The purpose of this study is to show that the reason behind the ambivalentcharacteristic displayed in Niki de Saint Phalle’s works is in her trauma and how suchcharacteristic can be extracted from her works. During her creative years, Saint Phalleworked on various materials from different genres such as assemblages, shooting paintings, aseries on Bride and Monster, ‘Nana’, ‘Tarot Garden’and public sculptures. Onecommonality found among her various works is the ambivalent characteristic that containscontrasting elements simultaneously. Saint Phalle suffered a terrible psychological damageinflicted by her parents during her childhood. Specifically, she was sexually assaulted by herfather and emotionally neglected by her mother, the trauma that affected her for the rest ofher life. As a result, she came to develop extreme love-hate relationships with her parentsand this became the main reason for the ambivalent characteristic displayed in her works. The love-hate relationship Saint Phalle developed can be identified through variousresearches done on the subject of the affect of sexual assault. It is common for incestvictims to develop ambivalent feelings towards the perpetrator and Saint Phalle was noexception.Dissociation disorder and a snake well explain the trauma from her father. It is agenerally accepted belief in the field of psychology that dissociation disorder commonly occursto children who experience incest. And dissociation disorder is similar to the characteristic ofambivalence in the sense that a single entity contains more than two contrasting elements at thesame time. In addition, the amputated doll objects used in her assemblages coincide with theexpression of body detachment of people with dissociation disorder. These facts clearly indicatethat the trauma from her father is showing through in her works.A snake is a subject matter that reflects the ambivalent tendency of Saint Phalle thatresulted from her trauma. She remembers her father’s rape as an image of a snake which is related to a phallic symbol in mythology or art reflecting her trauma. Moreover, shedisplays a similar pattern of ambivalent emotion like love and hate or fear towards a snakeand her father. This is also confirmed by her portrayal of a snake as a monster or reverselyas a creature with fundamental vitality in her works. The lack of affection from her mother can be explained by her mother’s maternaldeprivation. It appears that Saint Phalle’s mother possessed all the causes for maternaldeprivation such as maternal separation, personality disorder and inappropriate attitudetowards child rearing. Especially, a study that shows mother’s negative attitude towardschild breeding tends to increase dissociation experience of children is another importantevidence that supports Saint Phalle’s dissociation tendency. These traces of Saint Phalle’s trauma are clearly revealed in her assemblages andshooting paintings. The violent objects in her assemblages such as a hammer, razor, nailrepresent the rage and defensiveness towards her father. The objects such as fragments ofbroken plates of feminine patterns, pots and mirrors that her mother used symbolize theaffection towards her mother. On the other hand, the destructed objects can be interpretedas her hate and resentment towards her mother. Shooting paintings contain her extremefury and hate. Things such as acts of shooting and the image associated with blood aftershooting are blunt expressions of her bursts of emotions.I have tried to define and classify the ambivalent characteristics shown in herassemblages and shooting paintings as hate, rage, violence, calm, love and pleasureaccording to the frame ofThanatos and Eros. Out of the six, hate, rage, violence and clamare associated with Thanatos while love and pleasure are associated with Eros and theycorrespondingly form an ambivalent structure.These ambivalent characteristics can be found in her assemblages and shootingpaintings. The objects in her assemblages such as a razor, saw, hammer imply hate, rage,violence and the silence felt throughout her works represent calmness. And, as mentioned,the feminine objects can be seen as symbolizing love. In shooting paintings, hate, rage,violence can be found in the use of force and in the traces of watercolor after shooting,and a sense of pleasure in her feelings of catharsis after her shooting. Moreover, a shieldedcalmness can be found on the plywood all covered with plaster before the shooting. This study looked into the ambivalent characteristic of Saint Phalle’s works byexamining her trauma to find its correlation, and a meaning of this study can be found fromthe fact that it refocused the origin of Saint Phalle who is generally known as a feministartist. Additionally, a meaning of the study can be found also from the fact that it examinedthe ambivalent characteristics of her works through a frame of Thanatos and Eros.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 부상 트라우마를 경험하고 있는 현역 엘리트 선수들을 위한 상담 프로그램을 개발하고 적용하는 것이다. 방법: 프로그램 개발을 위하여 김창대 등(2011)의 프로그램 개발 모형을 이용하였다. 문헌고찰, 전문가 의견 수렴, 예비 연구를 통해 총 6회기의 단기 인지행동치료 프로그램이 개발되었다. 개발한 프로그램을 부상 트라우마를 경험하고 있는 2명의 현역 엘리트 선수에게 적용하였다. 프로그램의 효과를 확인하기 위하여 사 건충격척도, 한국어판 우울증 선별도구, 부상 불안 척도, 프로그램 만족도 설문지를 이용한 단일 사례 사전 사후 실험 설계 방법을 시행하였다. 또한 질적 사례 연구 방식으로 상담 과정 동안 내담자의 변화를 구체적으로 기술 하였다. 결과: 프로그램 적용 후 대상자 A와 B는 모두 사건충격척도, 우울증 선별도구, 부상 불안 척도에서 호전 을 보였다. 심상 노출은 내담자 A, B 모두에게 가장 도움이 된 프로그램이었다. 반면 인지재구성은 내담자 B에 게 가장 도움이 되지 않은 프로그램이었다. 결론: 부상 트라우마 단기 인지행동치료는 비교적 단기간에 진행할 수 있고, 선수들에게 익숙한 내용으로 구성되었다. 따라서 이 프로그램은 부상 트라우마를 경험하고 있는 엘리트 선수들을 위해 현장에서 유용하게 적용할 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 사회적 트라우마를 남기게 되었던 사건·사고에 대한 국내외 추모시설을 대상으로, 사회적 공감과 치유의 공간으로서 기능강화 및 기능회복을 도모하기 위해 주디스 허먼의 트라우마 치유회복단계를 적용하여 고찰하였다. 연구방법으로는 전문서적, 보고서, 논문이나 인터넷 자료, 직접 답사 등을 통해 자료를 수집하고 분석하였다. 그 결과, 국내사례의 경우 대부분 치유회복의 1단계 안정에 대한 기능은 보유하고 있으나, 기억과 애도의 기능은 매우 약한 것으로 평가된다. 희생자의 가족과 지인에게만 제공되는 추모의 공간기능이 일부 이루어질 뿐, 일반인들에 대한 기억과 애도의 기능은 거의 없다. 국외사례의 경우 1단계 안전과 2단계 기억과 희생을 추모할 수 있는 충분한 공간기능을 최대화하고 있으며, 3단계 평화와 사랑의 중요성 등을 함께 공감할 수 있는 기회를 제공하고 있다. 상기의 결과를 바탕으로 국내 메모리얼 공간적 기능향상 을 위한 시사점을 제시하면, 1단계 안전에 대한 명확한 의미전달을 위해 장소성, 연결성이 매우 중요하다. 2단계 기억과 애도의 기능강화를 위해서는 방문객들이 아픔을 공감할 수 있는 다양한 체험의 기회를 오감을 적극 활용하여 제공해야 한다. 3단계 연결과 공통성의 회복을 위해서는 1, 2단계와의 선순환적 공간기능이 필수적이다. 방문객들의 공간내 체재시간 확대를 유도를 통해 메모리얼의 의미, 공간의 명확한 목적과 기능을 우선적으로 수립되어야 한다.

