Due to lack of established operating conditions, the swine manure management process circulates bio-liquor between the slurry pit and the bioreactor process cannot be effectively used yet. Therefore, a lab scale study comprising a single bio-reactor and slurry pit was conducted to investigate the optimal operating conditions. The main experiment was performed after conducting a preliminary study on the operating conditions. In the preliminary study, the volume ratio of the bioreactor to the slurry pit was fixed at 1 and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the bioreactor was set as 5, 10 and 15 d. In the main experiment, the HRT of the bioreactor was fixed at 5 d based on preliminary results and the ratio of bioreactor to slurry pit was set at 1:3, 1:5, 1:7 and 1:10. Since, a decrease in bioreactor performance occurred when NH4-N loading rate reached 60 g/m3/d, the loading rate of NH4-N was required to be maintained below 55 g/m3/d to achieve stable operation. Although manure excretion can definitely increase the loading rate into the bioreactor as well as NH4-N concentration in the slurry pit, the NH4-N in slurry pit can be kept consistent with the circulation rate above 9.5Q (ratio to manure excretion). The optimal volume ratio of the bioreactor to the slurry pit and HRT of the bioreactor to fulfill these operating conditions was 1:3 and 5d, respectively. Notably, studying of the individual farm situation is very important to establish an ideal method to apply the optimal operation conditions suggested in this study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the odor reduction in swine farms by the application of probiotics. A total of five farms were selected from the preliminary survey based on the management scale, odor gas concentration level, and production efficiency. The application of probiotics consisted of feeding swine high concentrations of probiotics, addition of odor-reducing agents in the slurry pit, and the spraying of swine houses. The concentration of probiotics given per pig per day was above 107 cfu/g. The odor was measured before and after probiotics application for 77 days in the swine farms. With the exception of E farm, the odor concentration decreased in four farms with probiotics application. Ammonia and amine concentrations were reduced by 48.24% and 45.37% on average, respectively. The main causes of odor were hydrogen sulfide, p-cresol, and butyric acid. The total odor activity value was the lowest in D farm, followed by B, A, E, and C farms, respectively in increasing order. In the case of C farm, hydrogen sulfide accounted for 92% of the total odor activity value. In order to verify the reliability and effectiveness of probiotics at the farm site, appropriate application and monitoring should be performed continuously on the basis of the product quality evaluation system.

본 연구의 목적은 양돈 농장 관련 차량 이동 데이터를 활용해 농장과 도축장 간 네트워크 분석을 수행하는 데 있다. 구제역과 같은 확산 속도가 빠른 질병에 효과적으로 대응하기 위해서는 초동대응 및 선제적 차단방역이 중요하다. 이러한 방안을 마련하기 위해서는 질병 전파의 주요 매개체인 차량 이동 분석 및 질병이 확산되는 장소인 도축장과 양돈농장의 연계 관계에 대한 분석이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 KAHIS(국가가축방역통합시스템, Korea Animal Health Integrated System)가 관리하는 차량 이동 데이 터를 기반으로 농장과 도축장 간 바이너리 매트릭스를 생성해 농장과 도축장 간 네트워크 분석을 실시하였다. Rasch model 및 Latent Class Analysis(LCA) 방법을 활용해 농장과 도축장의 위험도를 산출하고, 농장을 군집화하였다. Rasch model 분석 결과, 전라북도와 경기도 농장이 높은 위험도를 보였으며, 이는 질병 전파의 위험도가 높은 것으로도 해석 가능하다. LCA를 활용한 군집 분석 결과, 총 7개의 군집으로 분류되었다. 특히, Rasch model에서 추정된 위험도의 고려했을 때, 4번 군집이 중점적으로 관리되어야 할 대상인 것으로 나타났다. 그 다음으로는 위험도가 0.02수준인 1, 3, 5, 6번 군집이 주의해야 할 대상으로 나타났다. 위험도가 상대적으로 낮은 2, 7번 군집의 경우, 도축장을 통한 질병 전파 위험도는 낮은 수준인 것으로 해석 가능하므로 군집 단위의 관리보다는 개별 농장 단위의 모니터링 관리를 고려해볼 수 있다. 본 연구 결과에서의 양돈 농장과 도축장 간 군집 분석 결과를 고려한다면 김제, 고창과 인접한 정읍, 부안, 익산을 이어서 논산과 공주까지의 전북, 충남의 일부 지역에 대해서만 이동제한을 연장하는 세밀한 방역조치를 생각해볼 수 있었을 것이다.

A study of the tissue depletion of florfenicol (FFC) administered orally to pigs at a dose of 0.05 kg/ton feed for 7 days was performed. Sixteen healthy cross swine were administered with FFC. Four treated animals were arbitrarily selected to be sacrificed 1, 3 and 5 days after the end of treatment. FFC residue concentrations in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet photometric detector at 230 nm. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the calibration curve for florfenicol amine (FFCa) was > 0.997 and the limits of detection and quantification were 0.012 and 0.040 μg/mL, respectively. Recovery rates in swine edible tissues ranged from 79.1 to 93.5%. In the FFC-treated group, FFC residues at 3 days post-treatment were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in muscle, kidney and fat, and those at 5 days post-administration were below the MRLs in all edible tissues. These results suggest that the withdrawal period of FFC after the drug treatment might be 5 days, which is a sufficient amount of time for reduction of the FFC residues below the MRLs in all edible tissues.

