Maritime sector has played a critical role for the growth and development of the Malaysia in facilitating global trade. Malaysia rely on the sector for the import and export of goods as around 90% of the nation trade is carried through maritime transportation. Although there are increasing in trade performance, Malaysian maritime industry is still facing a hard times to safeguard Malaysia's economic interests and to retain its competitive advantage as a leading maritime nation. Therefore, this paper aims to identify, analyses and evaluate the factors that influencing Malaysian maritime industry in remaining sustainable in global trade. In order to explain how the influencing factors affect the Malaysian maritime industry, a systematic hierarchical structure was developed. Then, by employed Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, the priorities among various criteria was determined through the judgments of experts using a set of scales. The results of this study will assist the shipping entities to cope with those challenges and for Malaysia maritime sector to remain a key enabler of international trade.

This study pertains to direction of exports direction of major agricultural commodities viz., rice, maize, bengal gram, chillies and cotton from India. In the ensuing next decade during 21st century, India is likely to witness changes in the export pattern of these commodities due to both internal and external constraints. One of the major internal constraints is mounting cost of production. Similarly, one of the most important external constraints include excessive subsidization by importing countries that makes Indian commodities less competitive in the international market. So, the important research question is to analyse the direction of exports of major agricultural commodities from India during post-WTO regime. The dynamic nature of trade pattern of the selected commodities was analyzed by employing the first order Markov process by examining gains and losses in respect of export shares of major Indian agricultural commodities to different countries. During the post-WTO regime, it was found that Saudi Arabia for rice, Bangladesh for maize, Pakistan for bengal gram, Malaysia for (dry) chillies, China, mainland for cotton are the loyal destinations for the commodities. The increasing demand for the selected commodities in countries like Saudi Arabia, Côte d'Ivoire for rice; Malaysia for maize; Pakistan and Algeria for Bengal gram; USA and Sri Lanka for (dry) chillies and Vietnam, Pakistan and Indonesia for cotton need to be explored for augmenting the exports. In order to achieve this goal, it is essential that consumer preferences in newer markets, market intelligence and impediments for augmenting exports need to be researched. It is also high time to analyze the export competitiveness of selected commodities across these importing countries.

한국 정부는 2012년에 ’목재의 지속가능한 이용에 관한 법률’을 제정하고 합법벌채된 목재 또는 목재제품의 유통·이용에 대한 국가차원의 관리체계를 마련하였다. 이를 위해 산림청은 세부 시행체계를 마련하고 제도의 실효성을 높이기 위해 다음과 같이 노력을 기울여 왔다. 1.산업계에 미칠 영향을 사전 조사하고 의견 수렴 2.정부·공공기관·연구기관(산림청, 한국임업진흥원, 국립산림 과학원, 순서대로)으로 구성된 태스크 포스팀 조직, 로드 맵 제시 3.제도에 대한 인지도와 참여의사에 관한 조사 수행 4.우선 대상 품목 선정, 시범운영 기간 동안 단계별로 적용 품목 확대 5.관세청의 전자통관시스템과 산림청의 목재자원관리시스템을 연계, 이중 행정절차 간소화 및 수입검사 기능 전산화 실현 6.국가별 표준가이드 및 사전진단서비스를 제공, 영세한 수입업자를 보호하는 제도적 장치 마련. 끝으로 합법목재 교역촉진제도의 정착을 위해 선행되어야 할 네 가지 사항을 아래와 같이 정리하였다. 1.국가 차원의 제도 조기정착을 위한 정책적 지원역할 강화 2.제도 활성화를 위한 인센티브 마련과 사후관리 필요 3.국내·외 조성된 목재자원의 유통, 이용을 위한 시스템 활용 확대 4.민관 협력체계와 시민사회 모니터링이 활성화될 수 있는 환경 조성.

