Titanium powders have been usually produced by de-hydrogenating treatment in vacuum with titanium hydride () powders prepared by milling of hydrogenated sponge titanium, . The higher stoichiometry of x in , whose maximum value is 2, is achieved, crushing behavior is easier. powder can be, therefore, easy to manufactured leading to obtain higher recovery factor of it. In addition, contamination of the powder can also minimized by the decrease of milling time. In this study, the hydrogenation behavior of sponge titanium was studied to find the maximum stoichiometry. The maximum stoichiometry in hydride formation of sponge titanium could be obtained at for 2 hrs leading to the formation of and the treating temperatures lower or higher than caused the poor stoichiometries by the low hydrogen diffusivity and un-stability of , respectively. Such experimental behavior was compared with thermodynamically calculated one. The hydrogenated sponge was fully ball-milled under -325 Mesh and the purity of pure titanium powders obtained by de-hydrogenation was about 99.6%.

The evolution of sinterability, microstructure and mechanical properties for the spark plasma sintered(SPS) Ti from commercial pure titanium(CP-Ti) was studied. The densification of titanium with 200 mesh and 400 mesh pass powder was achieved by SPS at under 10 MPa pressure and the flowing +Ar mixed gas atmosphere. The microstructure of Ti sintered up to consisted of equiaxed grains. In contrast, the growth of large elongated grains was shown in sintered bodies at with the 400 mesh pass powder and the lamella grains microstructure had been developed by increasing sintering temperature. The Vickers hardness of 240~270 HV and biaxial strength of 320~340 MPa were found for the specimen prepared at .

Functional Concrete Added Titanium Dioxide(TIO2) for photocatalysis was about a result strength Reduction by recent studies. Therefore, The purpose of the study is to review the possibility of TIO2 for using concrete admixture. As a result, Nano TIO2 for concrete admixture helps increased strength of concrete and here are some of the details. The compressive strength and flexural strength of cement mortar added same amount of Nano SF and TIO2 for admixture were development of strength a certain level each other. when Nano admixture use 10%, SF and TIO2 showed development of strength 60% and 40% each other gradually. If I use over 10% Both SF and TIO2, they showed irregular strength variations.

The fabrication of interconnect from titanium powders and powders is investigated. Corrosion-resistant titanium and are used as reinforcement in order to reveal high heat and corrosion resistance at the elevated temperature. We fabricated the plates for interconnect reinforced with by mixing titanium powders with 10 wt.% of nano-sized . Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) was chosen for the sintering of these composites. The plate made of titanium powders and powders demonstrates higher corrosion resistance than that of the plate of titanium powders alone. The physical properties of specimens were analyzed by performing hardness test and biaxial strength test. The electrochemical properties, such as corrosion resistance and hydrogen permeability at high temperature, were also investigated. The microstructures of the specimens were investigated by FESEM and profiles of chemical compositions were analyzed by EDX.

Titanium dioxide particles are used as photocatalysts, sensors, adsorbents and catalyst. Core-shell polymers of inorganic/organic pair, which have both core and shell component, were synthesized by sequential emulsion polymerization using Acrylate as a shell monomer and potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator. We found that when Acrylate core prepared by adding 0.5~2.0 wt% EU-S133D, Titanium dioxide / Acrylate core-shell polymerization was carried out on the surface of Titanium dioxide particle without forming the new Titanium dioxide particle during acrylate shell polymerized in the inorganic/organic core-shell polymer preparation. The structure of core-shell polymer were investigated by measuring to the thermal decomposition of polymer composite using thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA) and morphology of latex by scanning electron microscope(SEM).