곰팡이독소는 곰팡이의 2차 대사산물로 동물용 원료사료 중에서 특히 곡물 및 곡물부산물에서 가장 흔하게 발생한다. 돼지는 곰팡이독소에 대한 감수성이 다른 동물에 비해 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 아플라톡신, 디옥시니발레놀 및 제랄레논은 동물용 원료사료에서 가장 흔하게 발생하는 곰팡이독소이며, 국내‧외에서 허용기준을 설정하여 관리하고 있다. 곰팡이독소는 종류에 따라 서로 다른 독성작용을 가지지만 모두 면역체계를 표적으로 하며, 최종적으로 돼지의 성장저하를 초래한다. 따라서 곰팡이독소에 의한 피해를 최소화하기 위한 다양한 대책이 필요하다. 일반적으로 곰팡이독소에 오염된 사료를 섭취한 돼지는 사료섭취량이 감소하며, 그 결과 증체량 저하가 발생한다. 사료섭취량 감소로 인한 필수영양소의 불충분한 공급은 영양소함량을 강화시킨 사료를 급여함으로써 증체량 감소를 최소화할 수 있다. 또한 곰팡이독소 저감제를 이용하여 곰팡이독소에 의한 피해를 저감시킬 수 있으나, 곰팡이독소의 종류 및 농도, 환경적 요인, 저감제의 종류 등에 따라 저감제 사용 효과에 대한 변이가 존재한다.

Prolactin is an anterior pituitary hormone involved in various physiological phenomenon including reproduction. The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is detected in diverse tissues such as brain, ovary, placenta and uterus in several mammalian species. A total of 227 pigs [Korean native pigs (KNP) 27; Landrace pigs 29; Korean native pigs x Landrace F1 91; Nanchuckmacdon pigs 80] were used to investigate the allele frequency difference of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene among the four pig lines. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) with Alu I restriction enzyme was used to determine the genotypes of PRLR. Frequencies of PRLR alleles among the four different pig lines were not significantly different (Chi-square=3.94, DF=3, P=0.27). A total of 40 Nanchuckmacdon pigs were used to investigate the effect of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene on total number of piglets born (TNB), number of piglets of alive (NBA) using general linear model implemented in MINITAB software. For TNB, the AB genotype had higher genotypic value (10.61) than the values of AA (9.83) and BB (10.30). Likewise, the AB genotype had higher genotypic value (8.96) than the values of AA (8.18) and BB (8.90) for NBA. However, these associations of the PRLR gene with TNB and NBA were not statistically significant. In conclusion, it is necessary to increase the sample size for investigating the effect of the PRLR gene on TNB and NBA in pigs.

As of 2014, 26.4% of the total regulated odor emission facilities are occupied by livestock facilities. The odor of pigs is 10.9 OU·m3 / min per pig, which generates 15-50 times higher odor than other livestock. It is also a major cause of livestock odor complaint. Livestock odor substance is mixed 169 kinds of ingredients, 30 of which can be detected as odor. It contains sulfur, volatile fatty acids, phenols and indoles, ammonia and volatile amines. In particular, odorous substances of phenols and indole derivatives not included in domestic designated odor substances have high odor contribution and are not well decomposed. Therefore, it is known that despite the use of the odor reducing agent having a high removal rate of ammonia and the like, the residue is long and causes continuous discomfort. The odor problem using physical and chemical methods can not be solved because it can not solve the fundamental problem if the animal odor is not decomposed or removed. In the anaerobic environment, the bacteria present in the manure may produce volatile organic compounds, which are the cause of the odor, and the odor may be generated, and some microorganisms decomposing the odor substances may reduce the odor. B. subtillis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L. acidophillus, Enterococcus faecium, L. plantarum, B.coagulans, B. fermentum, B. thuringiensis, B. licheniormis, B. subtillis, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus acidophllus, L. fermentum, L. lactis, L. plantarum, L. casei, L. brevis, Streptococcus faecium, Clostridium butyricum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, and photosynthetic bacteria are used as odor-reducing microorganisms.

This study was conducted to find out the environmental, service sire and genetic effects for reproductive trait in certain purebred of pigs on Landrace and Yorkshire, and to suggest selection indicator which is to improve genetic capability on reproductive traits. There are five traits used on this analysis which are total number of born (NBT), number of born alive (NBA), piglets weight within litter (LW), average of birth weight on piglets within litter (ABW) and variation of birth weight on piglets within litter (VBW). With these data, the mixed model was established using 10,342 records collected from 2,527 sows of Landrace and 13,817 records collected from sows of 3,056 Yorkshire breeds and the variation of random effects and the genetic parameter were estimated by the REML method including service sire effects, permanent environmental effects and sow genetic effects. Due to characteristics of closed nucleus herd for using data on this study, given that it has been isolated breeding for about 19 years that progressed over 16 generations, genetic analysis was performed on all of these data and partial data of the current genetic group in which animals were born after 2011. The effects of service sire were estimated to be less than about 8% of total variation in all traits considered in the analysis. Permanent environmental effects were estimated about 2~14% of total variation in all traits considered. The heritability, which is the ratio of genetic variance among the total variance, was estimated to be 20~35% for LW and ABW in Landrace and Yorkshire, while it was about 10~14% for NBT. The genetic correlations between NBT and LW were 62~74% and between NBT and ABW were –28~-7%. Therefore, indirect selection for improving litter size could be possible with considering LW. Whereas, the genetic effect of the service sire effects for litter traits would be trivial.