As the most frequent and most successful user of the dispute settlement system of the WTO, the US has welcomed judicial clarifications by WTO dispute settlement bodies whenever they confirmed legal claims of the US. Yet, the Trump administration increasingly rejects judicial findings against the US trade restrictions as violating the WTO prohibitions of “add(ing) to or diminish(ing) the rights and obligations provided in the covered agreements.” This contribution criticizes the illegal US ‘blocking’ of the WTO Appellate Body and the underlying, hegemonic nationalism and protectionist interest group politics. It suggests that reasonable and responsible citizens benefitting from the WTO trading, legal and dispute settlement systems must resist illegal power politics, for instance, by supporting a WTO Adjudication@me.too “enlightenment campaign” pressuring democratic institutions and governments to protect rule of law and judicial remedies in international trade as prescribed by parliaments when they approved the WTO Agreement.

본 연구는 중국 상해 및 심천 증권거래소 A-Share 상장기업 단기자금 조달구조의 결정요인을 실증적으로 분 석한다. 본 연구의 초점은 기업간신용의 차입비중에 금융경색 및 재무제약 요인이 미치는 영향을 추정하는 것이다. 본 연구에서 자금시장 전반의 금융경색을 지표하는 변수로 대출-예금금리차가 추정에 포함되었다. 개별 기업의 재무제약 변수로 기존연구를 반영하여 자산총계, Whited-Wu Index, Kaplan-Zingales Index 등이 가설검 증 변수로 추정에 포함되었다. 본 연구의 실증분석에서 중국 상해 및 심천 증권거래소 A-Share 상장기업의 단기 자금 조달구조 결정요인으로 금융경색은 기업간신용 차입비중에 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 추정되어 중국 기 업의 기업간신용 차입비중이 경기순응적, 시장순응적임을 제시한다. 재무제약은 기업간신용 차입비중에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 추정되었으며 기업간신용이 단기자금 조달수단 중에서 “열등한 대체재”로 기능함을 시사하는 것으로 여타 국가들의 기업을 분석한 기존연구를 지지하는 분석결과가 도출되었다. 운전자본관리 측면에서는 만기일치가설을 지지하는 추정결과가 도출되었다. 본 연구는 불완전패널구조를 보이는 중국 기업의 재무데이터를 분석함에 있어서 동적패널모형을 추정하여 통계적으로 유의하고 일관성 있는 실증결과를 제시한다.

본고의 목적은 2019년 일본의 수출규제에 내포된 위기의 성격을 역사, 경제, 안보의 측면에서 재검토하려는 것이다. 그 이유는 한일 간 과거사 문제가 무역규제로 확대되었고, 이것이 한미일 안보협력 문제에도 깊은 함의를 갖고 있기 때문이다. 이를 위해 첫째, 1965년 한일국교정상화 당 시 식민지배 문제와 청구권 문제가 어떻게 처리되었는지 간략히 살펴봄 으로써, 현재 한일 간에 심각한 갈등을 야기시키고 있는 일본군 종군위 안부와 강제징용자 배상 문제의 역사적 성격을 살펴보고자 한다. 둘째, 일본군 종군위안부와 강제징용자 배상문제를 둘러싼 한일간 쟁점을 검토 하고자 한다. 셋째, 결론적으로 일본의 대한국 무역규제에 내포된 국제정 치적, 경제적 전환을 지적하고자 한다. 일본의 무역규제는 미국의 인정 하에 이루어졌다는 점에서 한미관계에도 근본적 변화가 시작된 것으로 생각된다. 그것은 트럼프 정부에서 본격화된 신고립주의(Neo-isolationism), 즉 세계체제의 보안관 역할을 포기하려는 전략적 결정에서 기인된 것이 다. 이에 따라 한국도 미국 없는 시대의 안보적‧경제적 대안에 대해 신중 히 검토할 필요가 있는 것으로 생각된다.

