심냉법을 이용한 산소 제조 기술은 지난 한 세기 동안 사용되어 왔으나 에너지 효율의 문제가 제기 되고 있으며, 최근에는 이온전도성 분리막을 이용한 산소 제조 기술이 효율적으로 산소를 제조할 수 있는 대안으로 대두되고 있다. 이 온전도성 분리막을 산소 연소 공정에 적용하기 위해서는 높은 산소투과능과 이산화탄소에 대한 내성이 필요하다. Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ와 같이 기존에 잘 알려진 조성의 분리막은 높은 산소 투과성능을 나타내지만 이산화탄소에 대한 내성이 낮다. 이를 개선하기 위해 본 연구에서는 이산화탄소 내성을 가지는 Sm0.3Sr0.7Cu0.2Fe0.8O3-δ과 Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ으로 이상 분리막(dual phase)을 제조하였다. 제조된 분리막의 특성을 분석하고, 헬륨 및 이산화탄소 조건에서 산소투과 실험을 진행하였다.

We experimented to see if the tolerance of Agaricus bisporus to Pseudomonas sp. causing the bacterial brown blotch disease which is causing great damage in the button mushroom cultivation was inherited. There was no correlation between mycelial growth rate and mushroom tolerance to pathogens at each temperature. In the mycelial stage, the strains tolerance to Pseudomonas sp. were not as strong as those of their parents, but they were generally stronger or more tolerance than those of weaker strain (ASI1321). In fruiting body, tolerance was decreased compared to mycelial. In fruiting body, later generations of two strains had similar tolerance, unlike strong or weak tolerance of parental generation. Therefore, browning of fruit body is thought to be caused not only by tolerance but also by various other factors. Especially, the future generation of the strains which were tolerance to Pseudomonas sp. were very weak in the mycelial stage, indicating that the tolerance of the parental generation was inherited to the later generations. The damage of each pathogen was different in mycelium and fruiting body. P. tolaasii caused higher browning than P. agarici in fruit body. P. reactans did not have a significant effect on the mycelium but affected the browning of the fruit bodies. P. agarici had higher mycelial growth inhibitory ability than fruiting body.

Arabidopsis nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (AtNDPK2) is an upstream signaling molecule that has been shown to induce stress tolerance in plants. In this study, the AtNDPK2 gene, under the control of a stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter, was introduced into the genome of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plants. The induction of the transgene expression mediated by methyl viologen (MV) and NaCl treatments were confirmed by RT-PCR and northern blot analysis, respectively. Under salt stress treatment, the transgenic tall fescue plants (SN) exhibited lower level of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation accumulations than the non-transgenic (NT) plants. The transgenic tall fescue plants also showed higher level of NDPK enzyme activity compared to NT plants. The SN plants were survived at 300 mM NaCl treatment, whereas the NT plants were severely affected. These results indicate that stress-inducible overexpression of AtNDPK2 might efficiently confer the salt stress tolerance in tall fescue plants.

Process capability is well known in quality control literatures. Process capability refers to the uniformity of the process. Obviously, the variability in the process is a measure of the uniformity of output. It is customary to take the 6-sigma spread in the distribution of the product quality characteristic as a measure of process capability. However there is no reference of process capability when maximum material condition is applied to datum and position tolerance in GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing). If there is no material condition in datum and position tolerance, process capability can be calculated as usual. If there is a material condition in a feature control frame, bonus tolerance is permissible. Bonus tolerance is an additional tolerance for a geometric control. Whenever a geometric tolerance is applied to a feature of size, and it contains an maximum material condition (or least material condition) modifier in the tolerance portion of the feature control frame, a bonus tolerance is permissible. When the maximum material condition modifier is used in the tolerance portion of the feature control frame, it means that the stated tolerance applies when the feature of size is at its maximum material condition. When actual mating size of the feature of size departs from maximum material condition (towards least material condition), an increase in the stated tolerance-equal to the amount of the departure-is permitted. This increase, or extra tolerance, is called the bonus tolerance. Another type of bonus tolerance is datum shift. Datum shift is similar to bonus tolerance. Like bonus tolerance, datum shift is an additional tolerance that is available under certain conditions. Therefore we try to propose how to calculate process capability index of position tolerance when maximum material condition is applied to datum and position tolerance.

