status level with other shoppers in the same store (Jin and Kim, 2003). Collectivist consumers tend to shop with others among their social circles and spend more time shopping (Ackerman and Tellis, 2001). Consumers that spend more time shopping are more proactive in obtaining information while they are shopping (Bellenger and Korgaonkar, 1980). Risk averse shoppers attempt to increase their market knowledge (Mano and Elliott, 1997), and collectivists are thought to be more risk averse and attempt to avoid risk through various methods, such as price signaling (Shannon and Mandhachitara, 2008). In China, a largely collectivist society, consumers are quite price conscious and focused on thrifty spending habits (Kim, Forsythe, Gu, and Moon, 2002; Zhang, 2001; Weidenbaum, 1996), and they are more likely to engage in obtaining product information during shopping ventures than their individualist American counterparts (Ackerman and Tellis, 2001). Jin and Kim (2003) suggested that Korean shoppers are socially motivated to shop in order to compare their levels of accomplishments with other shoppers in the same venues. This falls in line with a competitive nature distinct in vertical culture types. Verticality in culture values is related to competition and moving up the social latter, while horizontal cultural values denote a more cooperative and passive stance on standing out (Triandis and Gelfand, 1998). It seems logical to assume that vertical culture values tend toward more hedonistic values rather than utilitarian. Utilitarian shoppers are more concerned about price competitiveness and convenience when shopping (Jin and Kim, 2003), implying that individuals of a horizontal cultural nature are more concerned with price comparison and the places that conveniently provide them with information needed to make purchase decisions in the store rather than through external information search, such as through social interactions. When shoppers lack socialization agents or collective cultures to help them make purchase decisions, they must turn to the stores themselves for assistance and information acquisition. Studies have shown that a lack of social interaction creates feelings of loneliness in elderly shoppers, whom will then turn to various mall shopping motivations, such as service consumption and diversion, in order to alleviate their loneliness (Kim, Kang, and Kim, 2005). This suggests that the shopping motivation to interact with service personnel in stores acts as a substitute for situations where socialization agents are lacking. Shopping malls have been shown to be help mitigate feelings of social isolation and emotional disconnect from society (Forman and Sriram, 1991; Mochis, 1996; Kang and Ridgway, 1996). As collectivists tend to highly desire social interactions for a variety of reasons, it is quite likely that such interactions will be a driving factor for their motivation to shop, especially when they lack the appropriate socialization agents that will provide the means to give such interactions outside of the market. Customer satisfaction leads customers to stronger emotional attachments to the stores they are satisfied with, implying that individuals form social bonds with the stores themselves; and this, in turn, increases the likelihood of these individuals becoming regular patrons (Shin and Park, 2014). There are a variety of shopping motives that have been used for studies in previous researches. In this research, we take a look at the motivations of social interaction (Tauber, 1972), information seeking (Bellenger and Korgaonkar, 1980), and price comparison (Groeppel-Klein, Thelen, and Antretter, 1999), and how they are affected by socialization agents, both personal and non-personal, as well as culture type and how they influence an individual's likelihood of emotional attachment to stores.

본 연구는 학교교육의 사회화에 관하여 비판하고 배움학적 대안을 제시하고자 함을 그 목적으로 한다. 교육과 사회 간의 관계를 결정하는 중요한 핵심은 사회화이다. 사회화란 개인이 한 사회의 구성원이 되기 위해 반드시 배워야 하는 모든 과정과 내용을 의미한다. 이에 관해 구조기능주의론자들과 갈등주의 론자들은 사회화의 정당화와 보장성에 관해 경쟁하며 교육의 공헌에 관한 주장을 하여왔다. 사회화의 대 행기관으로서 가장 중요한 사회 속의 기관은 학교이다. 학교교육은 개인이 사회의 구성원이 될 수 있도록 가장 적합한 기관으로 알려져 왔다. 그러나 학교는 특정 시대의 정치적, 경제적, 그리고 문화적 계급을 재생산하거나, 사회화보다는 다른 목적으로 사용되어져 왔다. 그러나 학교교육은 사회화와 더불어 인간의 배움본능의 실현과 개조를 가능케 하도록 이루어져야 한다. 현재까지 이루어진 학교교육은 개인 을 사회화하기에 부적합한 기관이라는 것이 본 연구의 결론이다.

The contributions of teachers in building foundation of social processes, promoting learners’ agency and engagements have been constantly highlighted. This study explores language socialization of English Language Learners (ELLs) in an elementary school in U.S., focusing on the role of an ESL teacher. It examines how the ESL teacher provides linguistic and cultural scaffolding, and creates a learning environment conducive to ELLs’ socialization into American school academic discourse (Gee, 1999). A prevalent approach for linguistic scaffolding was through using questions. Questions were used for assessment, identifying prior knowledge, current understanding level, and potential level for future development, and to train ELLs to think critically and analytically. Cultural scaffolding was made through classroom scripts, such as whole group and small group activities, individual work with teacher assistance, and working locations in the classrooms. The classroom script projected American values of power functioning, respect for individuals, and freedom of choice. The findings imply that ESL learners need more than linguistic scaffolding and having the knowledge of cultural learning dynamics could be crucial in multicultural students’ socialization into the mainstream American school discourse.