Currently many companies are interested in reduction of the carbon emissions associated with their supply chain activities such as transportation and operations. Operational decisions, such as modifications in order quantities could an effective way in reducing carbon emissions in the supply chain. Cap-and-trade regulation, sometimes called emissions trading, is a market-based tool to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Under cap-and-trade regulation, emission credits are allocated to the firms and the firms trades emissions under cap-and-trade schemes. In this paper, we propose a single-manufacturer single-buyer two-echelon supply chain problem under the cap-and-trade mechanism incorporating the carbon emissions caused by transportation and warehousing activities where a single manufacturer produces a family of items in order to deliver a family of items to a single buyer at a fixed interval of time for effective implementation of Just-In-Time (JIT) Purchasing. An integrated multi-product lot-splitting model of facilitating multiple shipments in small lots between buyer and manufacturer is developed in a JIT Purchasing environment. Also, an iterative heuristic algorithm is developed to derive the common order interval, the number of intervals for each product and the number of shipments between the buyer and the manufacturer during the common interval. A numerical example is given to illustrate the savings in reduction of total cost and carbon emissions by the inventory model incorporating cap-and-trade mechanism compared to the classical inventory model. The proposed inventory model could be useful for the practical solution of two-echelon supply chain inventory problem under cap-and-trade mechanism.

우리나라는 항행교통안전을 위하여 19개 항만과 3개 출입항로에 속력제한구역을 설정하고 제한속력을 지정하고 있으나 항만별 로 제한속력이 다르고 실질적 관리수단의 부재로 제한속력 위반 행위가 빈번히 발생하고 있으며 이로 인하여 인적과실에 의한 선박 충돌 사고가 지속 발생하고 있다. 본 연구는 첫째, 무역항 및 진입수로에서 발생한 해양사고를 분석하였다. 분석결과로 최근 5년간 1,344건(연 평균 269건)이 발생하였고 어선에 의한 사고(563건)가 상선(508건)에 비해 많았으며 특히, 군산항의 어선 선장 50명을 표본으로 설문조사한 결과 45명(90 %)이 제한속력을 알지 못하고 있었다. 둘째, 속력제한 위반 선박에 있는 운항자에게 위험을 알리기 위하여 GPS 플로터 및 전 자해도시스템(ECDIS)에 음성경고 기능과 메시지 경고기능도입을 검토·제안하였다. 셋째, 관련기관과 항법장치 제작업체를 대상으로 전문 가의견을 조사한 결과 제안된 경고기능이 기술적으로 가능한 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구결과는 선박해양플랜트연구소에서 추진 중인 e-NAVIGATION 사업에 반영 가능하며 선박운항자에 대한 인적과실 감소와 한국형 e-NAVIGATION 구축에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

오바마 정부는 2013년 2월 20일 ‘영업비밀절도 완화를 위한 행정부 전략(Administrative Strategy on Mitigating the Theft of U.S. trade Secrets)’을 발표하였다. 이 전략은 영업비밀 해외유출, 사이버침해의 위험성을 매우 심각하게 지적하고 이를 해결하기 위한 다양한 연방정부차원의 대책을 제시하였다. 그리고 2016년 영업비밀방어법(DTSA: Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016)을 제정해 공포했다. 영업비밀절도 감소를 위해 오바마 대통령과 미국정부가 영업비밀보호 특히, 해외유 출방지를 위한 전략을 지속적으로 펼쳐가고 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 기조는 트럼프 대통령 취임 이후에도 계속되고 있다. 이 논문은 미국의 영업비밀방어법(DTSA) 제정 배경과 내용을 분석하고 법제도 및 정책적 시사점을 제시한 것이다. 미국의 영업비밀침해 대응 배경에는 1) 지식재산 역할의 중요성 증가, 산업스파이로 인한 국부유출 심각성, 3) 다양한 분야의 광범위한 피해, 4) 산업스파이로 인한 2차적 피해, 5)산업스파이가 미국 안보를 위협, 6) 세계산업스파이 먹잇감이 된 미국 심각한 위협 인식 등이 있었다. 미국 영업비밀방어법의 법제도 주요내용은 크게 1) 연방법원의 영업비 밀절도 관할권 신설, 2)일방적 민사압류 명령 도입, 3) 일방적 민사압류 로 인한 피해 구제 방법들, 4)소멸시효, 5) 영업비밀 공개 및 도용의 개념정의 개정, 6) 영업비밀절도 벌금 대폭 상향, 7) 영업비밀보유자의 권리 신설, 그리고 연방정부 차원의 대산업스파이 법집행 정책 강화 등으로 분석하였다. 분석결과에 따른 법적 및 정책적 시사점으로는 1) 영업비밀도용에 대한 민사압류명령 도입 검토, 2)국회의 대산업스파이 법집행 정책통제 강화, 3) 대산업스파이 정책의 균형적 추진, 4) 모범사례 개발 및 보급, 5) 공익신고 보호 명문화 등을 제시하였다.