One of the challenges facing precision manufacturers is the increasing feature complexity of tight tolerance parts. All engineering drawings must account for the size, form, orientation, and location of all features to ensure manufacturability, measurability, and design intent. Geometric controls per ASME Y14.5 are typically applied to specify dimensional tolerances on engineering drawings and define size, form, orientation, and location of features. Many engineering drawings lack the necessary geometric dimensioning and tolerancing to allow for timely and accurate inspection and verification. Plus-minus tolerancing is typically ambiguous and requires extra time by engineering, programming, machining, and inspection functions to debate and agree on a single conclusion. Complex geometry can result in long inspection and verification times and put even the most sophisticated measurement equipment and processes to the test. In addition, design, manufacturing and quality engineers are often frustrated by communication errors over these features. However, an approach called profile tolerancing offers optimal definition of design intent by explicitly defining uniform boundaries around the physical geometry. It is an efficient and effective method for measurement and quality control. There are several advantages for product designers who use position and profile tolerancing instead of linear dimensioning. When design intent is conveyed unambiguously, manufacturers don’t have to field multiple question from suppliers as they design and build a process for manufacturing and inspection. Profile tolerancing, when it is applied correctly, provides manufacturing and inspection functions with unambiguously defined tolerancing. Those data are manufacturable and measurable. Customers can see cost and lead time reductions with parts that consistently meet the design intent. Components can function properly-eliminating costly rework, redesign, and missed market opportunities. However a supplier that is poised to embrace profile tolerancing will no doubt run into resistance from those who would prefer the way things have always been done. It is not just internal naysayers, but also suppliers that might fight the change. In addition, the investment for suppliers can be steep in terms of training, equipment, and software.

Among the information technology and automation that have rapidly developed in the manufacturing industries recently, tens of thousands of quality variables are estimated and categorized in database every day. The former existing statistical methods, or variable selection and interpretation by experts, place limits on proper judgment. Accordingly, various data mining methods, including decision tree analysis, have been developed in recent years. Cart and C5.0 are representative algorithms for decision tree analysis, but these algorithms have limits in defining the tolerance of continuous explanatory variables. Also, target variables are restricted by the information that indicates only the quality of the products like the rate of defective products. Therefore it is essential to develop an algorithm that improves upon Cart and C5.0 and allows access to new quality information such as loss cost. In this study, a new algorithm was developed not only to find the major variables which minimize the target variable, loss cost, but also to overcome the limits of Cart and C5.0. The new algorithm is one that defines tolerance of variables systematically by adopting 3 categories of the continuous explanatory variables. The characteristics of larger-the-better was presumed in the environment of programming R to compare the performance among the new algorithm and existing ones, and 10 simulations were performed with 1,000 data sets for each variable. The performance of the new algorithm was verified through a mean test of loss cost. As a result of the verification show, the new algorithm found that the tolerance of continuous explanatory variables lowered loss cost more than existing ones in the larger is better characteristics. In a conclusion, the new algorithm could be used to find the tolerance of continuous explanatory variables to minimize the loss in the process taking into account the loss cost of the products.1)

‘Saeyoung’, a winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) for forage, was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2012. The cultivar ‘Saeyoung’ has narrow and long leaves of light green color, middle size and thin culm, and a medium grain of brown color. The heading date and yellow ripe stage of ‘Saeyoung’ was May 3 and May 27, which were similar to check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’, respectively. ‘Saeyoung’ showed a little stronger in cold tolerance and a little weaker in resistance to lodging than the check, and wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust were similar to those of the check cultivar. The forage fresh and dry matter yields of ‘Saeyoung’ at milk-ripe stages were 47.2 and 15.6 MT ha-1, respectively, which was 9% and 4% higher than those of the check. The crude protein content of ‘Saeyoung’ was 0.4% lower than 6.8% of the check, while was higher than the check cultivar ‘Shinyoung’ in neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber. Total digestible nutrients of ‘Saeyoung’ was also 3% lower than 62.8% of the check cultivar. It showed grain yield of 4.1 MT ha-1, which was 11% higher than that of the check. ‘Saeyoung’ is recommended for fall sowing forage crops in areas in which average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than -10 ℃.