목적: 본 연구에서는 양극산화방법을 이용하여 착색된 티타늄 안경테의 산화막 두께에 따른 색상을 광 반사 스펙트럼을 통해서 규명하고자 한다. 방법: 양극산화 방법 제조 장치를 자체 제작하여 사용하였다. 연구에 사용한 티타늄 안경테원재료 조성은 EDS로 측정하였고, 구조분석은 XRD를 사용하여 X선 회절선으로부터 구하였다. 광 반사 측정은 UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer에 부착된 적분구를 사용했다. 결과 및 고찰: 조성 분석한 결과는 티타늄(Ti)이 97.09%와 탄소(C)2.91%로 합성된 합금으로 해석되었고, 구조는 Hexagonal이었다. 티타늄 안경테 재료에 인가 시간을 조정하여 산화막(TiO2) 두께를 변화시킴으로서 다양한 색상을 얻을 수 있었다. 광 반사 스펙트럼을 측정해 보면 양극산화 방법으로 착색한 티타늄 안경테는 양극산화 초기단계에서는 청색영역의 파장에서 하나의 넓은(broad)피크를 갖는 광 반사 스펙트럼이 관측되었고, 양극산화 시간이 진행되어 두께가 두꺼워 질수록 붉은색 영역에서 광 반사가 크게 일어나고, 피크도 분리되는 것을 알 수 있다. 결론: 티타늄 안경테의 색상은 양극산화에 의해 형성된 산화막의 굴절률과 두께에 의존한 광의 간섭효과에 의해서 변화는 것을 알 수 있다.

Titanium dioxide particles are used as cosmetics, pigments, photocatalysts, adsorbents, catalytic supports, and sensors. The TiO2 particles were prepared by the precipitation in TTIP/Solvent mixtures and calcined at different temperatures. The resulting materials were characterized by XRD and SEM testing techniques. The TiO2 particles phase composition was determined by XRD ranging from amorphous to crystalline anatase and rutile largely proportional to the calcination temperature.

In order to provide the mechanism of nozzle clogging, recovered nozzles for high strength steel grade were examined carefully after continuous casting. The thickness of clogged material in SEN is increased in the following order: from the bottom to the top of the nozzle, upper part of slag line, and the pouring hole. Nozzle clogging material begins to form due the adhesion of metal to nozzle wall, the decarburization, and reduction of oxide in the refractory by Al and Ti in the melt. The reduction of oxide in the refractory by Al and Ti improves the wettability of the melt on the refractory and forms a thin Al-Ti-O layer. Metal containing micro alumina inclusions is solidified on the Al-Ti-O layer, and the solid layer grows due to the heat evolution through the nozzle wall. Thermodynamic calculation has been made for the related reactions. The effect of superheat to the nozzle clogging is discussed on ultra low carbon steel and low carbon steel.

Titanium dioxide thin films were fabricated as hydrogen sensors and its sensing properties were tested. The titanium was deposited on a SiO2/Si substrate by the DC magnetron sputtering method and was oxidized at an optimized temperature of 850˚C in air. The titanium film originally had smooth surface morphology, but the film agglomerated to nano-size grains when the temperature reached oxidation temperature where it formed titanium oxide with a rutile structure. The oxide thin film formed by grains of tens of nanometers size also showed many short cracks and voids between the grains. The response to 1% hydrogen gas was ~2×106 at the optimum sensing temperature of 200˚C, and ~103 at room temperature. This extremely high sensitivity of the thin film to hydrogen was due partly to the porous structure of the nano-sized sensing particles. Other sensor properties were also examined.

The attachment and adhesion of RAW 264.7 and MC3T3-E1 cells to titanium (Ti) discs with various degrees of roughness was investigated. The attachment, adhesion, and proliferation of these cells were evaluated after 4 hr, 24 hr and 7 day incubations. Both RAW 264.7 and MC3T3-E1 cells showed a time-dependant correlation between attachment and adhesion on the surface of the titanium discs. Both types of cells tended to have higher survival rate on these discs as the surface roughness increased. The percentage of adherent inflammatory RAW 264.7 cells was greater than MC3T3-E1 cells at 24 hr, but this was reversed at 7 days in culture. The morphology of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells at 24 hr, determined using a surface emission microscope (SEM), appeared flattened and spread out while inflammatory RAW 264.7 cells were predominantly spherical in shape. The adhesion of both cell types on the titanium discs was dependant on the levels of fibronectin adsorbed on the disc surface, indicating that serum constituents modulate the efficient adhesion of these cells. Our data indicate that the cellular response to the titanium surface is dependent on the types of cells, surface roughness and serum constituents.