The multilateral trade relations between Malaysia and MERCOSUR is a new market. This study focuses on automotive policy areas towards the MERCOSUR regime which focus on trade ties. The purpose of this study is to expand national automotive policy to penetrate the automotive sector in the MERCOSUR. While it create opportunities to penetrate the automotive sector in MERCOSUR where Malaysia needs to enhancement national trade performance of FTA potential within MERCOSUR regime especially on investment and trade. The main issue is the lack of progress and process are restrictions on Malaysia's within MERCOSUR in the automotive field. Malaysia does not pursue trade within respective nation but in statistical shows have a large and positive market economy with the southern continent of America, especially the automotive industry and lack of performance of Malaysian counterparts and MERCOSUR and unsuccessful automotive investment and exporters. This research uses qualitative research methods, data collection, interviews, and content analysis methods for this study. Expert from respective agencies as interviewees such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Malaysia Trade Relations Division (MATRADE), the Department of Robotics and the automotive trade policy of Malaysia and the IoT Institute. Coding techniques are used for coding processes in content analysis. Hereby, the analysis by using the Economic Integration theory with SWOT Analysis to find out the implementation of Malaysia FTA within the MERCOSUR .Hence, research findings show that Malaysia's multilateral within MERCOSUR relations have a potential to be strengthened with a variety of positive and initiatives from the Malaysia government.

President Trump has, for the first time in the US trade history, aggressively redefined the US trade policy as a supporting actor in the US national security policy. His presidential actions have involved a broad array of legislation, such as trade sanctions and export controls. Most astonishing is that President Trump has imposed trade restrictions by relying upon unilateral findings of national security risks or the existence of national emergencies. We are now at a point where federal courts in the US have been asked to review the validity of presidential trade actions, specifically the central legality of the broad delegation of congressional trade authority over the last 75 years. I predict that the federal courts will uphold the separation of powers in the face of the outrageous and unprecedented onslaught of presidential tariff and trade actions by a president relying upon dubious claims of national security and national emergency.

This article analyzes the Sino-US Summit in Osaka in 2019 and its influence on trade negotiations between China and the US in the near future. By a look at the reports from China’s side and the US’ side, the article figures out what has been agreed and what are the most controversial issues on table. Having an observation of the new development after the Summit, the article tries to analyze the direction and ways forwards for the Sino-US trade talks, and make predictions based on a certain of factors including challenges faced by the US, the need of China as well as the attitude of the world. It is easy to figure out that agricultural products and the supply of equipment relating to Huawei were the key points at issue in the Sino-US Summit as well as in the future. The exchange and compromises are necessary between China and the US regardless of whether they are happy to admit it or not.

As the spread of the health and wellness trend continues worldwide, many consumers are spending much time on sports activities and expressing their individuality through sportswear. This study analyzes the trade networks of major exporters and importers of athleisure wear to provide an exporting policy for Korean apparel companies. As a result, The USA was found to import the most athleisure wear. On the other hand, China had the largest number of athleisure wear exports, and India’s exports, which are becoming increasingly important as apparel producers were notable. Next, using the concept of the centrality of social network analysis, it was found that the USA was the largest importer and the center of athleisure wear’s export network, but its influence has decreased gradually since 2010. China has the highest out-degree and betweenness centrality and center in the export of athleisure wear. The centrality of Asian countries such as India and Vietnam has increased. In Korea, the import of athleisure wear has increased greatly, but the export of athleisure wear has continuously decreased. Korea has less price competitiveness than other developing countries in Asia, but many Korean athleisure wear clothing brands are now attracting popularity not only in Korea but also in other countries with their excellent technology and design. In the future, the exporting policy of Korea’s athleisure wear should focus on high value-added and differentiated products.