A series of conserved point mutations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) confer resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in most arthropod pests. However, the mutations associated with reduced sensitivity to insecticides usually results in the reduction of catalytic efficiency and leads to a fitness disadvantage. To compensate for the reduced catalytic activity, overexpression of neuronal AChE appears to be necessary, which is achieved by a relatively recent duplication of the AChE gene (ace) as observed in the two-spotted spider mite and other insects. Unlike the cases with overexpression of neuronal AChE, the extensive generation of soluble AChE is observed in some insects either from a distinct non-neuronal ace locus or from a single ace locus via alternative splicing. The production of soluble AChE in the fruit fly is induced by chemical stress. Soluble AChE acts as a potential bioscavenger and provides tolerance to xenobiotics, suggesting its role in chemical adaptation during evolution.

Salt tolerance in Iris pseudacorus L. was tested whether it can be materialized to remove salt accumulation in water caused by nonpoint source pollution. Two groups of treatments were a nutritive salt group (NSG) of Hoagland solution of varying concentrations and a sodium salt group (SSG) of the solution of NaCl. In NSG leaf visible damages appeared in more than EC 5 mS·cm-1, while plants in SSG showed visible damage in all concentrations of NaCl. The damage symptoms were dark green in leaves and plant wilting in NSG, while browning of the leaf tips' browning in SSG. Plant biomass in NSG was highest in EC 1 mS·cm-1 the lowest in EC 9 mS·cm-1. In SSG, it was significantly decreased as salt concentration increased. Photosynthetic and root activities were reduced, and proline, a kind of stress-defense proteins, increased, accompanied with salt increase.

본 연구에서는 인도 수출용 옥수수의 품종육성을 위하여 인도 현지에서 수집한 다양한 옥수수의 계통 과 품종에 대한 내습성 실험을 수행하였다. 실험대상은 총 20종의 인도수집 옥수수 계통 및 품종과 국 내시판종인 광평옥과 찰옥수수를 이용하였다. 내습성검정을 위하여 하우스 내에 물웅덩이를 설치하고 화분에서 재배한 대조구와 화분을 침수시킨 침수처리구로 구분하여 2주간 재배한 후 초장의 길이를 비 교한 결과 일반구에 대한 침수구의 비율이 높은 H2(92.9%), H18(88.8%), CN114A(98.1%), CN351A (94.3%), Super900M(95.3%), P3394(98.8%), 31N27(96.7%) 등은 비교적 내습성이 강한 것으로 나타 났으며 반면에 H1(78.9%), H8(73.4%), H10(77.1%), H19(79.0%), H26(74.1%), H31(75.7%), H34 (77.5%), H36(77.4%), H40(74.6%) 등은 침수시 많은 수분스트레스를 받는 것으로 사려된다. 침수상태 의 옥수수 잎으로부터 엽록소a, 엽록소b 및 cartenoids의 함량을 측정하여 대조구와 비교함으로서 침수 상태에서 얼마나 많은 엽록소와 cartenoids가 감소되었는지 검정해보니 상기 결과와 동일한 결과를 도 출하였다. 특히 H36(7.249ug·mg-1)과 H40(7.642ug·mg-1)의 경우 엽록소a의 함량이 침수시 급감함 을 보여주었다. 반면에 인도시판종인 37N27(0.630ug·mg-1)과 P3394(1.208ug·mg-1)는 가장 적은 함 량의 변화를 나타내어 우수한 품종임을 알 수 있었다. cartenoids의 함량감소는 엽록체 a의 함량변화와 비례하며 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.

Drought is one of important environmental stress for plant. Drought has deleterious effect to plant growth including maize (Zea mays L.) such as vegetative and/or reproductive growth, root extension, photosynthesis efficiency, flowering, anthesis-silking interval (ASI), fertilization, and grain filling. In this study, we screened drought tolerant maize in 21 cultivars from different sources, sixteen NAM parent lines (B73, CML103, CML228, CML247, CML277, CML322, CML333, CML69, Ki11, Ki3, Ky21, M37W, Mo18w, NC350, Oh43 and Tx303), four Korean hybrids (Cheongdaok, Gangdaok, Kwangpyeongok and Pyeonganok) and one Southeast Asian genotype (DK9955). Drought stress (DS) index was evaluated with leaf rolling score at seedling stage and ASI at silking date. The leaf rolling scoring of CML228, DK9955 and Ki11 were determined 1.28, 1.85, 1.86, respectively. However, M37W, Kwangpyeongok, B73 and NC350 were determined over the 3. ASI analysis revealed that CML228, CML103, Cheongdaok, NC350, B73, CML322, Kwangpyeongok and Ki11 are represented less than 5 days under DS and less than 3 days of difference between DS and well-watered (WW), but CML69, Ki3, Pyeonganok, M37W, Mo18w and Gangdaok were represented more than 10 days under DS and more than 8 days of difference between DS and WW. Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis determined CML228, Ki11, and CML322 were regarded as drought tolerance cultivars. Eventually, Ki11 showed genetic similarity with Korean cultivars by QTL analysis and MDS analysis. Ki11 has a potential for development of drought tolerance maize with Korean cultivars.