Titanium carbides are widely used for cutting tools and grinding wheels, because of their superior physical properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, high wear resistance, good thermal conductivity and excellent thermal shock resistance. The common synthesizing method for the titanium carbide powders is carbo-thermal reduction from the mixtures of titanium oxide() and carbon black. The purpose of the present research is to fabricate nano TiC powders using titanium salt and titanium hydride by the mechanochemical process(MCP). The initial elements used in this experiment are liquid (99.9%), (99.9%) and active carbon(<, 99.9%). Mg powders were added to the solution in order to induce the reaction with Cl-. The weight ratios of the carbon and Mg powders were theoretically calculated. The TiC and powders were milled in the planetary milling jar for 10 hours. The 40 nm TiC powders were fabricated by wet milling for 4 hours from the +C+Mg solution, and 300 nm TiC particles were obtained by using titanium hydride.

Demineralized Freeze Dried Bone(DFDB) graft material have been used for reconstruction of large bony defects or augmentation of thin alveolar ridge during implantation of titanium fixtures. But at present osteogenic effect of DFDB do not overcome the capacity of autogenic bone graft. Thus many investigators had applicated various bioactive substance to DFDB to enhance the ability of osteogenesis of DFDB. In this study, mixture of grafting material was made from fibrin glue(F) and DFDB(D)(group 1: F+D), fibrin glue, DFDB and rhBMP-2(B) (group 2: F+D+B), fibrin glue, DFDB, polylactic- co-glycolic acid(PLGA)(P) and rhBMP-2(goup 3: F+D+B+P), fibrin glue, DFDB, PLGA, rhBMP-2 and autogenic osteoblasts( O)(group 4: F+D+B+P+O), and fibrin glue, DFDB, autogenic osteoblasts (group 5: F+D+O). During first surgical procedure, extraction of molar teeth was performed at male Biggle dog's mandible, and collected bone marrow tissue from tibia at same Biggle dog. Collected bone marrow tissue was cultured and differentiated into osteoblasts in vitro, and stored in nitrogen bottle. After four months, titanium fixture was implanted with prepared graft material to Biggle dog's mandible. After four and eight weeks respectively, experimental dog was sacrificed. Obtained tissues were prepared for examination by using resin embedded ground section method. Prepared sections were evaluated with transmitted and polarized microscope, and areas of osteoid and cacified bone were calculated with IPTK 5.0( image processing tool kit version 5.0). Resultant data was statistically analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software. Results of this study showed that autogenic osteoblats had more enhancing capacity of bone formation than rhBMP-2, but PLGA inhibited bone forming potential of bony tissue.

Low energy photon irradiation by light in the far red to near infrared spectral range(630~1000nm) using low energy lasers or light emitting diode arrays has been found to modulate various biological processes in cell culture and animal models. The purpose of this study was to examine the light emitting diode irradiation effect on activity of normal human osteoblast on titanium plate in vitro by various energy density, and to observe morphologic change of NHost on titanium plate and to analysis concentration of Ca++, IP and ALP. NHost were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS, and observed by inverted microscope for attatchment to the surface of titanium plate. Ca++, I.P., and alkaline phosphatase( ALP) concentration in medium was calculated during 4 weeks, which was treated with Wilcoxon rank, Anova test and linear regression. Morphologic changes showed LED produced in vitro increases of cell growth of 144~256% in NHost. During a culture period, Ca++ concentration was decreased. LED treatment(>3J/cm2) stimulate calcium consumption in NHost. Statistically, a significant difference was not found between LED power density. LED treated group(>3J/cm2) had higher total inorganic phosphate concentrations than control group in NHost. Statistically, a significant difference was not found between LED power density. No significant changes were observed between ALP acitivity and LED treatment. In spite of LED power density, there were rapid growth rate of NHost and no significant of Ca++, IP and P concentration but these concentration showed predominant change than that of control.