On January 28, 2019, the US Department of Justice announced criminal charges against Huawei. A pair of indictments accusing Huawei of violating the US sanctions as well as stealing trade secrets was unsealed in two separate cases. In fact, as a technology-intensive enterprise, Huawei has always been under close scrutiny from the US government for ‘national security’ concerns, and both the criminal allegations have existed for years. The Chinese side questioned the American motives, accusing that the US is actually using law enforcement as one tool among many to achieve its policy objectives in the Huawei case. The article presents the Chinese side of the case as well as the grounds for its position.

This article discusses American Institute for International Steel v. the United States, which is pending in the little-known United States Court of International Trade in New York. It involves an attempt to declare that the US legislation delegating authority to the president to impose trade restrictions is an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority. A loss would legally curtail the president’s discretionary power to use national security as a reason to impose punitive measures against trading partners. The article identifies legal trends, where this case fits into the trade policy debates, and why it is so important. The article concludes that domestic US litigation in 2019 may well have a tremendous impact on US law and the global trading system. Many in the domestic and international trading communities (as well as those in the foreign policy and national security communities) are waiting for the results of this little-known steel litigation.

In pursuing carbon emission reduction efforts, companies have focused for the most part on reducing emissions due to the more efficient equipment and facilities. However they overlook a significant source of carbon emissions, one that is driven by operational policies. Currently companies are looking for solutions to reduce carbon emissions associated with their operations. Operational adjustments, such as modifications in order quantities could an effective way in reducing carbon emissions in the supply chain. Also, Cap-and-Trade mechanism is generally accepted as on of the most effective market-based mechanism to reduce carbon emissions. In this paper, we investigate a supply chain with single manufacturer and multiple retailers multi-product inventory model under the cap-and-trade system incorporating the carbon emissions caused by transportation and warehousing activities. Also, we provide an iterative solution algorithm and derive the common order interval and the number of intervals for each product. We show by numerical example that the inventory model incorporating cap & trade mechanism can reduce total cost and carbon emissions compared to the classical inventory model. Using the numerical examples, we also investigates different carbon price on the performance of the inventory model.

Millions of people worldwide use the Internet. One of the many uses derived from the Internet is the development of digital trade. Digital trade thus lends itself to distinctive issues. The WTO members recognized the benefits digital trade offers and have developed a work program to facilitate the digital trade. However, their efforts have stalled, slowing down the anticipated progress. The author will try to address how the WTO supports and deals with digital trade. This essay briefly discusses the historical advancement of the Internet; defines the concept of digital trade and its development in the international market; analyzes how existing WTO agreements have dealt with digital trade; and then addresses recent trade agreements particularly the USMCA. The USMCA was chosen because it involves the largest economy in the world and the US could use its provisions as template for future trade agreements

Since the traditional definition of ‘foreign elements’ cannot meet the new requirements of the arbitration of China’s FTZs, Chinese judicial practice must create a useful supplement to already established standards. In free trade zone arbitration cases, Chinese courts determine foreign elements based on the standards of subject, object, and legal facts. In this regard, the explanation for ‘other circumstances’ in the First Judicial Interpretation of the Supreme Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law of the PRC on Foreign-Related Relations is based on the three abovementioned elements. The Chinese arbitration system and legislation must be further perfected; however, overly broad standards may impede China’s domestic arbitration system. Moreover, China must add certain restrictions to the standards: judges should distinguish the artificial foreign elements created by contracting parties, controversial civil relations should have a material connection with foreign countries, and discretion should be reasonable with sufficient nucleus.