Recently, renal traumas caused by traffic and industrial accidents have risen sharply due to rapid industrialization and an increase in automobiles. The evaluation of patients with suspected renal trauma relies mainly on clinical assessment, urinalysis and imaging studies. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 76 patients who presented to our hospital with renal trauma between January 2008 and December 2014. According to the review, A total of 76 patients presented to our hospital with suspected renal trauma. There were 61 male and 15 female between 2 and 83 years old. By cause, traffic accident was the most common cause of injury, accounting for 39 cases. The remaining injuries were caused by falls in 26 cases, assault in 8 cases and sports-related trauma in 3 cases. Surgical exploration was required in 18 patients for renal or associated injuries. We are of the opinion that close and prompt cooperation with other associated medical departments is mandatory in order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by multiple injury. Accurate renal injury staging was essential to successful management of traumatized patients.

Korean women’s recounts of war experience manifest realities of a war that permeated through their everyday lives. They are important materials that reveal trauma from the war. What kind of traumas can be found in those recounts of war experience and what can be done to alleviate those traumas? In order to find answers to these questions, this article discusses the case of a woman called Gim Seong-Yeon, who was forced to live in difficult conditions as a refugee during the war. In her war experience tale, there is a repetition of how she was separated from her family, how she was mistreated and how she had no one to depend on for protection. The war left Seong-Yeon with a trauma in the form of fear and distrust. But Seong-Yeon also narrated folktales aside from her recounts of her war experience. Unlike her war experience testimonies, her folktales are mainly about reassurance and trust. Therefore, this article seeks to compare Seong-Yeon’s recount of her war experience and her folktales, to reveal the fact that when a person suffers from trauma in the form of fear and distrust as an aftermath of the Korean war, as in the case of Seong-Yeon, stories about reassurance and trust, even if they are far from reality, can help in overcoming that trauma.

This article looks into the reality of division trauma through various examples of recounts of war experience of Koreans, and seeks ways to heal that division trauma by focusing on oral narrative methods and contents of the tales. The sources of some irrationalities and conflicts in present day Korean society are division between South and North Korea, and the Korean War. As a result of such tragedy, politico-social conflicts still continue, leaving many scars on the lives of individuals. These scars are referred to as division trauma. Division trauma has a strong collective characteristic because it comes from the division and war experienced by the nation as a whole. Many of the recounts of Korean War experience contain such division trauma and constitute the mainstream of modern oral literature. However, these recounts, depending on how the narrator conveys the story and perceives the relevant event, take on different forms even with regard to same event. There is a coexistence between storytelling based on the narrative of division where the narrator points fingers and criticizes others as perpetrators, and storytelling seeking to become a narrative of integration by objectifying all aspects of an event and narrating it based on feelings of empathy. Oral storytelling aiming to become an integrative narrative, revealing how tragic wars are and how they negate all humanness, can contribute to healing division trauma. If stories with such narrative method can be found, be diffused throughout society and form a discursive space for an integrative narrative, oral narrative healing will become possible.

본 연구는 누적외상성질환 예방을 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위한 목적으로 선원 재교육기관에서 교육이수중인 569명을 대상으로 조사하였다. 최근 12개월동안 누적외상성질환 증상을 경험한 선원은 68.5%였으며, 근무시간이 길수록(p<0.01), 승선경력이 많을수록(p<0.01) 증상경험이 높았고, 직무만족도는 낮을수록 증상 경험이 높았다(p<0.05). 신체부위별 증상 경험은 허리 43.6%, 무릎 23.9%, 어깨 19.3% 순으로 높은 빈도를 보였으며, 해기사가 부원보다 목 부위만 유의하게 높게 나타났고(p<0.01), 기관부가 갑판부 보다 팔꿈치의 증상경험이 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 통증지속기간은 7일 이하가 55.4%로 가장 많았고, 8-29일이하 20.6%, 30일이상 24%로 조사되었다. 증상 유발원인은 과중한 노동이 34.5%로 가장 높고, 원인불명이 30.1%로 조사되었다.