The characteristic of implant s llrface is the most i mportant factor in osseointegra t ion procesR , Prol i fera tion and rli ffel' entiat ion of osteoblast, a nd local factors concerning bone forma tion a l'e inflllenced by sUl' face cha racteri s tic and it al so con t l'ols bone reactlOn The purpose of this reseal'ch was to s tlldy a boll t ini t ial adhesion. prolife ration and acti vation of osteo blast to titanium surface treated wi th mac hined‘ hydroxyapat ite coating, resorba ble blast materi al blasting and a n odi zing method To attach and culture osteobl ast‘ titanium cylinder block wi th 5mm in di ameter and 5mm in height was mad e , After t l'eating the titanium surface of each bl ock with machined, hydroxyapatite coating, I'esorhable blast ma teri al blasting and anodi zed coating, i.mpllrities wel'e I'emoved and stenllzed The number of cells attached from cultul'ed osteobl ast of I'espective expel’imental groups were measured at 1, 4, 7. and 14day, Al ka line phosphatase, calcium. and inorganic phosphate concen tra ti on 0 1' cultured solution was measul'ed, Anodi zing group showed the hi ghest. and RBM treated grollp was foll owed, Machined grollp was the worst ra te of cell a ttachment and pl 미 ife ra ti o n activity, RBM t l'eated grollp s howed the high est in creasi ng on theil‘ alkaline phosphatase activi ty of 1 and " days in cultllred osteobJast to compnrc wi th othcr groups. Thc rc was no significant differe nce among other grollps , stati stically, RBM trea ted grollp showed the hi ghest rate 0 1' increa s ing on the ca lcillm apposition of 1 a nd 4 days in cllltured osteobl ast to compa re wi th other groups , The re was no s ignificant differ ence among other groups ‘ statistica lly, RBM t reated g roup showed the highest rate of inorganic phospha te apposi t ion to compare with other groups , The re was no s ignifi cant diffe rence among other groups‘ s tati stically, It suggested tha t surface modi fï cation of titani um would be profoundly effected on the attachment. proliferation and activation 0 1' osteoblast in init ial stage osseolll tegrat lOn

Laser is used to prevent the early dental caries in dental f ield and to apply for treatment of stomatitis and hyper sens it ivity , and laser mass Recently it is reported that laser i1'r adiation affect on soft tissue treatment and bone 1'emodelling after dental implantation. The purpose of this study was to examine laser irradia ti on effect on activity of normal human osteoblast on titanium plate in vitro by various laser wave length, and to observe morphologic change of NHost on LiLa nium plate and to a nalysis concentration of Ca"++ , IP and ALP NHost were cultured in DMEM containing 10% FBS, and observed by in verted microscope 1"or attatchment to the surface of titanium plate. Ca ++, I.P. , and a lkaline phosphat ase(ALP) concent ration in medium was calculated during 4 weeks, which was treated with Wilcoxon rank, Anova test and linear regression. The obtained results were as follows Morphologic changes showed rapid growth rate of NHost ++ at 3 days of laser lrradiatlOn ln spite of laser wave type, Ca" and P concentration was decreased at 2 weeks and was the hig hest at 3 weeks, but decreased at 4 weeks In spite of laser wave type, ALP concentration was decreased at 2 weeks but was increased at 3-4 weeks, From the aboving results, in spite of laser wave type, there were rapid growth rat e of NHost a nd no significant of Ca"++ , IP and P concen tr ation but these concentration showed predominant change than that of control

We studied on the high temperature brazing process of the titanium frame of spectacles using the tensile test apparatus. The titanium rods, 50 mm in length and 3 mm in diameter, were polished with #2000 emery paper and brazed using the high frequency induction brazing method. Morphologies and chemical compositions of pure titanium surface were observed using SEM and EDX. The chemical compositions were observed using AES in the brazed seam, brazed interface, base metal. The results obtained from this study were sumrnarized as follows. The tensile strength of titanium frame was measured 392.25 MPa at the brazing temperature 96o·c. The tensile strength of titanium frame was measured 398.65 MPa at the Ar gas injection speed 25 Q/min, temperature 96o·c. AES data for the brazed interface region showed that the diffusion of Ag, Cu and Zn occurred to the titanium.