The purpose of this study is to establish a policy of tolerance towards multicultural families, foreign emigrants, and North Korean defectors on Jeju Island. To analyze the problems of intolerance by interviewing them. To achieve this through objective, analyzed data of the reality on tolerance and intolerance and through organized discussions on multiculturalism and tolerance on Jeju Island. Through this study, the following implications can be made. Firstly, people on Jeju Island are fairly open and tolerant. Secondly, there is a correlation between fluency in Jeju dialect and the level of tolerance. Thirdly, it is important to overcome the cultural gap. Fourthly, there are several cases of intolerance when using transportation and shopping. Fifthly, there is a tendency of denigrating foreigners from poor developing countries. Sixthly, most people would like to recommend Jeju Island to friends and family members. Through this study, it can be concluded that understanding differences among members of multicultural society with ‘regards, supports, and aids for coexistence as equivalent members of Jeju society’ are necessary.

The objective of this study was to compare the differences between males and females in the mediating effects of academic failure tolerance on the impact of self-efficacy on game addiction among adolescents. The results are summarized as follows. First, in both men and women, self-regulation, one of sub-variables of self-efficacy, had negative effects on game addiction. Second, in men, both emotion and behavior had negative effects on game addiction, while, in women, only behaviour did so. Third, among sub-variables of self-efficacy, in males, self-regulation and task difficulty had positive effects on academic failure tolerance, while, in women, self-regulation, confidence, and task difficulty did so. Fourth, testing the mediating role of academic failure tolerance in the effect of self-efficacy on game addiction showed that there was a partial mediating effect among males, while there was a perfect mediating effect among females. All this implies that there is a need to develop programs that help students maintain positive emotions and behaviors even after they have experienced academic failure, considering the importance of academic failure tolerance for students.

본 연구는 겨울철 제설제 (CaCl2) 농도처리에 따른 맥문동(Liriope platyphylla)과 수호초(Pachysandra terminalis)의 내염성을 평가하고자 수행하였다. 국내에서 제설제로 가장 많이 사용하는 염화칼슘을 각각 0%(Control), 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0%로 처리한 실험구에 2015년 11월에 맥문동과 수호초를 정식한 후, 이듬해 이른 봄인 2016년 3월에 내염성을 평가하기 위해 초장, 엽장, 엽폭, 엽형지수, 생체중, 건물중, 엽록소함량, 광합성률, 기공전도도, 증산율 등을 측정하였다. 초장, 엽장, 엽폭, 엽형지수, 생체중, 건물중, 엽록소함량, 광합성률, 기공전도도, 증산율 등은 제설제 처리농도가 높을수 록 감소되는 것은 두 식물이 동일하였으나, 맥문동이 수호초보다 좀 더 안정된 생육 및 생리적 특징을 보였다. 무엇보다, 맥문동은 3.0% 이상에서, 수호초는 1.0% 이상의 농도처리에서 생존이 불가능해 맥문동이 수호초보다 내염성이 높은 것으로 판단되었으며, 도시 내 제설제 피해지역에 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 자유주의적 관용 개념의 신학적 수용에 관한 반성적 고찰이다. 연구자는 관용의 신학적 주제화가 20세기의 종교 다원주의 신학 담론을 중심으로 전개되어 왔다고 주장하면서, 그 경향을 대표하 는 두 명의 학자인 존 힉(John Hick)과 존 캅(John B. Cobb, Jr.)의 다원주의 신학을 ‘관용 통치’의 관점에서 새롭게 점검한다. 이를 위해 이 논문은 자유주의의 이념으로서의 관용의 개념과 역사를 일별하고, 힉과 캅의 다원주의 신학의 요체를 설명한 후 각각의 한계를 타자 윤리적 관점에서 비판한다. 선교는 종교간 경계를 철회하는 관용의 급진적 수용(Hick)도, ‘존재신학’의 지속을 위한 장치이자 알리바이로 서의 관용의 도구적 이용(Cobb)도 아니다. 선교는 관용을 넘어, 타자와 의 대화를 선포를 위한 주체의 ‘의미’로 전락시키지 않으려는 노력을 통해 타자와 더불어 타자로부터 상호변화에 이르는 성육신의 과정이다. 그러므로 관용 이후의 선교는 “지극히 보잘 것 없는 사람 하나”(마 25:40)의 타자성과 대면하여 그 당혹스러운 사건으로부터 ‘존재신학’ 의 한계를 돌파해 나가는 신학(神學) 이후 신학(呻學)의 가능성이다.