본 연구는 조직사회화가 구성원들의 개인-조직 적합성과 지식공유에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 조직 사회화에 따라 구성원들은 조직 맥락을 다르게 인식하고 이는 구성원들의 태도와 행동의 차이를 유발할 것이다. 그리고 본 연구는 조직수준의 조직사회화와 개인수준의 지식공유 사이에서 개인수준의 개인-조 직 적합성의 매개효과를 분석하였다. 조직사회화는 주로 개인수준에서 연구가 진행되었고 조직수준에서 진행된 연구는 드문 편이다. 53개 조직에 속한 260명의 관리자로부터 자료를 얻어 조직사회화 변수를 측정하였다. 조직당 관리자의 수는 평균 4.9명이었다. 또한 53개 조직 404명의 직원으로부터는 개인-조직 적합성과 지식공유를 측정하 였다. HLM 7.01을 사용하여 분석한 결과 조직사회화는 개인-조직 적합성에 정의영향을 미쳤다. 그리고 개인-조직 적합성이 조직사회화와 지식공유 사이에서 완전 매개효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 조 직사회화와 개인-조직 적합성, 지식공유 사이의 교차수준 분석을 통해 이들 개념 사이의 관계에 대한 이 해를 높일 수 있었다.

Ahn June-hui. 2016. “Language socialization of politeness in a Korean preschool”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(1). 175~211. This paper examines language socialization practices regarding politeness in a Korean preschool. In particular, it analyzes linguistic and paralinguistic features of politeness that teachers emphasize in their everyday discourses with children, and examines the ways that children reproduce or reconstruct these features and other linguistic resources in their peer talk. The analysis of teacher-children discourses shows that teachers emphasize pragmatic features of politeness such as polite forms of request, politeness routines, soft voices, high pitch, and rising intonations while not correcting inappropriate and ungrammatical uses of honorifics. Moreover, the analysis of children's peer talk demonstrates that children strategically use various linguistic and paralinguistic features of politeness to address goals of their culture-laden peer worlds such as pursuit of power and authority, alliance formation, or evasion of adult control. These findings are discussed in relations to language socialization research, studies on Korean politeness, and research on peer talk.

This study explores the concept of religiosity and determines how it affects a consumer's preference of socialization agents. It is shown that higher degrees of religiosity cause an individual to utilize personal socialization agents for final purchase decisions. The authors then show and discuss how the socialization agents chosen by a consumer influence how a consumer favors moral advertising or tolerates offensive advertising. Results gleaned from the analysis show that higher use of personal socialization agents will cause an individual to have lower tolerance of offensive advertising and higher favoritism toward moral advertising. Religious affiliation is also found to play a moderating role for religious individuals when determining the use of socialization agents. Two countries were chosen, Korea and America, to conduct a find common ground on the types of advertising that is considered favorable or offensive by both of the two very different cultures and peoples.

본 연구는 반응성애착장애 남아1명, 여아1명을 대상으로 사회화과정에서 구체적인 특징과 그 특징이 드러나는 상황과 양상에 대한 탐색적 연구로서 2011년 10월부터 2012년 1월까지 약 15주 동안 아동의 사회화과정을 교육과 학습, 놀이상황, 개별놀이치료로 선정하여 참여관찰을 통하여 사회화 개입에서 드러나는 아동의 사회화과정에 대한 특징을 현상학적 질적 연구방법으로 알아보는 것이었다. 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 특정대상에게만 반응 보였으며 구체적으로 살펴보면 치료자에 대한 인식반응과 주교사와의 상호작용, 주변 환경에 대한 무반응이며, 둘째, 혼잣말이 많은 특징이 보였으며 구체적으로 자신에게 주문걸기, 짝지어 말하기, 자기보상하기로 요약되었고, 셋째, 지연반응은 현재와의 불일치, 반복 경험하기, 예측의 즐거움으로 요약되었다. 본 연구의 의의는 반응성애착장애아동에 대한 사회화과정에서의 특징을 심도 있게 살펴봄으로써 반응성애착장애아동의 사회적 상호작용과 사회적 기술 습득과정에 대한 이해와 치료적 개입을 위한 기초자료를 제공한 것이다.

Lee, Gi-ven․Song, Mi-jeong. 2011. Language Socialization Practices of Seven Adolescents of Korean Heritage in the US. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 20(1). pp. 135-159. This study explores cultural and linguistic practices, identity negotiation, and power dynamics manifested in language socialization practices in a recreational setting of seven high school and college students of Korean heritage currently residing in the US. In conjunction with interviews, audio-tapings and observations of these students' weekly basketball games serve as the data sources. Analyses of data demonstrate that the basketball game offers a prime context for these students to speak Korean, practice Korean sociocultural values and rules, negotiate their identity, and establish their own position in the group. While they all speak English for the majority of time in their day-to-day interactions, the students mostly use Korean in the basketball setting, particularly when talking about Korea-related topics. In terms of negotiating their ethnic identity, the Korean-born students seem to negotiate their identity more strictly than the US-born students, who appear to negotiate their identity more ambiguously and flexibly. Also, the power and authority to control the interaction seems to depend upon the symbolic and material resources that the students own.

In this global era, many Korean parents want to educate their children in an L2 school to acquire communicative competence. In order to give parents and educators educated understanding of what early childhood English education in an L2 preschool involves, this paper makes a detailed description of a Korean preschool child's L2 socialization process. The data were collected through participant observation, interviews, and field-notes, and analyzed qualitatively. The findings briefly illustrate daily routine activities at home and school became a rich source of linguistic input. In particular, daily interactive activities at school helped the child learn many linguistic and sociocultural rules of American society. Yet, given that most nonnative children - including the informant - displayed some emotional distance toward native speakers and thereby did not actively participate in classroom activities, the findings suggest a need for more structured L2 curriculum. The study also indicates that, for young learners, parental assistance can play a key role in their L2 socialization, and in this sense, parents should be able to understand their children's needs at school and provide necessary assistance.