The introduction of stress up-regulated genes into heterologous plants is found to confer stability trait to plants in otherwise hostile environments. The soybean cold inducible factor-1 gene(SCOF-1) encoding a zinc finger transcription factor was introduced into Populus alba L.(white poplar) by co-culture with Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 that carried the binary vector, pGA643/SCOF1. The putative P. alba transformed plants were selected on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2.22μM 6-benzylaminopurine, 1.18mM carbenicillin, and 28.47μM hygromycin. The integration of SCOF-1 into the P. alba genome was also established by polymerase chain reaction(PCR), and the expression of the gene was confirmed by reverse transcription PCR. After exposure for 4h at 4℃ followed by 48h recovery at 27℃, the transgenic plants completely recovered to normal growth status. The chlorophyll content in transgenic plants was higher than that in wild type plants after chilling treatment. However, the moisture content and total phenolics was also not significantly different in transgenic and wild type plants after cold treatment.

본 연구에서는 내건성 식물 선발을 위한 최적 인자를 구명하고, 이들 내건성 식물들의 생장특성을 조 사하였다. 건조저항인자에 대한 나머지 건조저항일(RD), 엽면적(LD), 단위증산량(UTR), 상대함수량 (RWC), 상대수분손실량(RWL), 엽면적(LA), 기공수(SN) 및 기공면적(SA) 등 6개 인자들을 비교한 결과 상대수분손실량과 단위증산량이 건조저항일에 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. PCA분석 결과 SA, LA, RD는 한그룹으로 RWC와 SN은 다른 한 그룹으로 구분되었고, UTR은 SA, LA와, RWL은 RWC와 SN과 음의 상관을 보였다. 상기 결과를 종합하여 느릅나무, 도깨비바늘, 뚝갈, 매듭풀, 새, 더위지기, 맑은대쑥, 독말풀, 긴담배풀, 소리쟁이, 비수리, 장구채, 개기장, 도깨비가지를 내건성 식물 종으로 선 발하였고, 이들에 대한 생장시험을 수행하였다. 절토사면지에서 내건성 식물의 줄기생장은 식물 종간에 약간의 차이를 보였는데, 줄기생장과 잎의 수는 느릅나무를 제외하고 폿트에서는 차이를 보이지 않았 다. 그러나 절토사면지에서 내건성 식물 뿌리 생장과 T/R율은 폿트생장과 큰 차이를 보였고, 특히 T/R 율은 폿트묘보다 월등히 낮았다. 이 결과로 보아 선발된 내건성 식물은 절토사면지와 같이 척박한 토양 에서도 잘 적응할 것으로 나타나 내건성 식물의 육종 등에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Repetitive applications of drugs to tumor tissues and animals induced resistance and/or tolerances which caused severe problem in agriculture and medicine. However, we still do not clearly understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying development of resistance and tolerance to chemicals. Drosophila is one of the most widely used model for studying fundamental phenomena in sciences using its available genetic and genomic resources. To investigate unknown molecular and cellular basis of drug resistance development, we applied Drosophila with two different concentrations of a chemical after treating them with Ethyl methanesulfonate mutatgenesis. We found that flies treating with two different concentration of chemicals showed different susceptibility to a chemical. We have established two different lines showing different susceptibility to a chemical. We will use these lines to compare any differences in mRNA expression profiling and enzyme activities. (This work was supported by project title: Investigation on cross drug resistance mechanisms using Drosophila as a model (PJ010821032016) from Rural Development Administration).